Cone Type Research Articles

Different types of visual cells in the photoreceptor layer of the retinae of the treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) as revealed by scanning microscopy.

The retinae of treeshrew have never been evaluated by scanning electron microscopic studies. This work described the visual cells in the photoreceptor layer of the retinae of treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) living on the high plateau of Yunnan, China, via scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated five morphologically different types of cones, two of which contain oil droplets in their inner segments. To our knowledge, no prior studies have reported oil droplets in the visual cells of higher mammals, only in lower vertebrate and primitive mammals. In addition, this study revealed one type of degenerative visual cell without outer segments. The findings signal the needs for additional studies to understand the physiological functions and phylogenetic relationships of the diversity of visual cells in this group of mammal.

Characterizing cone spectral classification by optoretinography.

Light propagation in photoreceptor outer segments is affected by photopigment absorption and the phototransduction amplification cascade. Photopigment absorption has been studied using retinal densitometry, while recently, optoretinography (ORG) has provided an avenue to probe changes in outer segment optical path length due to phototransduction. With adaptive optics (AO), both densitometry and ORG have been used for cone spectral classification based on the differential bleaching signatures of the three cone types. Here, we characterize cone classification by ORG, implemented in an AO line-scan optical coherence tomography (OCT), and compare it against densitometry. The cone mosaics of five color normal subjects were classified using ORG showing high probability (∼0.99), low error (<0.22%), high test-retest reliability (∼97%), and short imaging durations (< 1 hour). Of these, the cone spectral assignments in two subjects were compared against AO-scanning laser opthalmoscope densitometry. High agreement (mean: 91%) was observed between the two modalities in these two subjects, with measurements conducted 6-7 years apart. Overall, ORG benefits from higher sensitivity and dynamic range to probe cone photopigments compared to densitometry, and thus provides greater fidelity for cone spectral classification.

The Effectiveness of the Water Additional Ingredient Urea CO(NH2)2 to the Concrete Fc' 20 MPA on Curing Process

Concrete quality depends on the value of the ratio of materials, how to blend and how to pour the concrete mixture, how to compact and how to care for it during the hardening process. This study aims to determine how much influence the curing process using water with a mixture of Co(NH2)2 and normal water has on the compressive strength of concrete fc' 20 Mpa. The sample is a cylindrical specimen with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. Samples were made 3 test objects with the age of 28 days and tested coherently. The compressive strength of normal concrete has increased in quality with the age between 7 is 9.1 Mpa to 28 days is 17 Mpa. While the concrete with curring process using water with a mixture of urea increased at age 7 with a value of 10.8 Mpa to 21 days with a value of 14.4 Mpa, but at age 28 the strength of the concrete decreased by 12 Mpa. Cracks with cone and split types are 10 pieces, this can happen because the material in the concrete mixer has not been mixed well during the concrete manufacturing process.

Singular linear preservers of majorization and cone type majorization

Since the introduction of majorization in by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya, several extensions of this concept have been studied in the literature. Recently, Kosuru and Saha [Cone type majorization and its strong linear preservers. Electron J Linear Algebra. 2020;36(36):511–518.] defined the concept of cone type majorization. In this paper, we focus on the study of the behavior of the linear preservers of majorization and cone type majorization under generalized inversion, namely, Drazin inversion and Moore-Penrose inversion. A characterization of these linear preservers, given by Ando [Majorization, doubly stochastic matrices and comparisons of eigenvalues. Linear Algebra Appl. 1989;118:163–248.] for majorization, and by Kosuru and Saha [Cone type majorization and its strong linear preservers. Electron J Linear Algebra. 2020;36(36):511–518.] for cone type majorization, prove to be crucial in our proofs.

Evaluation of the Natural Lighting Performance of Rooftop Daylight Installations for Multi-purpose Sports Hall in Seoul

Purpose: The demand for natural light to maintain studetns’ the physical and psychological health is increasing As indoor activities are required in multi-purpose sports halls owing to the outbreak of Covid-19 and the worsening of outdoor fine dust pollution. Therefore, this study aimed to provide design information for architects and all stakeholders to rely on in the initial design stage. Method: This study analyzed useful daylight index and daylight glare probabilty for side-lit windows, rooftop lightwells, and hybrid types. This study examined daylight performance with the Radiance engine and compared the numerical results and patterns for cases with different window sizes to find optimized instances. Result: The side-lit clerestory and eye-level types showed the best daylight performance at window-wall-ratio of 20% and 15%, respectively. The sawtooth and the cone lightwell type proved superior performance among the rooftop types; they showed excellent useful daylight index performance in cases with window-floor-ratio of 10% or higher. The daylight glare probability results showed that in all subjective cases disturbing glare was not found; in particular, the rooftop application demonstrated well-controlled glare-free environments. Moreover, the hybrid type demonstrated significantly improved daylight performance compared with the basic separate applications. The best daylight performance was the hybrid cases of sawtooth and cone types with side-lit windows of window-wall-ratio 10%. This paper provides helpful information in the early design decision stages, and detailed design research is required in the future.

Research on the mechanisms of internal gear honing by use of cone-shape honing wheel with tool tilt angle

Internal gear is an important transmission component. However, it is restricted by its ring−shaped structure, which hinders the finishing process of the tooth surfaces after the heat treatment. Honing is the most commonly used finishing technique for external gear, but it is inconvenient for internal gear. In this paper, a new type of cone−shape honing wheel is proposed and the honing mechanism for improving the honing performance of the internal gear is studied. First, the mathematical model of the honing technology that employs a cone−shape honing wheel is built, and the merits of the new honing method are discussed. Then, the contact conditions between the honing wheel and the internal gear are analyzed. It is established that the tool tilt angle of the honing wheel has a good effect on the honing velocity distributions. Finally, the simulations of honing and profile measuring of the internal gear by employing the cone−shape honing wheel are carried out, by which the feasibility of the new honing technique is verified.

Detailed seed cone morpho-anatomy of the Prumnopityoid clade: an insight into the origin and evolution of Podocarpaceae seed cones.

Seed cone traits are significant for understanding the evolutionary history of conifers. Podocarpaceae has fleshy cones with a distinct morphology compared with other conifers. However, we have a poor understanding of the seed cone morphology of the Prumnopityoid clade and within Podocarpaceae. This study presents detailed seed cone morpho-anatomy and the evolution of fleshy structures traits in the Prumnopityoid clade. We investigated the detailed seed cone morpho-anatomy of selected species from the nine genera using the histological method. The evolution of morpho-anatomical traits was assessed using ancestral state reconstruction methods. The Prumnopityoid clade has evolved fleshy seed cones using different functional structures (e.g. aril, epimatium, bracts or receptaculum) and fleshiness is an ancestral trait in the clade. An epimatium is present in all genera except Phyllocladus, but with different structural morphologies (e.g. a fleshy asymmetrical cup-like epimatium or an epimatium that is fused with the integument, forming a fleshy sarcotesta-like seed coat). In all species with fleshy sarcotesta-like seed coats, the endotesta is hard and woody, forming a sclerotesta-like structure and the epimatium and exotesta are fused, forming a fleshy sarcotesta-like structure. This study highlights that the Prumnopityoid clade has an amazing diversity of structures and complex evolutionary patterns. Fleshiness is an ancestral trait of the clade and has been achieved via diverse evolutionary pathways and structures. This clade has four distinct seed cone types, i.e. drupe-like, receptaculate, arilloid and dacrydioid cones, based on morpho-anatomical structures and traits. The macrofossil record also demonstrates the presence of several structures and traits.

On the growth of the wallpaper groups.

Coordination sequences (also called growth functions) appear in various areas of chemistry and crystallography, such as ice crystals and zeolites, and various areas of mathematics, such as lattice theory and geometric group theory. Cannon's method of cone types is modified for finding the coordination sequence of the Cayley graph of a group. This method is then applied to compute the growth functions and the growth series of the Cayley graphs of the wallpaper groups (the 2D crystallographic groups). The paper has several tables and colored figures summarizing and illustrating the results.

Performance improvement and thermodynamic assessment of microchannel heat sink with different types of ribs and cones

The present study aims to investigate the performance of microchannel heat sink via numerical simulations, based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. The heat transfer and flow characteristics of rectangular microchannel heat sinks have been improved by adding six different types of surface enhancers. The cross-sections include rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal-shaped ribs and cones. The cones have been created from the same cross-sections of ribs by drafting them at an angle of 45° orthogonal to the base, which is expected to decrease the pressure drop, dramatically. The performance of ribs and cones has been evaluated using different parameters such as friction factor, wall shear stress, entropy generation rate, augmentation entropy generation number, thermal resistance, and transport efficiency of thermal energy. The results of the present study revealed that the novel effect of coning at an angle of 45° reduces frictional losses (Maximum pressure drop reduced is 85%), however; a compromise on thermal behavior has been shown (Maximum Nusselt number reduced is 25%). Similarly, the application of coning has caused a significant reduction in wall shear stress and friction factor which can lead to reducing the pumping power requirements. Moreover, triangular ribs have more ability to transfer thermal energy than rectangular and hexagonal ribs. Furthermore, it has been examined in the present study that the trend of total entropy generation rate for triangular ribs decreases up to Re = 400 and then increases onwards which means that thermal losses are more significant than frictional losses at lower Reynolds number. However, frictional losses dominate over thermal losses at higher Reynolds numbers, where vortex generation takes place, especially in triangular ribs.

Hummingbird plumage color diversity exceeds the known gamut of all other birds

A color gamut quantitatively describes the diversity of a taxon’s integumentary coloration as seen by a specific organismal visual system. We estimated the plumage color gamut of hummingbirds (Trochilidae), a family known for its diverse barbule structural coloration, using a tetrahedral avian color stimulus space and spectra from a taxonomically diverse sample of 114 species. The spectra sampled occupied 34.2% of the total diversity of colors perceivable by hummingbirds, which suggests constraints on their plumage color production. However, the size of the hummingbird color gamut is equivalent to, or greater than, the previous estimate of the gamut for all birds. Using the violet cone type visual system, our new data for hummingbirds increases the avian color gamut by 56%. Our results demonstrate that barbule structural color is the most evolvable plumage coloration mechanism, achieving unique, highly saturated colors with multi-reflectance peaks.

Thermoelectric transport of type-I, II, and III massless Dirac fermions in a two-dimensional lattice model

We study longitudinal electric and thermoelectric transport coefficients of Dirac fermions on a simple lattice model where tuning of a single parameter enables us to change the type of Dirac cones from type-I to type-II. We pay particular attention to the behavior of the critical situation, i.e., the type-III Dirac cone. We find that the transport coefficients of the type-III Dirac fermions behave as the limiting case of neither the type-I nor type-II. On the one hand, the qualitative behaviors of the type-III case are similar to those of the type-I case. On the other hand, the transport coefficients do not change monotonically upon increasing the tilting; namely, the largest thermoelectric response is obtained not for the type-III case but for the optimally tilted type-I case. For the optimal case, the sizable transport coefficients are obtained; for example, the dimensionless figure of merit is 0.18.

Prediction of new topological superconductor candidate 1T−Ti(Se1−yTey)2

Topological superconductivity has attracted intensive interest for its ability of hosting Majorana zero mode and implementing in topological quantum computations. Based on the first-principles calculations and the analysis of the effective BdG Hamiltonian, we demonstrate that 1$T$-TiTe$_2$ is a topological metal hosting Dirac cone type of surface states near the Fermi level, and it exhibits a normal-topological-normal superconductivity phase transition as a function of the chemical potential. These results point out a new promising topological superconductor without random dopant, in which the influence of the impurity may be greatly reduced. Furthermore, our calculations also suggest that the transition metal intercalated Ti(Se$_{1-y}$Te$_y$)$_2$ is also a highly possible route to realize TSC and MZMs.

Integrated Optimization of Aerodynamic and Electromagnetic Characteristics for Nozzle Central Cone

With the development and enhancement of anti-stealth technology and airborne radar, fighter jets will increasingly be threatened by the detection of airborne radar and ground-based radar. The exhaust system is a major radar scattering source in the backward direction of the aircraft due to its large open-ended property. A Radial-Based Function Neural Network Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (RBFNN-MOPSO) method is presented to reduce the nozzle’s radar cross section (RCS). Considering the geometric constraints and aerodynamic characteristics of the nozzle, 21 nozzle models with different types of cones are established by using uniform design (UD). The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of all the nozzles are simulated by Forward-Backward Iterative Physical Optics (FBIPO) method, and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted to obtain the flow field in the nozzle. After comprehensive evaluation and design by RBFNN-MOPSO, the mean value of RCS and thrust coefficient of the model have achieved good results. The process of optimization and design is proved to be effective and efficient for nozzle aerodynamic/electromagnetic integrated stealth design.

Properties of Boards Prepared from Mixture of Mineral Adducts with Bark and Cone of Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia)

Olivine and dolomite addition with some formulations clearly retarded the water absorption change in both bark (Type 1 boards) and cone (Type 2 boards) based experimental panels. However, the lowest water absorption value of 15.20% was found in dolomite contain (40:60, dolomite-bark chip, w/w, %) sample which show approximately 169.6% lower than olivine contain sample at similar proportions. However, it is important to note that Type 1 boards show considerably lower water absorption than Type 2 boards at similar experimental conditions. The boards which produced with 10-, 20-, and 30% dolomite and 90-, 80-, 70% bark chips (XBI, XBII and XBIII) proportions, show higher thickness swelling (TS, %) than control (B0) while rest of show lower TS than control samples, regardless of type of mineral or experimental conditions. The highest TS improvement of -79.1% was found with sample of YBV which produced with equally (1:1, w/w) proportions olivine and pine cone chips in matrix. It is noticeable that dolomite addition to Type 1 boards are usually effects higher IB values than olivine added samples while the highest IB value of 0.72 MPa was found with sample of XBV. Moreover, only sample of XBII (20% dolomite and 80% pine bark chip in boards proportions, w/w) show higher MOR strength value (4.42 MPa) than control (B0: 3.63 MPa), regardless of mineral content. In Type 2 boards, all experimental panels that prepared with two different mineral addition at five loading levels show lower MOR values than control (C0: 6.59 Mpa). It is also realized that both Type 1 and 2 type experimental panels show lower elastic property (MOE) than control samples (B0: 1129.3 MPa: C0: 820.1).

Predictive performance of the standard and the modified von Kries chromatic adaptation transforms.

To investigate chromatic adaptation and develop chromatic adaptation transforms (CATs), many psychophysical experiments have been conducted to collect corresponding colors (CC) under various illumination conditions. Most modern CATs have been developed based on a database of CC sets collected in the 20th century. More recently, several additional CC sets have been collected by Smet et al., Wei et al., and Ma et al. using memory color matching or achromatic matching methods. The analysis of these CC data indicates that for yellowish (located on or close to the Planckian locus) and greenish illuminations, the short-wave (S) sensitive cones show a lower degree of adaptation compared to the long-wave (L) and medium-wave (M) sensitive cones. This can result in a large prediction error of the standard von Kries CAT, which adopts a single degree of adaptation value for all three cone types. A modified von Kries CAT is proposed that accounts for these differences between the L-, M- and S-cone signals by applying a compression to the rescaling factor for the S-cones. It outperforms the standard von Kries CAT for the Breneman-C, Smet, Wei, and Ma data, while for other data sources the two CATs have similar performance.

ANALISIS PENINGKATAN DERMAGA PADA PT BERLIAN MANYAR SEJAHTERA SURABAYA

The fender functions as a cushion that is placed in front of the pier, so that the fender can withstand the pierstructure from impact when the ship is maneuvering to lean on the pier. Ships docked at the pier still have speedeither driven by their own engines or pulled by tugboats. To avoid damage to ships and docks due to collisions, abearing or fender is installed in front of the dock which functions to absorb the impact energy. The amount ofimpact energy caused by the ship docking to the dock can be obtained by determining the block coefficient on theship, the ship mass coefficient, the ship's eccentricity coefficient to the dock, and the ship's docking speed in aperpendicular direction. The force transmitted to the pier depends on the type of fender and the allowabledeflection of the fender. When the ship hits the fender, the fender will deflect and transmit the impact force to thepier structure. Fender planning is determined based on the energy absorbed due to ship collision. The purpose ofthis study is to find out how to calculate the size of the pier required for one ship loading and unloading at thePort of PT. Berlian Manyar Sejahtear; knowing the size and strength of the required number of fenders at thePort of PT. Berlian Manyar Sejahtera; find out the number of fenders that will be used in upgrading the PT.Berlian Manyar Sejahtera. The research stages or steps of the research methodology begin with conducting a preliminary study or literature which includes literature study and data identification. The existing length of thepier is 200 meters, it will be increased by 50 meters so that the total length of the pier is 250 meters. The resultsof the analysis using 2 examples of ships docked at the PT. Berlian Manyar Sejahtera The length of the pier neededto serve the ships that dock is 226.8 meters. In the planning of PT. Berlian Manyar Sejahtera uses 1200 SCH or1200 SPC cone type fenders with an impact energy of 0.62 tm. The results of the analysis used a 1300 SPC conetype fender with an impact energy of 0.68 tm. Cone type fenders have a "Pad" which is a protector against thefender rubber itself, so in the event of a ship collision that is stronger than planned, the protector will protect thefender rubber and the dock structure. The results of the analysis using a ship weighing 56.545 tons can be usedwith a cell fender type with dimensions OD x ID = 380 x 190 which has an absorption energy of 1.20 tm. Theforce absorbed by the fender is 16.72 tons. For type V fenders, the KVF 200 HCA type is used which has anabsorbed energy value of 1.0 tm and a forward force of 15.35 tm with a deflection of 45%. The number of fendersused for ships weighing 33,193 tons is 19.3 units and for ships weighing 56,545 tons is 20.6 units, so for a totalpier length of 250 meters, the number of fenders used is 22.7 units rounded up to 23 units.

Potential value of color vision aids for varying degrees of color vision deficiency.

Red-green color vision deficiency (CVD) is the most common single locus genetic disorder in humans, affecting approximately 8% of males and 0.4% of females [G. H. M. Waaler, Acta Ophthalmol.5, 309 (2009)10.1111/j.1755-3768.1927.tb01016.x]; however, only about 1/4 of CVD individuals are dichromats who rely on only two cone types for color vision. The remaining 3/4 are anomalous trichromats whose CVD is milder, being based on three cone types, and who still perform remarkably well on many color-based tasks. To illustrate this, we have developed an algorithm that computes the relative loss of color discrimination in red-green CVD individuals with varying degrees of deficiency and accurately simulates their color experience for color normal observers. The resulting simulation illustrates the large gap in color discrimination between dichromats and even the most severe anomalous trichromats, showing that, relative to dichromats, the majority of anomalous trichromats can function without aids for color vision deficiency.

Morphological Plasticity of the Retina of Viperidae Snakes Is Associated With Ontogenetic Changes in Ecology and Behavior.

Snakes of the Viperidae family have retinas adapted to low light conditions, with high packaging of rod-photoreceptors containing the rhodopsin photopigment (RH1), and three types of cone-photoreceptors, large single and double cones with long-wavelength sensitive opsins (LWS), and small single cones with short-wavelength sensitive opsins (SWS1). In this study, we compared the density and distribution of photoreceptors and ganglion cell layer (GCL) cells in whole-mounted retinas of two viperid snakes, the lancehead Bothrops jararaca and the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus, and we estimated the upper limits of spatial resolving power based on anatomical data. The ground-dwelling C. durissus inhabits savannah-like habitats and actively searches for places to hide before using the sit-and-wait hunting strategy to ambush rodents. B. jararaca inhabits forested areas and has ontogenetic changes in ecology and behavior. Adults are terrestrial and use similar hunting strategies to those used by rattlesnakes to prey on rodents. Juveniles are semi-arboreal and use the sit-and-wait strategy and caudal luring to attract ectothermic prey. Our analyses showed that neuronal densities were similar for the two species, but their patterns of distribution were different between and within species. In adults and juveniles of C. durissus, cones were distributed in poorly defined visual streaks and rods were concentrated in the dorsal retina, indicating higher sensitivity in the lower visual field. In adults of B. jararaca, both cones and rods were distributed in poorly defined visual streaks, while in juveniles, rods were concentrated in the dorsal retina and cones in the ventral retina, enhancing sensitivity in the lower visual field and visual acuity in the upper field. The GCL cells had peak densities in the temporal retina of C. durissus and adults of B. jararaca, indicating higher acuity in the frontal field. In juveniles of B. jararaca, the peak density of GCL cells in the ventral retina indicates better acuity in the upper field. The estimated visual acuity varied from 2.3 to 2.8 cycles per degree. Our results showed interspecific differences and suggest ontogenetic plasticity of the retinal architecture associated with changes in the niche occupied by viperid snakes, and highlight the importance of the retinal topography for visual ecology and behavior of snakes.

Ta2NiSe5 : A candidate topological excitonic insulator with multiple band inversions

The electronic structures and topological properties of the orthorhombic and monoclinic phases of the quasi-one-dimensional excitonic insulator Ta2NiSe5 are investigated based on density functional theory. In contrast to a single parity or band inversion across the Fermi level in many topological insulators studied previously, there are multiple parity and band inversions with or without spin-orbit coupling in both phases of Ta2NiSe5, resulting in more complex and topologically nontrivial electronic structures. The Dirac cone type surface states of the low-temperature monoclinic phase are also obtained. In this paper, we demonstrate that Ta2NiSe5 is a promising candidate as a three-dimensional topological excitonic insulator.

A Hybrid Clustering-Based Approach to Color Modification of Art Paintings for Protanopes and Deuteranopes

The normal human color vision is trichromatic, and it originates from the comparison of the rates at which photons are absorbed by three types of photoreceptor cone-cells contained in the eye's retina. The absence or malfunctioning of one or two types of cone results in color-blindness. This paper proposes an algorithmic framework to appropriately modify (i.e., recolor) art paintings for two types of color-blindness called protanopia and deuteranopia. The algorithmic framework employs four distinct steps applied in sequence. First, the image colors are clustered into a prespecified number of representative colors. The second step determines the representative colors that are confused by the protanopes or the deuteranopes. Third, an optimization problem is proposed to appropriately recolor the representative colors detected in the previous step. Finally, given the recolored representative colors, the original image pixels associated with those colors are also modified accordingly. The method is tested and evaluated in terms of quantitative, qualitative, and subjective comparison with three other recoloring algorithms. The results are promising in the sense that the proposed method outperforms the competitive algorithms, maintaining the overall aesthetic of the paintings.