Confidence- And Security-building Measures Research Articles

Confidence Building Measures Among East African Community for Strengthening Peace in the Region

The East Africa Community (EAC) comprises various instabilities, including violence, humanitarian crises, environmental issues, and conflicts, both within and between states. In response, these countries have established defense diplomacy, which involves the non-violent utilization of military resources to pursue peace and stability in the area. Their goal is to create a unified force to address common threats that endanger peace and stability within the region. Defense diplomacy encompasses a strategic engagement, Confidence Building Measures (CBMs), Capacity Building, and the cultivation of international reputation. The fundamental question arises: How can the EAC engage in security cooperation amid the multitude of issues faced within the region? Our article aims to comprehend the implementation of CBMs among member states, focusing on enhancing interoperability within a case study of regional security cooperation aimed at implementing peace and stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Our research employs qualitative analysis using the concept of Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBM) and applies DIME theory to illustrate the process of establishing and strengthening trust among member states in the region. The primary outcome of this study underscores the critical role played by diplomacy and military strategies in resolving peace and security issues in the DRC

Military confidence-building in crises: lessons from Georgia and Ukraine

ABSTRACT What role can conventional arms control (CAC) and confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) play in crises and conflicts? By examining the use of CAC and CSBMs during the Russian-Georgian war in 2008 and during Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine in 2014, the present article argue that CAC and CSBMs are unable to prevent intentional conflict. Their more realistic value in crises is to function as early warning mechanisms that raise the bar for and increase the costs of conflict as well as serving as instruments to monitor conflicts. To increase their effectiveness, the links between early warning and early action need strengthening and several ambiguities need to be removed, particularly form the Vienna Document, in order to improve indicators, increase warning times and raise the political costs of non-compliance. Nonetheless, when one or two sides seek a conflict, CAC and CSBMs do not provide a remedy for conflict prevention.

Impact of the Peace Regime Building on Security in the Korean Peninsula

이 논문은 한반도 평화체제 개념의 기원과 전개과정을 살펴보고 현실적인 실현방안으로서 2단계 프로세스를 제안하고 있다. 더 나아가 평화체제의 구축이 유엔사령부와 주한미군의 위상에 미치는 영향도 검토하였다.<BR> 한국전쟁이 끝난 지 50여 년이 됐지만 한반도는 법적으로 아직까지 전쟁상태에 있다. 하지만 1953년에 체결된 정전협정은 상당히 훼손된 상태에 있어 평화체제의 구축은 한반도 평화와 안정을 위해 불가결한 과제이다. 한반도 평화체제 구축은 전쟁상태의 종식과 한ㆍ미-북한 간의 신뢰ㆍ안보 구축조치(CSBMs)와 밀접히 연관되어 있다. 하지만 한반도 평화체제 프로세스가 가동되기 위해서는 무엇보다 험난한 한반도 비핵화의 과정이 수반되지 않으면 안 된다.<BR> 남북관계와 주변국정세 등 복잡하게 얽힌 한반도의 현실을 감안할 때 한반도 평화체제의 구축은 단번에 이루기 어려우며 프로세스로서 정상회담 개최를 통한 정치적 신뢰구축(1단계)과 한국전쟁의 실질당사자인 남ㆍ북ㆍ미ㆍ중 4자간의 평화협정 체결(2단계)의 두 단계로 나누어 실현되는 것이 바람직하다.<BR> 한반도 평화체제의 구축은 유엔사령부, 주한미군 등 한미동맹에도 커다란 영향을 미친다. 유엔사령부는 북한의 남침을 격퇴하도록 유엔의 위임을 받아 구성된 부대이기 때문에 평화체제가 구축된 이후 지위가 불확실한 반면, 주한미군은 한미상호방위조약이라는 별개의 법적 근거에 따라 주둔하는 것이기 때문에 한국전쟁의 법적 종식에 의해 영향을 받지 않는다.

Confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) in the modern context: the European experience1

Abstract Every region has to elaborate its own confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) culture, while not abandoning the basic Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) accords in this field. CSBMs cannot be seen as an aim in themselves. They have to be incorporated in the broader, emerging security regime. If our security is threatened, both internally and externally (from territories far away from Europe), our counteraction must correspond to the new nature of these threats. Although played down, the concept of CSBMs is not a thing of the past and may be a useful instrument in addressing various kinds of security issues, including those on the Korean peninsula. There is an urgent need to start a serious discussion on the overall concept of arms control and CSBMs and its place in the security-building processes. The main forum for European CSBMs remains the OSCE, although arms control efforts are also being developed outside its remit. The promotion of endeavors in this field would be much enhanced by having the European Union and NATO engaged more deeply in it. The question of CSBM implementation in the contiguous areas of the states which share frontiers with non-European, non-OSCE states remains outstanding. The current circumstances on Europe's perimeter bear evidence that the OSCE community cannot defer the issue interminably. The OSCE Partners for Cooperation need to be further encouraged to follow and get involved in the CSBM/arms control processes.

Confronting Terrorism in Latin America: Building up Cooperation in the Andean Ridge Region

Today's security and stability requires a call for a coordinated and cooperative multilateral application of national civilian and military instruments of power. The main objective of this article is demonstrated that the use of institutional confidence- and security-building measures (CSBM) is a fundamental tool seeking for security cooperation. Defense establishments in Latin America, particularly in the Andean ridge region, have been impacted by among other things four major elements: democracy, market economy, technology and the strategic environment in a global system characterized by speed and connectivity of developments. These circumstances demand a new cooperative security architecture that could provide opportunities to improve the ways and means to respond to those threats and challenges. However, CSBM is a fundamental instrument to achieve this security cooperation required.

On disarmament: the role of conventional arms control in national security strategy

Abstract : Disarmament, Conventional Arms Control, Negotiations on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBM), Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), Armored Combat Vehicles, tanks, artillery, combat aviation, personnel ceilings, sub-zones, NATO, Warsaw pact, Neutral and nonaligned. In this textbook the authors address significant conventional arms control history; development of U.S. and NATO objectives for the talks; pertinent issues which had to be resolved; the role of partial disarmament in National Security Strategy; and conclude with a full discussion of CFE and CSBM proposals, data, and the military implications of a successful agreement. The authors provide answers to the important questions: How close are we to an agreement? Can conventional arms reductions be verified? What does the post arms reduction world look like? What is the future of the alliances in Europe? Will we have to change national security strategy? Is arms control still relevant, considering the changes in Eastern Europe? How can we agree on answers before events change them? This book is somewhat unique since it incorporates the work of practitioners, academics, and actual members of our U.S. conventional arms control negotiating teams. (EG)

Toward an East—West Security Regime: The Case of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures

This article seeks to explore the applicability of regime analysis to the collective management of East-West security relations. Using a narrow regime definition and starting from a `microscopic approach' to East-West relations which disaggregates the assumed conflict totality into various more or less regime-conducive issues, Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) in and for Europe are characterized as an evolving security regime. Regulating `conflicts about means' the CSBM regime serves to stabilize the security situation in Europe in at least three ways: (1) it decreases the likelihood of a conventional surprise attack, (2) it raises the obstacles to intra-bloc intervention, and (3) it improves crisis stability. The case of the CSBM regime is then used to test several hypotheses toward explaining the formation of a security regime. It is found that issue-area related and subsystemic determinants are superior to systemic variables in accounting for the emergence of the CSBM regime. The article closes with a discussion of the impact of the CSBM regime on the security problematique in Europe. It is shown that the CSBM regime based on a set of norms and rules has already left its mark on the perceptions of military threat by contributing to the convergence of actor expectations and by generating regular interactions. Furthermore, recent proposals of NATO and WTO clearly indicate that the persistence and further evolution of the CSBM regime seems possible and may even facilitate the conventional arms control negotiations which now are rightly ranging at the top of NATO's and WTO's efforts to create a truly confidence-building security structure in Europe. Encouraged by the case of CSBMs, the authors recommend further empirical research on security issues in East-West relations which is founded upon the theoretical perspective of international regime analysis.

Conventional arms control in Europe

The conventional arms control regime in Europe is the most advanced in the world by far. It reached a peak in the early 1990s with the conclusion of several ‘grand accords’: the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty), the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies (which has not yet entered into force) and the 1992 CFE-1A Agreement. The ‘soft’ arms control Vienna Documents on Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) of 1990, 1992, 1994 and 1999 were also elaborated and adopted within the framework of the Conference on/Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE/OSCE); traditional CSBMs were developed and new ones added in these four documents. All these agreements served effectively to close the cold war era in the military field and are commonly considered a cornerstone of European security and military stability. In addition, in the wake of the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a subregional arms control arrangement for the former Yugoslavia—the Florence Agreement—was reached in 1996.