Confederation Research Articles

The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia: Select Papers from the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Symposia

Writers in the field of postal history have incredibly diverse interests and approaches. As a result, the postal history symposia have been organized around themes. The three themes represented in papers here are mail and the Civil War (2012), the development of transoceanic air mail service (2014), and the influence of postal treaties on post office reforms (2016).The American Civil War affected mail in many ways, particularly in the Confederate States of America, which faced the challenge of quickly developing its own postal system as well as shortages of supplies, in-cluding paper. The mail itself can be used to tell the story of the conflict through the examination of patriotic and propaganda images on envelopes and through the study of shifts in mail routes and practices as the war progressed.The histories of aviation and of mail delivery are intertwined. Pressure to deliver mail faster and more efficiently helped to propel investment in aviation innovations. In turn, developments in flight opened new possibilities for carrying the mail. The development of transoceanic air mail from its very early days in the 1920s through the rise of military air mail services during World War II is examined.Throughout much of history, mail has been the primary means of communication both within and be-tween nations; thus, the regulations and agreements concerning what may be mailed, and for what cost, have had a profound effect on a population’s access to information. Postal reform, and particularly the creation of national postal systems, required that immediate needs as well as political and economic visions of the future be considered and addressed legally and structurally during state-building. Cases of the United States in the revolutionary era and Brazil in the nineteenth century are examined.

The Intertextuality and Sequel Potential of the Film To Kill a Mockingbird

소설 『앵무새 죽이기』(1960)와 영화 <앵무새 죽이기>(1962)의 이중 읽기에서 상호텍스트성의 아이러니가 발생한다. 이 영화는 소설의 정신을 반영하는 번역적 패러다임(translation paradigm)과 소설과 각색의 미적 거리를 유지하는 다원적 패러다임(pluralistic paradigm)에 실패하였다. 그래서 이 글은 영화의 서사와 음악의 내재비평을 통하여 속편 영화의 가능성과 의의를 모색하였다. <앵무새 죽이기>는 각색의 시점을 변호사 애티커스에게 맞추고, 음악의 시점을 마법 같은 동심의 세계에 맞추어서, 관객이 슈퍼히어로의 백인을 우상으로 수용할 위험이 있다. 소설과 영화의 차이는 인종 차별의 묘사에서 드러난다. 소설은 인종 차별을 조심스럽게 묘사했고, 영화는 거의 은폐했다. 소설 출간 전후와 영화 개봉 전에 흑인 민권 운동이 전국적으로 확산하였기 때문이다. 또 영화화에는 계층 차이와 남녀 차별의 문제까지 은폐했다. 결국 흑인의 불가시성이 강화되었고, 남부 전체를 아우르는 거대 담론은 백인 지도자 중심의 미시 담론으로 퇴행하였다. 하퍼 리의 소설은 집필(초고 『파수꾼』->개고 『애티커스』->최종본 『앵무새 죽이기』)과 영화화 과정에서 우여곡절이 많은 편집과 각색이 진행되었다. 하퍼 리의 작의를 원천적으로 이해하려면, 의미론 차원에서 뫼비우스의 띠처럼 맞물려 있는 『파수꾼』과 『앵무새 죽이기』의 공존을 도모해야 한다. <앵무새 죽이기>의 속편을 고려한다면, 작가 의식이 더 투철하고 시대정신이 더 잘 반영된 『파수꾼』 중심의 서사와 음악을 선택할 필요가 있다. 우리 시대에도 백인 중심의 남부주의는 살아 있다. 남부 동맹이 전개하는 남부합중국의 건설은 비현실적이지만, 남부 연합에 대한 복고주의는 현재 진행형이다. <앵무새 죽이기>의 속편 가능성은 남부의 과거에 대한 이해도를 높이고, 남부의 미래에 대한 설계도를 그리는데 도움이 될 것이다.The irony of intertextuality arises in the double reading of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) and its film version (1962). The film failed to build a translation paradigm that reflects the spirit of the novel and a pluralistic paradigm that maintains an aesthetic distance between the original novel and its adapted version. Therefore, this paper explored the possibility and significance of the sequel film through the internal criticism of the narrative and music of the film. The film was adapted with its perspective shifted to the lawyer&#8212;Atticus Finch&#8212;and its music attuned to the magical world of childhood, and thus is likely to encourage the audience to view the white superhero as a savior. The difference between the novel and the film is revealed in the depiction of racism. The novel carefully described racism, while the film almost concealed it. This is because the civil rights movement spread nationwide around the time of the publication of the novel and before the release of the film. The film version even concealed the problems of class differences and sexual discrimination. Eventually, African Americans became more invisible in the production, and the meta discourse encompassing the South region regressed to a micro discourse centered on a white leader. The editing and adaptation of Harper Lee s novel went through many twists and turns during the writing and filmmaking process: drafted as Go Set a Watchman, rewritten from Atticus’ perspective, and finally revised as To Kill a Mockingbird. In order to understand the author’s intention, we need to find a space in which Go Set a Watchman and To Kill a Mockingbird can coexist, since the two versions are intertwined like the M&#246;bius strip on a semantic level. If one considers making a sequel of To Kill a Mockingbird, it is necessary to choose a narrative and music centered on Go Set a Watchman that is more coherent in the professionalism of the writer and reflects the historical awareness of the times more effectively. The white-centered Southernism continues even now. The League of the South’s goal to build an independent Southern republic is unrealistic, but the revivalism of the Confederate States is still in progress. A sequel of To Kill a Mockingbird would help people better understand the past of the South and shape the future of the South.

Macro economics: Liquidity, Solvency, and External Factor as Determinant of Government Bond Index Yield (INDOBEXGB) with The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)

The purpose of this research to analysis of several variables such as macroeconomics variables and volatility index to yield on government bond index. The macroeconomic indicators studied are consumer price index, BI rate, money supply, foreign reserve, exchange rate, Indonesia total debt, and external factor volatility index S&amp;P 500. The period of this research was conducted using secondary data from January 2012 until December 2017. This research use Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method because there is cointegration between variables, indicated by Trace Statistic and Max-Eigenvalue statistic which is bigger than Critical Value. The result of analysis shows that BI rate, money supply, Indonesia total debt, and volatility index S&amp;P 500 give positive influence to yield government bond index INDOBEXGB, while consumer price index, foreign reserve, and exchange rate give negative effect to yield government bond index INDOBEXGB. The policy implication on the yield of state bonds is useful for the government as the economic authorities to determine the amount of bonds to issued and front loaded or wait and see strategy in issuing bonds. For corporate issuer is useful for reference in determining the cost of fund for corporate bonds issued.

Replacing aromatic π-system with cycloalkyl in triphenylamine dyes to impact intramolecular charge transfer in dyes pertaining to dye-sensitized solar cells application

In this study, five dyes comprising different donor moieties were proposed with a new design approach. In the triphenylamine (TPA) moiety, the lone pair electron on N takes part in resonance with three phenyl rings. As a result, the donating ability of TPA decreases in TPA-based dyes and hence the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). We have proposed cycloalkyl moieties in place of phenyl moieties to stop the participation in the resonance of the lone pair with the other two phenyl rings so that the available lone pair on N will be pumped towards acceptor to achieve an efficient ICT. All dyes were subjected to density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT to evaluate their ground and excited-state properties. The projected density of state and natural bond orbital analyses were carried out to confirm the ICT from the donor to the acceptor moiety and also to comprehend the donating ability of the newly proposed donor moieties. The reorganization energy of the dyes was calculated to find out the conformational changes that occurred during photoexcitation. The dyes were attached to (1 0 1) anatase surface of TiO2 to understand the electron transfer from the excited-state of the dye to the conduction band of the TiO2. The adsorption energy of the dyes onto the (1 0 1) anatase surface of the TiO2 was also evaluated. The absence of defect states in the density of states spectrum indicated the smooth electron transfer at the dye/TiO2 interfaces.

Legislación Electoral Argentina: evolución histórica

El presente abarca la legislación de los sistemas electorales y del voto en la República Argentina en el ámbito de la Nación, desde la primera ley dictada por la Confederación Argentina en la presidencia de Urquiza, con sus posteriores reformas, llegando al actual Código Electoral. Distintos momentos legales que acompañan el crecimiento institucional del país, así como su descenso a formas hoy inimaginables de fraudes y proscripciones electorales que son intolerables para los tiempos actuales.

Cross-Movement in Latin America: Lessons from the Mercosur Confederation of Family Farming Organisations (Coprofam)

In this article, we analyse the Mercosur Confederation of Family Farming Organisations (Coprofam), a transnational organisation of South American rural social movements and trade unions. Based on the dialogue mirrored in the literature on coalition formation, a contextual-spatial perspective and a pragmatist approach, we aim to understand the process of alliance building that led to the creation of Coprofam, as well as its sustainability and longevity. The paper highlights the importance of political context, previous social ties, political cultures and historical memories, debates about coalitional identity, as well as Coprofam’s actions to expand relations with other movements, organisations and regions, which have influenced Coprofam’s formation and development, through the decades. In terms of data and methods, the research is based on the analysis of documents, participant observation and interviews with Coprofam’s activists.

A computational investigation of the influence of acceptor moieties on photovoltaic performances and adsorption onto the TiO2 surface in triphenylamine-based dyes for DSSC application

Five metal-free organic dyes (A1 to A5) comprising triphenylamine and vinyl-thiophene as a common donor and spacer, respectively were considered in this work. The different acceptors, such as 2-cyanoacetic acid, 2-methylenemalononitrile, rhodanine-3-acetic acid, benzoic acid, and pyridine were chosen to investigate their accepting ability, photovoltaic performances, and adsorption onto the TiO2 surface. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT were employed to study their photophysical and photoelectrochemical properties. The ground state energies were calculated to evaluate the dye regeneration driving force (EI3-/I--EHOMO). The excited-state calculation provided the information about the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and excited-state properties. Projected density of state and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses were carried out to further understand the ICT between triphenylamine donor and the acceptor moiety. The density of states of the dye@TiO2 revealed the smooth electron transfer at the dye/TiO2 interface devoid of defect state. Higher (EI3-/I--EHOMO), highest negative NBO charge on the acceptor, lower reorganization energy, and higher negative adsorption energy onto the surface of the TiO2 would make the dye A1 as the best performer in DSSC. The computed data are in good agreement with the experimental observation.

Racism in Bruce Norris's Clybourne Park A Post Cultural / Post Racial Approach.

For nearly four hundred years ,African Americans have suffered from racism and oppression in the United States of America .They were brought by the European as slaves from Africa in 17th and 18th centuries. About 40 million African Americans, 13% of the total population, live in the USA today. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States. He was strongly against slavery. Many southern states withdrew from the union and formed their own country – the Confederate States of America. It was the beginning of the Civil War, which lasted until 1865. After the Civil War , many African Americans have made more and more progress in their political and social life .However, about 25% of African Americans still live in poverty and suffer from racism under the guise of different new terms like cultural and institutional racism. This research investigates how American dramatists tackle the problem of racism through their plays .It will apply the post cultural/ post racial approach through Bruce Norris's Clybourne Park

"A por esos gachupines fascistas": El Popular de Lombardo Toledano y su ofensiva contra Falange Española en México

&lt;p&gt;En junio de 1938 vio la luz en México el primer número de El Popular por iniciativa del líder sindical Vicente Lombardo Toledano, secretario general de la Confederación de Trabajadores de México. El periódico nacía con la vocación de canalizar la voz del proletariado mexicano, aunque muy pronto, y ante el devenir de los acontecimientos nacionales e internacionales, se convirtió en el abanderado de la prensa antifascista en México e incluso en el resto de América Latina. Así, el objetivo de estas páginas es analizar el papel desempeñado por El Popular ante la progresiva penetración del falangismo español en México, en un contexto histórico donde el fascismo se mostraba como la verdadera amenaza a la democracia en el&lt;br /&gt;mundo, tal y como pudo comprobarse en la Guerra Civil Española.&lt;/p&gt;

OKRUCIEŃSTWA WOJNY CZY PRZEJAW RASIZMU? PRZYPADKI ZNĘCANIA SIĘ NAD JEŃCAMI Z U.S. COLORED TROOPS (USCT) NA ZACHODNIM TEATRZE DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH WOJNY SECESYJNEJ – WYBRANE PRZYKŁADY

It is not without reason that the Civil War is considered to be a turning point in US history. One was the mass participation of African Americans, who, for the first time since the War of Independence, were allowed to serve in the army (total ca.180,000). Even though many U.S. Colored Troops were not frontal units, never-theless some of them did actively participate in military operations. As a consequence an issue of black prisoners of war occurred. Obviously, in this case, they had to be captured by Southern troops first. Unfortu-nately, much oftener, there were instances of mistreatment or even brutal slaughter of POWs from U.S. Colored Troops (i.e. Fort Pillow – April 12, 1864, Poision Springs – April 18, 1864, etc.). Did such behavior of Confederate soldiers fit in in wide definition of war atrocities, understood as a will to take revenge at enemy’s troops, which plunder mother country, to avenge your family and friends, killed by the enemy, etc. Or it is a much deeper problem, having its conditioning in the culture of the South, whose ideological foundation was existence of so called Herrenvolk democracy, deeply rooted belief about superiority of white race over black (known also in the North), which was reflected not only in speeches of Southern, and later Confederate, politicians but also in the Constitution of the Confederate States of America.

Legal regime for natural resource management in Mexico

The subject of this article is the legal regime for natural resource in the United Mexican States. The author examines the system and structure of government branches in the area natural resource management. Special attention is given to the questions of ownership of the subsoil, allocation of powers for their administration to the federation, and foreign investment to fuel and energy complex of Russia. The object of this research is the relations in the area of natural resource management in Mexico. The author describes the users of subsoil and the procedure of accessing natural resource management, addresses the questions of taxation with regards to usage of mineral deposits, traces the trends in Mexican natural resource law in part of regulating the development of strategic sites. The main conclusion consists in the statement that constitutional consolidation of ownership of the mineral resources along with natural resources, and the authority of their management allocated to the &amp;ldquo;center&amp;rdquo; in federate and confederate states meets rather national interests and ensures protection of economic grounds of the country, security and inviolability of the constitutional order. The scientific novelty of this work consists in demonstration to the audience of &amp;ldquo;cross-section of the side track of the Mexican tree of natural resource law". The &amp;ldquo;rings on a fresh cut&amp;rdquo; give an idea on the development of this branch of law, its current state, &amp;ldquo;vectors for expansion&amp;rdquo;, as well as possess substantial originality. The author suggests &amp;ldquo;nationalization of natural resource management&amp;rdquo; within the framework of its pursuit of factual Unitarianism, leaving de jure federalism as an opportunity for historical reunification with the lost territories.

Role of Transition Metals on TM/Mo2C Composites: Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Mildly Acidic and Alkaline Media

Modification of electronic and chemical properties of a material by the introduction of another element into its lattice is one of the most common methods for designing new catalysts for different applications. In this work the effect of modifying molybdenum carbide with transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), TM-Mo2C composites, upon the catalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in mild acidic and alkaline media has been studied. Catalysts were prepared by carbothermal reduction of molybdenum and TM oxides precursors and were characterized by different physicochemical techniques. Results evidenced a strong pH effect on the catalytic performance of TM-Mo2C, while, at pH = 5, inclusion of TM into the Mo2C lattice has a deleterious effect on the HER activity and, at pH = 9, a promoting effect was observed, highlighting the importance of considering specific operation conditions during the catalyst design process. Analysis of in situ near-edge X-ray adsorption data reveals a decrease on the oxidation state and average bond ionicity of dopant metal upon a pH increase, shedding light of the different effects of TMs on the resulting HER activity in acidic and alkaline media. Finally, stability tests demonstrated no deterioration on catalysts' performance after 8 h of continuous cycling within the HER working range, confirming the suitability of Mo2C materials as promising HER catalysts.

The Colonial Origins of the State in Southern Belize

Recent research in Belizean historiography has improved our understanding of twentieth-century colonial state relations and the transition to the post-colonial authoritarian democratic state. Following a concise review of these works, I draw on archival documents to examine the origins of the British state in southern Belize. This analysis provides two principal findings. First, the earliest state institutions were founded at the behest of colonists from the defeated Confederate States to facilitate labor discipline over their workers. Once established, local state officials sought to learn about and gain influence over Indigenous communities. Second, the nascent colonial state was relatively authoritarian and inattentive to local accumulation and social needs. Thus from its inception, the state was organized around race and class relations.

Current state of the government bond market in the Russian Federation

The article reveals the main current trends of the government bond market in the Russian Federation. Various factors that influence the state bond market were studied. External factors included geopolitical risks, rating actions, monetary policy of world Central banks, and the dynamics of oil prices. The main internal factors were: lower inflation, the Bank of Russia’s monetary policy, the return of non–residents to Russian ruble debt, the strengthening of the ruble, the Bank of Russia’s policy in terms of banking regulation, and the flexible policy of initial placement of Federal loan bonds. In 2019, external factors did not have a primary impact on the Russian government securities market, but they determined the General background of investor relations. The market was largely influenced by internal factors.

YASAL DÜZENLEMELER AÇISINDAN REPO İŞLEMLERİ

Repurchase agreements have been examir.ed in respect of lavt in this paper. in general, stocks and bonds which used in the repurchase agreements are treasure bonds, State bonds and bank bonds. Legislation on tax and duties about securities in the repurchase agreements have been studied in this article.

Excited state charge distribution and bond expansion of ferrous complexes observed with femtosecond valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy.

Valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC XES) combines the sample flexibility and element specificity of hard x-rays with the chemical environment sensitivity of valence spectroscopy. We extend this technique to study geometric and electronic structural changes induced by photoexcitation in the femtosecond time domain via laser-pump, x-ray probe experiments using an x-ray free electron laser. The results of time-resolved VtC XES on a series of ferrous complexes [Fe(CN)2n(2, 2'-bipyridine)3-n]-2n+2, n = 1, 2, 3, are presented. Comparisons of spectra obtained from ground state density functional theory calculations reveal signatures of excited state bond length and oxidation state changes. An oxidation state change associated with a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state with a lifetime of less than 100 fs is observed, as well as bond length changes associated with metal-centered excited states with lifetimes of 13 ps and 250 ps.

From literary concept to self-proclaimed state: three generations of Anglophone-Cameroonians at war

In 1985, Barrister Gorji Dinka forged the concept “Ambazonia” in an open letter to President Paul Biya. The appointed president had just modified the Constitution and reverted to La République du Cameroun [LRC], a name French Cameroon adopted upon accession to Independence on January 1, 1960. It was constitutionally another arbitrary act of pro-French Cameroonians who had persistently undermined the drive for “Reunification” struck at the Foumban Conference in 1961. As a direct consequence, Gorji Dinka posited the need for “Ambazonia” as a revolutionary trend. I argue that the concept turned out to be neither portentous nor empty rhetoric. It crystalizes the struggles of three generations of Anglophones. If the first generation opted for a democratic and genuine discussion for a Federal State, the second generation, frustrated by the hypocrisy, cruelty, and inhumanity of regimes in place since 1961 has persistently called for either the return to Federalism or to separation. The third generation, all born during the thirty-six years of Biya’s brutal reign, embraced revolution. It is fondly called, “The Coffin Revolution.” The tune changed in 2016 and the third generation has thus been constrained to take up arms in place of pens. Whether in exile or at home, on firm ground or online, they have forced the attention of the world by proclaiming the Federal Republic of Ambazonia. I contend that they have earned their place at the table of renegotiation to turn Cameroon into a new federate or confederate state.

Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates ed. by Daniel Heidt

Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates ed. by Daniel Heidt

Reconsidering Confederation: Canada’s Founding Debates, 1864-1999 ed. by Daniel Heidt

Reconsidering Confederation: Canada’s Founding Debates, 1864-1999 ed. by Daniel Heidt

Inpatient and home-based rehabilitation regimen after COVID-19 illness

The severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 syndrome infection has spread worldwide and has an abrupt effect on human, economic, and health system. The data are collected from various relevant sources such as PubMed, Infection Prevention Control, World Health Organization novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation update report, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society guidelines, Society of Critical Care Medicine, World Confederation for Physical therapy guidelines, and from other Internet sources. It is observed that about 30% of COVID-19 patients with sepsis needed hospital rehabilitation, while 20% requires a home-based rehabilitation program. Based on the evidence, it is anticipated that severe and critical COVID-19 patients develop postintensive care syndrome, resulting in pulmonary disabilities, dyspnea on exertion, physical deconditioning, cognitive impairment, and mental health disturbances. Most of these symptoms may also occur in patients recovered from symptoms, or who were not admitted to intensive care unit, or in older adults with chronic health conditions, or who have been deconditioned due to mobility disability, social isolation, etc. Such patients need access to effective pulmonary therapy, functional rehabilitation, and stress management in the hospital- and home-based settings to regain their previous independence level. The evidence suggests that viruses could even survive in the oropharyngeal cavity and stool for up to 15 days after COVID-19 infection has been declared cured. The physiotherapist must take proper safety measures before managing patients at home; a virtual care therapy is therefore highly recommended. Due to the increasing demands of hospital beds, the patients may need to be discharged earlier than expected. Rehabilitation act as adjuvant therapy in preparing patients for discharges, reducing the experience of disability, and ensuring the quality of treatment among recovered/discharged COVID-19 patients in hospital- or home-based settings.