Cone-beam Computed Tomography Images Research Articles

The Application of Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks in the Detection of Nasal Septal Deviation Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images: Proof-of-Concept Study.

Artificial intelligence (AI) models are being increasingly studied for the detection of variations and pathologies in different imaging modalities. Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is an important anatomical structure with clinical implications. However, AI-based radiographic detection of NSD has not yet been studied. This research aimed to develop and evaluate a real-time model that can detect probable NSD using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Coronal section images were obtained from 204 full-volume CBCT scans. The scans were classified as normal and deviated by 2 maxillofacial radiologists. The images were then used to train and test the AI model. Mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNNs) comprising 3 different backbones-ResNet50, ResNet101, and MobileNet-were used to detect deviated nasal septum in 204 CBCT images. To further improve the detection, an image preprocessing technique (contrast enhancement [CEH]) was added. The best-performing model-CEH-ResNet101-achieved a mean average precision of 0.911, with an area under the curve of 0.921. The performance of the model shows that the model is capable of detecting nasal septal deviation. Future research in this field should focus on additional preprocessing of images and detection of NSD based on multiple planes using 3D images.

Deep learning method for predicting weekly anatomical changes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy.

Patients may undergo anatomical changes during radiotherapy, leading to an underdosing of the target or overdosing of the organs at risk (OARs). This study developed a deep-learning method to predict the tumor response of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) during treatment. This method can predict the anatomical changes of a patient. The participants included 230 patients with NPC. The data included planning computed tomography (pCT) and routine cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. The CBCT image quality was improved to the CT level using an advanced method. A long short-term memory network-generative adversarial network (LSTM-GAN) is proposed, which can harness the forecasting ability of LSTM and the generation ability of GAN. Four models were trained to predict the anatomical changes that occurred in weeks 3-6 and named LSTM-GAN-week 3 to LSTM-GAN-week 6. The pCT and CBCT were used as input, and the tumor target volumes (TVs) and OARs were delineated on the predicted and real images (ground truth). Finally, the models were evaluated using contours and dosimetry parameters. The proposed method predicted the anatomical changes, with a dice similarity coefficient above 0.94 and 0.90 for the TVs and surrounding OARs, respectively. The dosimetry parameters were close between the prediction and ground truth. The deviations in the prescription, minimum, and maximum doses of the tumor targets were below 0.5Gy. For serial organs (brain stem and spinal cord), the deviations in the maximum dose were below 0.6Gy. For parallel organs (bilateral parotid glands), the deviations in the mean dose were below 0.8Gy. The proposed method can predict the tumor response to radiotherapy in the future such that adaptation can be scheduled on time. This study provides a proactive mechanism for planning adaptation, which can enable personalized treatment and save clinical time by anticipating and preparing for treatment strategy adjustments.

Automated classification of mandibular canal in relation to third molar using CBCT images

Background Dental radiology has significantly benefited from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) because of its compact size and low radiation exposure. Canal tracking is an important application of CBCT for determining the relationship between the inferior alveolar nerve and third molar. Usually, canal tacking is performed manually, which takes a lot of time. This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model to automate classification of the mandibular canal in relation to the third molar. Methods This retrospective study was conducted using 434 CBCT images. 3D slicer software was used to annotate and classify the data into lingual, buccal, and inferior categories. Two convolution neural network models, AlexNet and ResNet50, were developed to classify this relationship. The study included 262 images for training and 172 images for testing, with the model performance evaluated by sensitivity, precision, and F1 score. Results The performance of the two models was evaluated using a 3 × 3 confusion matrix, with the data categorized into 3 clases: lingual, buccal, and inferior. The mandibular canal and third molar have a close anatomical relationship, highlighting the need for precise imaging in dental and surgical settings. To accurately classify the mandibular canal in relation to the third molar, both AlexNet and ResNet50 demonstrated high accuracy, with F1 scores ranging from 0.64 to 0.92 for different classes, with accuracy of 81% and 83%, respectively, for accurately classifying the mandibular canal in relation to the third molar. Conclusion The present study developed and evaluated AI models to accurately classify and establish the relationship between the mandibular canal and third molars using CBCT images with a higher accuracy rate.

Anatomical Factors Affecting the Complexity of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation in Saudi Patients: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Study.

This study aims to evaluate the anatomical variations of the maxillary sinus and determine the difficulty score of maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA) in Saudi patients seeking dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT records of dental patients seeking treatment at a University Dental Teaching Hospital between 2019 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Measurements were obtained from CBCT images, including membrane thickness, sinus width, buccal bone thickness, presence of maxillary sinus septa, residual alveolar ridge height, angle of the buccolingual sinus wall, and the presence of the alveolar antral artery (AAA). The difficulty score for MSA was determined based on these anatomical factors. A total of 107 maxillary sinuses in 86 subjects were evaluated. The average membrane thickness was 2.23 mm, with males showing significantly higher thickness than females. Sinus septa were found in 54 (50.5%) sinuses, with 18 (17%) of sinuses having interfering septa. Twenty-three (21.5%) sinuses had a residual alveolar ridge height of less than 4 mm. The average angle of the buccolingual sinus wall was 79.39°, indicating a high prevalence of wide-shaped sinuses. The average sinus width was 14.09 mm, with 55 sinuses (51.4%) less than 15 mm. The average buccal bone thickness was 1.07 mm, in29 (27%) sinuses, the thickness was more than 2 mm. AAA was visualized in 60 (56%) of sinuses, with 45 (42%) of sinuses having AAA interfering with the MSA window. In this study, most sinuses were classified as simple or moderate difficulty, with higher membrane thickness, presence of septa, and AAA being the significant risk factors for complications. These findings provide valuable insights for implant surgeons in Saudi patients seeking dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla, enabling them to anticipate and minimize potential complications during MSA procedures.

Morphometric Evaluation of the Maxillary Arch Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: Anatomically, a dental arch is a result of natural teeth being positioned on the alveolar bone. The purpose of this study is to assess the morphological characteristics of various maxillary arch types using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and ascertain their prevalence. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 200 randomly selected maxillary CBCT images from patients aged 18–65. Measurements were interpreted using various planes, and maxillary arch forms were classified according to the House dental arch classification in the axial region of the CBCT images. Results: Patients over 45 years old had significantly higher mean canine-palate and first molar-palate measurements compared to younger groups, particularly the 18–25 age group, which showed a higher hard palate–anterior mean than the 25–35 group. Class II cases had a significantly higher mean canine-palate than Class I and III cases. Class II cases also exhibited higher first molar-palate and canine-anterior means compared to Class I and III. In contrast, Class I cases had a higher canine-canine mean than the other classes. Conclusion: Morphologic measurements are crucial for guiding specialists in diagnosis and treatment, enhancing the ease and accuracy of clinical practice.

Evaluation of root and root canal morphology in maxillary premolar teeth: A cone-beam computed tomography study using two classification systems in a Japanese population

Background/purposeInadequate knowledge increases the risk of overlooking root canals and causing procedural errors that can lead to root canal treatment failure. This study aimed to analyze the root and root canal morphology in maxillary premolar teeth using two classification systems assessed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a large Japanese population. Materials and methodsThis study evaluated 1443 maxillary teeth including 726 first and 717 s premolars, from 642 Japanese individuals aged 16–84 years. CBCT images were analyzed according to the Vertucci and Ahmed classification systems, focusing on the root and root canal morphology. Variations were analyzed based on gender and age using the chi-square test (P < 0.05). ResultsMaxillary first premolars were predominantly single-rooted (64.9%) and had two root canals (86.2%). Females exhibited a higher prevalence of single-rooted (71.0%) compared to males (49.8%) (P < 0.05). Additionally, single root canals occurred significantly more frequently in females (14.0%) than in males (7.5%) (P < 0.05). Maxillary second premolars mostly had a single root (97.8%) with a single root canal (72.1%). The frequency of second premolars with two root canals significantly increased with age (P < 0.001). The three-rooted configuration occurred in 1.2% and 0.3% of the first and second premolars, respectively. ConclusionMaxillary premolars in a Japanese population showed significant anatomical variations, highlighting the importance of understanding anatomical characteristics specific to age and gender. Ahmed's system provides a more comprehensive description of the morphological variations.

Evaluation of the Role of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography as an Adjunctive Radiographic Modality to Enhance the Surgical Outcomes in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Patients

Purpose: To evaluate the integration of Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) as an auxiliary radiographic modality for airway assessment to pinpoint blockage locations and improve Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) surgical results. Material and methods: Thirty-eight OSA patients were selected from the ENT outpatient clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, and divided into two equal groups. After performing polysomnography and recording the Apnea Hypoapnea Index (AHI), Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) was carried out for both groups. CBCT imaging was performed for group (1) patients only. Afterward, the otolaryngologist selected the suitable surgical procedure for all patients. Post-surgical results were assessed six months after surgery. Another polysomnography was used to compare the postoperative AHI value to the preoperative value. At least a 50% reduction in the postoperative value was considered a conventional surgical success. Results: A significant difference in AHI values before and after the operation between both groups was shown. Group (1) reduced by 55.7% more than group (2), which reduced by 30.7%. There was no statistically significant difference between the success rates of the two groups. Conclusion: CBCT quantifies airway obstruction preoperatively, serving DISE, and thus improving OSA surgical success. Better collapse extent assessment using CBCT improves results and prospects. Future studies should explore specialists' CBCT use with larger sample sizes and a wider spectrum of OSA patients with different AHI levels.

Comparative analysis of 3D tomography based soft tissue rendering and Proface facial scanning systems in orthognathic surgery

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the linear and angular differences in the nasolabial soft tissue in patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery using two different three-dimensional imaging methods. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these methods were determined after comparing the data obtained from the imaging methods used in the study. Materials and MethodsPreoperative (T0) and 6-months postoperative (T1) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three-dimensional facial scanning (3DFS) data from 22 patients who underwent maxillary advancement surgery were examined. The DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) data (CBCT group) and “.obj” format images (3DFS group) of the patients were analyzed using Dolphin software (Dolphin Imaging®, Version 12, Chatsworth, CA, USA). The linear and angular soft tissue measurements were calculated after determining the reference anatomical landmarks for both groups. ResultsMeasurements with CBCT and 3DFS imaging methods were compared at T0, T1, and all measurements (T0+T1). No statistically significant difference was observed between the CBCT and 3DFS groups for five measurements performed at T0 and T0+T1, but statistically significant differences were observed between the groups for the other seven measurements. There was no statistically significant difference between the CBCT and 3DFS groups for six measurements at T1, but there were statistically significant differences between the groups for the other six measurements. After reviewing the postoperative differences in the nasolabial soft tissue, a statistically significant increase in four linear and one angular measurement in the 3DFS group was observed, and there was a statistically significant increase in two linear and two angular measurements in the CBCT group. Upon comparison of postoperative differences in soft tissue alterations, no statistically significant difference between the 3DFS group and the CBCT group were observed in any of the soft tissue measurements. ConclusionOrthognathic surgery has significant effects on nose width and upper lip morphology. Although both 3DFS and CBCT methods can be used to evaluate such effects, the results of the present study revealed differences in sensitivity and limitations between the two methods. Thus, surgical outcomes should be evaluated in consideration of the abovementioned parameters.

Prevalence of middle mesial canal in mandibular molars: A cross-sectional cone-beam computed tomography study.

The first tooth to erupt is the first mandibular molar, which is the tooth with the highest number of retreatments. Several factors are responsible for the failure of the endodontic success and one of the most important being the particular pulp anatomy of each tooth. To aim was determine the prevalence of the middle mesial (MM) canal in first mandibular molars and to study if there are predisposing factors to the presence of this canal by retrospectively analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in vivo. CBCT images of 100 patients were selected. A total of 206 first mandibular molars were examined. The CBCTs were analysed using Careastream CS 3D imaging software. Findings of MM canals were recorded along the variables sex and left/right side. Prevalence was compared using the Chi-square test (P< 0.05) and Cramer's V was used to indicate the effect size between the variables. Of the 206 teeth analysed, the prevalence of MM canals was 33.11% (49 teeth). There was no statistically significant difference between sex and prevalence of the MM canal. There was a significant difference between sex and the distance between the mesial canals was found, being the most common range in women was 1-2 mm (35.8%) and 2-3 mm (51%) in men. The most common range of distance between the mesial canals where the MM canal was localized was 3-4 mm (50%), being statistically significant (p<0,05). This cross-sectional study showed a high prevalence of MM canals (33.11%) in first mandibular molars. The prevalence of the MM canal was significantly higher when the distance between mesiobucal and mesiolingual canals was 3-4mm. This knowledge let direct the clinicians in locating MM canal for improving endodontic prognosis. Key words:Cone-beam computed tomography, middle mesial canal, prevalence.

A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Timing of Soft-Tissue Augmentation in Immediate Implant Placement: Hard-Tissue Changes and Clinical Outcome.

To assess the impact of the timing of soft-tissue augmentation (STA) on mean buccal bone changes following immediate implant placement (IPP) in the anterior maxilla. Patients with a failing tooth and intact buccal bone wall in the anterior maxilla (15-25) were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial. Following single IIP and socket grafting, they were randomly allocated to the control group (immediate STA performed during the same surgical procedure) or the test group (delayed STA performed 3 months later). Implants were placed with a surgical guide and immediately restored with an implant-supported provisional crown. Changes in bone dimensions were assessed using superimposed CBCT images taken prior to surgery and at 1-year follow-up. Clinical outcomes were registered at 1-year follow-up. Twenty patients were randomized to each group (control: 16 females, 4 males, mean age 57.6; test: 9 females, 11 males, mean age 54.2). Ten patients in the control group and 13 patients in the test group had a thick bone wall phenotype. Estimated marginal mean horizontal buccal bone loss at 1 mm below the implant shoulder was -0.553 and -0.898 mm for the control and test group, respectively. The estimated mean difference of 0.344 mm in favour of the control group was not significant (95% CI: -0.415 to 1.104; p = 0.363). Also at all other horizontal and vertical levels, no significant differences could be observed between the groups. The combination of socket grafting and STA enabled counteraction of any buccal soft-tissue loss (≥ 0 mm) at 1 mm below the implant shoulder in 82% of the patients in the control group and in 75% of the patients in the test group (p = 1.000). The clinical outcome was favourable in both groups, yet implants in the control group demonstrated slightly less marginal bone loss (median difference 0.20 mm; 95% CI: 0.00-0.44; p = 0.028). In patients with an intact and mainly thick buccal bone wall in the anterior maxilla, the timing of STA following IIP had no significant impact on mean buccal bone loss. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05537545.

Preoperative Cone Beam Computed Topography Assessment of Maxillary Sinus Variations in Dental Implant Patients.

The study included a cohort of 200 patients recommended for CBCT as part of their preoperative evaluation. The methodology involved detailed CBCT image analysis to identify and document various anatomical variations due to pneumatization, exostosis, hypoplasia, polyps, cysts, foreign bodies, and anthroliths within the maxillary sinus. Pneumatization was the most common variation, present in 77.5% of subjects. Polypoid lesions were found in 17.5% of patients, with a higher prevalence in younger age groups (57.1% in ages 20-35). Cysts and polyps affected 17.5% of subjects, predominantly males (65.7%). Anthroliths were observed in a minimal percentage (2%), and foreign bodies were found in 1.5% of the patients. Positive correlations were observed between the patient's age and both mucosal thickness and polypoid lesions and between the patient's gender and bone thickening (p-values < 0.05). The study concluded that CBCT is essential in the preoperative assessment of the maxillary sinus in dental implant candidates due to its superior imaging capabilities, allowing for the identification of critical anatomical variations and pathologies. This thorough evaluation is imperative to ensure the success of implant placement and to mitigate potential complications. However, further research with larger, more diverse populations is recommended to confirm these findings.

224: Targeting accuracy of image-guided HyperArc plans using resampled planning CT and CBCT images

224: Targeting accuracy of image-guided HyperArc plans using resampled planning CT and CBCT images

1071: Prospective trial on CBCT imaging with 2D antiscatter grid: initial experience with image quality

1071: Prospective trial on CBCT imaging with 2D antiscatter grid: initial experience with image quality

Curvature analysis of CI electrode arrays: a novel approach to categorize perimodiolar positions without anatomical landmarks.

Perimodiolar electrode arrays may be positioned regular, over-inserted or under-inserted into the cochlea depending on the cochlear size and shape. The study aimed to examine whether there are differences between these groups in the local curvature along the intracochlear array. Individual curvature variables were developed to categorize the groups and the relationship between the curvature and the angular insertion depth at the electrode tip was analyzed. The curvature along the intracochlear array was measured in the CBCT image of 85 perimodiolar electrodes of a single type. The mean curvature and the ratio of the mean curvature at contacts E14-16 to the mean curvature at E7-8 (bowing ratio) were calculated across the array, and its true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) were calculated to establish optimal threshold values to categorize the groups. 68.2% of the cases were categorized as regular positioned, 22.4% had an over-insertion and 9.4% had an under-insertion. The mean curvature was significantly weaker with under-insertion (< 342°) than with normal insertion depth (≥ 342°). With an over-insertion, the bowing ratio was < 1 and otherwise > 1. Both the mean curvature and bowing ratio were found to have an optimal threshold value with high TPR (= 1.00) and low FPR (≤ 0.06) for categorizing under-insertion and over-insertion, respectively. Curvature analysis is a useful tool to assess if a perimodiolar electrode array has been inserted deep enough into the cochlea. Independent of critical anatomical landmarks, over-inserted arrays and under-inserted arrays could be well categorized by using individual curvature variables. The results need to be validated using additional data sets.

3060: Enhancing Gamma Knife CBCT Image Quality Using Pix2Pix Generative Adversarial Networks

3060: Enhancing Gamma Knife CBCT Image Quality Using Pix2Pix Generative Adversarial Networks

2590: Evaluation of contour to CBCT image registration for pelvic irradiation in MR-only radiotherapy

2590: Evaluation of contour to CBCT image registration for pelvic irradiation in MR-only radiotherapy

Retrospective analysis of ideal needle puncture angles and depths for temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis using CBCT data

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the range of angles and depths necessary for effective entry into the TMJ using CBCT images, focusing on classical Holmlund Hellsing points and a two-needle approach.MethodsA retrospective cohort of CBCT images from January 2020 to November 2023 was analysed using 3D analysis to determine the variance in the required angles and depths.ResultsThe average age of the 68 participants included in the study was 29.5 ± 11.1, 58.8% of the participants were female and 41.2% were male. The anterior needle measurements showed a relatively low standard deviation(SD) in depth(SD:3.6) with a low variance coefficient(12.5%), whereas the axial and coronal angles exhibited greater variability(SD:9.1 and 7.6, respectively). For the posterior needles, moderate SDs in depth(SD:3.5) and greater variabilities in axial and coronal angles(SD:9.6 and 5.3, respectively) were observed. A weak negative correlation was observed between the axial angle of the posterior needle and age(p: 0.028, Pearson r: -0.29) Anterior needle depth (p:0.037) and posterior needle axial angle(p:0.014) were greater in males than females. The anterior needle depth in patients with temporamandibular disease was greater than in those without(p:0,03).ConclusionThere were significant differences in the angle measurements for both anterior and posterior needles, but lower variance in depth. The depths and angles of the needles did not correlate with age.

Novel 3-dimensional classification of cervical abrasion using CBCT: A comprehensive analysis

IntroductionTooth cervical abrasion (CA) is a prevalent non-carious cervical lesion that poses challenges for accurate diagnosis from periapical radiographs due to difficulties in assessing the lesion's extent, associated bone loss, and pulpal involvement. The presence of overlying bone structures on the palatal side when lesions are located on the buccal side, or vice versa, further complicates radiographic interpretation. So it is important to define the lesions in all three dimensions. ObjectiveTo provide a three-dimensional descriptive classification for cervical abrasion lesions using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). MethodA total of 50 patients with cervical abrasion were selected for the study. From these patients, teeth (n = 10) from each of the four different quadrants were chosen. A CBCT scan with a 6 × 6 cm field of view (FOV) was performed, and the DICOM files of the cervical lesions were transferred to 3-D imaging software. The CBCT images of the cervical abrasion lesions were assessed at the level of the deepest point of the lesion along the long axis of the tooth in both axial and sagittal planes. The height (A), buccolingual dimension (B), circumferential spread (C), and remaining dentine thickness (D) were evaluated and classified using new scoring criteria for each dimension. The reliability and reproducibility of the classification were assessed to ensure its clinical applicability. ConclusionCBCT can be utilized to classify tooth cervical abrasion in endodontics, enhancing diagnosis, analysis, and treatment outcomes. This three-dimensional view facilitates easier communication among clinicians, allows for tailored treatment approaches, and opens new avenues for research.

Prevalence of Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular Molar Teeth Using CBCT

Introduction: Identification and completely cleaning the extra root canals are crucial for the success of endodontic treatment. Prevalence of the middle mesial canal (MMC) in mandibular molars is still a topic of debate due to the complex and diverse anatomy and morphology of these teeth. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MMC in mandibular molars using CBCT radiography. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 CBCT images obtained between 1995 and 2019 in a private oral and maxillofacial radiology center in Yazd, Iran, were evaluated. The first and second mandibular molars were examined for the presence of MMC based on the patients' age, gender, tooth location, and type. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 and the Chi-square. Results: Out of 300 mandibular molars (122 first molars and 178 second molars), MMC was found in only 18 teeth (6%). The prevalence of MMC was significantly higher in the first molars (18 cases) than in the second molars (0 cases). Twelve MMCs were observed in females and 6 in males. 12 MMCs were located in the left side and the rest in the right side. The mean age of individuals with MMC was 37.33±15.27. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of MMC and age, gender, or tooth location (P &gt; 0.05), but the prevalence of MMC was higher in the first molars than in the second molars (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of MMC in mandibular first molars was low in the studied population and was not detected in mandibular second molars. Nevertheless, the possibility of MMC should be considered during the treatment of teeth.

Navigating endodontic outcomes through cone-beam computed tomography: A narrative review

Abstract Periapical radiographs (PRs) have been the most reliable modality for assessing periapical health. Later, the evolution of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) revolutionized three-dimensional maxillofacial skeletal imaging. CBCT imaging has emerged as a superior diagnostic tool compared to PR. The aim of this narrative review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the outcomes related to the use of CBCT in evaluating various endodontic treatments, including primary root canal treatments, secondary treatments, endodontic microsurgeries, and vital pulp therapies and the associated prognostic factors. The research selection process involved systematically searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for literature on CBCT and endodontics. Criteria included English-language; peer-reviewed articles published from January 2010 to December 2023, reporting 1-year outcomes of various endodontic treatments using CBCT. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. A total of 18 outcome study articles utilizing CBCT to evaluate primary root canal treatment were selected, as well as 7 for secondary root canal retreatment, 3 for vital pulp therapy, and 11 articles pertaining to endodontic microsurgery. The outcomes revealed varying success rates and prognostic factors. Consistent with outcome research employing PRs, studies that utilized CBCT also exhibited substantial variability in factors affecting initial and secondary treatment outcomes. The rate of favorable outcomes was significantly lower when assessed with CBCT compared to PR. The results from utilizing CBCT for primary and secondary root canal treatments, endodontic microsurgeries, and vital pulp therapies demonstrate diverse success rates and prognostic factors in comparison to outcomes based solely on PRs.