Cone-shaped Research Articles

Synthesis and nanoparticle characterization of an Ayurveda formulation Tridhathu Garbha Pottali

Abstract BACKGROUND: The Tridhaatu Garbha Pottali (TGP) Rasayana is a formulation that may not be widely known, but it is prepared using the Gandhaka Drava Paka method of Pottali preparation. It has been reportedly used in the treatment of various conditions, including Putimeha (Pyorrhea), Pradara (Leukorrhea), and Shukra Dosha (seminal abnormalities). Despite its potential benefits, no current research is being conducted on the synthesis and characterization of this formulation. An attempt was made to standardize the method of preparation of TGP Rasayana as mentioned in Rasayogasagar (a classical text of Rasashastra), and nanoparticle (NP) characterization was carried out alongside classical and physicochemical parameters. Presesent study aimed to standardize TGP Rasayana preparation method and analyze for Nanoparticle Characterization. METHODS: TGP Rasayana is a Pottali Rasayana prepared using the Gandhaka Paaka technique, amalgamating Shuddha Parada, Shuddha Swarna, Shuddha Gandhaka, along with Bhasmas of Naga, Vanga, and Yashadha. Swarna-Parada Dhatu Pishti (fusion) was prepared first, followed by the addition of Gandhaka. Then, the Bhasmas of Naga, Vanga, and Yashada were added, well mixed using trituration method, and Kumari Swarasa Bhavana was administered. The resulting TGP Kajjali was given a conical shape and dried, and Pottali was wrapped in four-folded silk material with Gandhaka in between. Pottali Paka was performed in Mritpatra using the Gandhaka Paaka method, placing it in a Valuka Yantra and subjecting it to Mridvagni for 8 h to obtain all Pottali Siddha Lakshana. Then, the obtained TGP Rasayana was analyzed for classical and instrumental parameters, physicochemical parameters, and sophisticated instrumental analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectra. RESULTS: TGP possessed all classical parameters of Pottali. XRD confirms the presence of HgS, PbS, SnO2, and ZnO. SEM images show the agglomerated appearance of TGP particles. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) confirms the presence of sulfur, zinc, tin, mercury, and lead as major elements, with gold as minor elements. FTIR shows the presence of organic sulphate, aliphatic amines, and alkyl halides. CONCLUSION: The TGP Rasayana that has been prepared contains various NPs that possess functional groups, thus making it a highly effective therapeutic medicine with the properties of nanomedicine.

Decellularized laser micro-patterned osteochondral implants exhibit zonal recellularization and self-fixing for osteochondral regeneration in a goat model

BackgroundOsteochondral regeneration has long been recognized as a complex and challenging project in the field of tissue engineering. In particular, reconstructing the osteochondral interface is crucial for determining the effectiveness of the repair. Although several artificial layered or gradient scaffolds have been developed recently to simulate the natural interface, the functions of this unique structure have still not been fully replicated. In this paper, we utilized laser micro-patterning technology (LMPT) to modify the natural osteochondral “plugs” for use as grafts and aimed to directly apply the functional interface unit to repair osteochondral defects in a goat model. MethodsFor in vitro evaluations, the optimal combination of LMPT parameters was confirmed through mechanical testing, finite element analysis, and comparing decellularization efficiency. The structural and biological properties of the laser micro-patterned osteochondral implants (LMP-OI) were verified by measuring the permeability of the interface and assessing the recellularization processes. In the goat model for osteochondral regeneration, a conical frustum-shaped defect was specifically created in the weight-bearing area of femoral condyles using a customized trephine with a variable diameter. This unreported defect shape enabled the implant to properly self-fix as expected. ResultsThe micro-patterning with the suitable pore density and morphology increased the permeability of the LMP-OIs, accelerated decellularization, maintained mechanical stability, and provided two relative independent microenvironments for subsequent recellularization. The LMP-OIs with goat's autologous bone marrow stromal cells in the cartilage layer have securely integrated into the osteochondral defects. At 6 and 12 months after implantation, both imaging and histological assessments showed a significant improvement in the healing of the cartilage and subchondral bone. ConclusionWith the natural interface unit and zonal recellularization, the LMP-OI is an ideal scaffold to repair osteochondral defects especially in large animals. The translational potential of this articleThese findings suggest that such a modified xenogeneic osteochondral implant could potentially be explored in clinical translation for treatment of osteochondral injuries. Furthermore, trimming a conical frustum shape to the defect region, especially for large-sized defects, may be an effective way to achieve self-fixing for the implant.

Flabellophyton: The Benthic Macroalgal Fossils in Marwar Supergroup, India

ABSTRACT Here we report numerous fossil forms of the Ediacaran Flabellophyton genus in the Sonia Sandstone of the Jodhpur Group, Marwar Supergroup, in India. They are assigned as Flabellophyton lantianense, Flabellophyton stupendum, and Flabellophyton typicum species and have been found to have both positive and negative reliefs on the bedding planes of medium- to fine-grained sandstone in the Sursagar region of Jodhpur district. The thallus of Flabellophyton lantianensis occurs in straight to slightly curved and slender forms, is closely packed, and may have thin filaments. The Flabellophyton stupendum is a conical or fan-shaped thallus containing thin bundled filaments and has a discoidal holdfast with a well-differentiated stipe. The Flabellophyton typicum species typically has a thallus with an intermediate conical shape, a globular holdfast with an acute stipe, and a fan-shaped form with bundles of thin filaments. These studied Flabellophyton fossil assemblages are well comparable to those found in South China and South Australia in their conical or fan-shaped morphologies and holdfast structures (mostly found in F. stupendum and F. typicum species) with fine and thin bundled filaments. In accordance with this study, these Flabellophyton fossil assemblages are probably benthic macroalgal fossils. Here, the fossil assemblages of Flabellophyton from India are described for the first time.

Pengembangan Tari Kreasi Tari Caping Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Bangkalan

Indonesia is known to be rich in culture, considering the diversity of tribes in this archipelagic country. Starting from dances that discuss the story of the struggle of the royal army, romance, to activities that people engage in every day such as farming. Hearing the name, perhaps many people can already guess that this dance tells about farming activities. The word "tani" itself is taken from the word farming. , a noble profession that produces basic materials that can be consumed by people on a daily basis. This dance was created and developed in the Java area, especially Madura in Bangkalan district. The artists in Bangkalan are inspired by agricultural activities which many people engage in as their main livelihood. In every For traditional dances, props are needed that can support the performance. The existence of props can more clearly describe what a dance wants to convey, as is the case with the Tani dance. In order to describe farming activities more realistically, one of the properties needed is caping. Caping is a cone- shaped hat that farmers wear when working. Caping is made from bamboo, with the function of protecting the head while working because it is often exposed to the heat of the sun. It is not surprising that when they see caping, many people associate it with traditional Indonesian society. Caping has a conical shape at the top, forming a mountain and is a symbol of the source of life for living creatures.

Modeling the deterioration of the stiffness and of the collagen fibril distribution in a discrete model of the cornea microstructure

We present a stochastic approach to model the mechanical deterioration of the reinforcing microstructure of the human cornea. The fundamental structural micro-components of the stroma, collagen and crosslinks, are assembled deterministically into an elementary trusswork cell, multiply repeated and distorted to form a three-dimensional shell with the shape of a cornea. The spatial orientation of the collagen-like elements of each cell is thus characterized stochastically with a non correlated random angle field, obeying an assigned probability density function, leading to a non-deterministic structural stiffness. It follows that the mechanical response of the model to the action of deterministic forces equivalent to the intraocular pressure is stochastic due to the random spatial orientation of collagen fibers. The deterioration of the mechanical stiffness of the collagen components is described through a scalar variable field, evolving in space and in time, representative of a progressive damage which causes heterogeneity and asymmetric behavior. The damage variable acts in two ways on the global stiffness: (i) by reducing the stiffness of the collagen components; (ii) by modifying the dispersion coefficient of the probability density function. The equilibrium equations of the damaging model are solved at discrete time steps, with a fully explicit solution scheme, by means of the stochastic finite element improved perturbation method. The results show that when the collagen fibril stiffness reduces to 10% of the healthy value, as expected in the case of the vision-impairing condition known as keratoconus, the displacement field due to intraocular pressure is significantly affected in terms of both average and variance distributions. This effect confers a typical conical shape to the cornea. In particular, the analysis shows that high values of the response variances are confined in the keratoconus area, which agrees with a high level of uncertainties due to loss of fibril organization and thickness reduction under pathologic conditions.

Reconstruction of a deformed umbilicus with a keloid using a single triangular incision line: a case report

A common goal in reconstructing the umbilicus is to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result. This single-subject study demonstrates the outcome of managing an umbilical keloid scar using a single excisional line. A patient presented with a large, oval keloid scar at the center of his abdomen. The scar, measuring 4×3 cm in diameter, was deformed to the extent that it completely obscured the umbilicus. The patient frequently experienced intermittent inflammation at the site of the scar. We planned a triangular incision around the keloid. The umbilical keloid was excised and reconstructed using a flap anchored along the lower edge of the triangle. The triangular flap was elevated and the deep dermis of its cephalic portion was attached to the linea alba. The remainder of the flap was sutured at the center to create a conical shape. Eleven months post-procedure, the umbilicus maintained an aesthetically pleasing appearance with proper depth, superior hooding, and a concave shape without protrusion. An advantage of this straightforward surgical method is that it allows for simultaneous resection and reconstruction without the need for additional flap design. This method is expected to be a useful option for reconstructing umbilical keloids the size of a fully developed umbilicus.

Analytical design and simulation studies of a conical energy harvester for enhanced power output

A primary method of energy harvesting from kinetic energy is constructed by levitating a magnet between stationary magnets in Levitation Based Energy Harvesting (LBEH). The levitating magnet movements are captured in the coil which is wound across magnets and the voltage is generated. Vertical movement of levitating magnet is only considered for designing LBEH. In this work, levitation magnet is allowed to move in vertical as well as in angular space with all directions. The two stationary magnets are replaced with one spring fixed at the bottom so that the levitation magnet absorbs vertical and angular movement due to vibration absorbed by the spring. This arrangement is realized with a mathematical model and simulation that results in conical shape of coil. The designed Conical Energy Harvester (CEH) is able to capture the movement of levitation magnet due to vibrations absorbed by the spring in all the directions. The simulation results indicate that the voltage developed by CEH is 1.27 times higher than that of voltage developed by LBEH.

Morphology and morphometry of morphotypes in the population of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) from salterns of the southeastern coast of India

We document the morphology, morphometric variations among the morphotypes of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana. From the samples collected at four different locations in South India, Tamil Nadu viz. Kelambakkam, Vedaranyam, Tuticorin and Nagarcoil we identified six morphotypes: M1, M3, M4 in males and F1, F2, F3 in females. The Scanning electron micrographs of male morphotypes show distinct variation in the basal width, shape and number of cuticular cones on the second antennae. Similarly, the female morphotypes show various shape and sizes of the ovisac with or without spines. However, the cyst surface topography is smooth without any specific variation/ornamentation in all three female morphotypes. Multivariate analysis of eighteen morphological traits measured in males and fifteen in females to elucidate the intraspecific variations among morphotypes indicate significant dissimilarity between males and females. Furthermore, relative length measurements showed distinct morphometric variation of traits between the morphotypes encountered at different sampling sites.

Free convective heat flow from cold and heated conical shape bodies in Newtonian liquids

Investigation on the simulation effects of free convection flow from a cold and heated cone with a downward pointing tip in various stagnant fluids is presented in this study. Examining the steady-state isotherm patterns around the cone to determine heat transfer characteristics. Results are presented for friction factor and Nusselt number distributions Over the surface of the cone for distinct dimensionless quantities like Pr and Gr to deliver an extensive class of dimensionless numbers. The commercial program ANSYS CFX 16.0 was used to solve the regulating equations which governs the motion vis., momentum mass and energy were computed. The temperature as well as flow fields are coupled using the Boussinesq approximation in order to simplify the governing equations and capture natural convection. Heat transmission has a rather minimal influence on the local Nusselt number for low Grashof and Prandtl values, according to the findings. It gains strength as the Grashof and Prandtl numbers grow, because of the extreme curvature of the isotherms, the maximum value of the local Nusselt number may be found around the corner of the vertical cone in both cones. The current simulations closely match the numerical values provided in the printed matter.

Effect of steel fiber orientation on punching shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites round slabs

The slab-column structure is commonly used in civil engineering. At the slab-column joints, the load from the slab is transmitted to the column. In the extreme state, punching shear failure may occur at the joints, and the failure is brittle without warning. When the punching shear failure occurs at the joint of round slab and column, usually the cracking is a conical shape because the direction of tensile stress caused by punching shear is generally radial. By incorporating steel fibers into cementitious composites round slabs, the steel fibers can bridge the conical surface, and therefore enhance the punching shear resistance of round slabs. If the steel fibers in the round slab are dispersed in the direction conducive to the punching shear resistance, the steel fibers can take full effect of strengthening and toughening, thus improving the punching shear resistance of the slab. So, the purpose of this investigation is to improve the punching shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite slabs by maximizing the reinforcement of steel fibers on the composites. Firstly, a model of punching shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite round slabs was derived based on the Modified Compression Field Theory with consideration of the orientation of steel fibers. According to the model, the slab with radial distribution of steel fibers around the punching shear area shows the highest punching shear resistance. Secondly, the approach of radially aligning steel fibers in the slab around the punching area by magnetic driving is proposed using a self-developed magnetic device. And, radially dispersed steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (JD-SFRC) round slabs were prepared. Thirdly, the punching shear resistance of JD-SFRC round slabs, as well as unidirectionally aligned (1D), two-dimensionally aligned (2D), and randomly distributed (RD) steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites round slabs were tested. At last, the effect of the orientation of steel fibers on the punching shear resistance and failure characteristics of the round slabs were analyzed by comparing the results from tests and the model. Meanwhile, the effect of the volume fraction of steel fibers on the punching shear resistance of the slab was examined. The results show that, When the volume fraction of steel fiber is 1.0 %, compared with RD-SFRC round slabs, the ultimate shear resistance of 1D-SFRC, 2D-SFRC and JD-SFRC round slabs is increased by 14 %, 15 %, and 24 %, respectively.

Process intensification in flow chemistry using micro and millidevices: Numerical simulations of the syntheses of three different intermediate API compounds for diabetes mellitus drug production

Microreactor Technology (MRT) appears as an interesting alternative for process intensification, including the development of continuous synthesis of fine chemicals and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). The inherent proposal of MRT is to reduce the scale-up time by simply increasing the number of microreactors in parallel, the numbering-up concept using optimal designed micro or millidevices. Among the API, rosiglitazone and lobeglitazone are derivatives of thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD), which is used as a building block, for molecules with biological activity, sensitive to insulin and, thus, with its administration the body makes better use of the insulin it produces, being an important structural element in medicinal chemistry, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus, one of the biggest concerns in the health area worldwide, affecting nowadays more than 180 million people. The numerical assessment of MRT for various API synthesis related to type 2 diabetes mellitus drugs indicates its comparable or superior performance compared to traditional batch process. Specifically, proposed micromixer designs facilitate successful scale-up to milliscale while maintaining microscale performance, with significantly lower pressure drops than commercial Asia microreactors. The proposed flow distributors offer good performance in ensuring uniform distribution across outlets due to their conical shape design and laminar flow regime, with low pressure drops. The flow distributor with eights outlet is preferred for higher flow rates due to its superior performance, minimizing the pressure drops. Efficient flow rate and molar concentration control at each reactor unit can be ensured by using one distributor for each reactant's feed stream. This approach guarantees accurate concentration, flow rate control and ideal residence time, ultimately facilitating higher total throughput for scale-up. The potential use of micromixer actuators lies in its ability to maintain or enhance performance while transitioning from micro to milli-scale, offering promising alternatives for process intensification and scale-up in pharmaceutical synthesis, particularly for medications targeting type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Formation of Limb-brightened Radio Jets by Angle-dependent Energy Extraction from Rapidly Rotating Black Holes

Using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, it has been suggested that the rotational energy of a rapidly rotating black hole (BH) is preferentially extracted along the magnetic field lines threading the event horizon in the middle and lower latitudes. Applying this angle-dependent Poynting flux to the jet downstream, we demonstrate that the jets exhibit limb-brightened structures at various viewing angles, as observed from Mrk 501, M87, and Cyg A between 5° and 75°, and that the limb brightening is enhanced when the jet is collimated strongly. It is also found that the jet width perpendicular to the propagation direction shrinks at the projected distance of the altitude where the jet collimates from a conical shape (near the BH) to a parabolic one (in the jet). Comparing with Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations, we show that this collimation takes place within the deprojected altitude of 100 Schwarzschild radii from the BH in the case of the M87 jet.

Experimental study of the effect of gas discharge on ionic liquid electrospray

Ionic liquid electrospray (ILE) in an atmospheric environment is often accompanied by the gas discharge phenomenon. It interferes with the normal operation of the electrospray and the measurement of experimental parameters. In this study, electrospray experiments were conducted on the ionic liquid EMI-BF4. The observations revealed that the operating modes of the ionic liquid depend on the voltage polarity at high voltages. Additionally, a correspondence between the operating mode of ILE and the current signal in the circuit was established. The shape of the liquid cone formed at the needle tip bore a striking resemblance to the plume of corona discharge, suggesting that the motion trajectory of electrons influenced the curvature of the liquid cone. Steamer theory provided a clear explanation for the change in curvature as the voltage increased.

Oldest record of Machimosaurini (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauroidea): teeth and scavenging traces from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Switzerland.

The Jurassic period was a time of major diversification for Mesozoic marine reptiles, including Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria and thalattosuchian Crocodylomorpha. The latter originated in the Early Jurassic and thrived during the Late Jurassic. Unfortunately, the Middle Jurassic, a crucial time in their evolution, has a poor fossil record. Here, we document the first evidence of macrophagous/durophagous Machimosaurini-tribe teleosauroid thalattosuchians from the late Bajocian (ca 169 Ma) in the form of three robust tooth crowns with conical blunt shapes and anastomosed pattern of thick enamel ridges towards the apex, associated with the skeleton of a large ichthyosaur lacking preserved tooth crowns. The tooth crowns were found on the posterior section of the lower jaw (left angular), a lacrimal and the axis neural arch of the ichthyosaur. In addition, some of the distal sections of the posterior dorsal ribs of the ichthyosaur skeleton exhibit rounded bite marks and some elongated furrows that fit in size and shape with the Machimosaurini teeth. These marks, together with the absence of healing in the rib bone are interpreted here as the indicators of peri- to post-mortem scavenging by a Machimosaurini teleosauroid after the large ichthyosaur carcass settled on the floor of a shallow ocean.

Effect of additive and subtractive sequence on the distortion of cone-shaped part during hybrid direct energy deposition

Hybrid manufacturing combines additive manufacturing (AM) and subtractive manufacturing processes to achieve simultaneous benefits. Unlike traditional AM, it allows for interleaved subtractive steps, enhancing machining tool access for parts with high aspect ratios. However, optimizing the printing sequence remains as an area of exploration. In this study with two conical shapes, one exhibited a geometrical mismatch at the interface between two printing sections, while the other did not. 3D laser scanning, finite element simulation, and methodical analysis were used to understand this issue. Printing support structure before machining improved dimensional accuracy, with 0.5 mm reduction in distortion achieved, corresponding to 50 % of the final wall thickness. However, the absence of a feedback mechanism to track wall distortion after the additive process resulted in non-uniform wall thickness with a constant depth of cut during the machining operation. This research highlights the importance of process sequencing in hybrid manufacturing for achieving desired geometry.

On icicle ripples

Natural icicles have an overall conical shape modulated by surface ripples. It has been noted from many observations of icicles formed in nature and in the laboratory that the wavelength of the ripples has a very narrow spectrum between about 8 and 12 mm and that, as time evolves, the phase of the ripples migrates upwards. In this pedagogical review, I explore some of the physical mechanisms that can cause and mediate the formation and migration of ripples on icicles using simple mathematical models. To keep the mathematics more straightforward and transparent, I confine attention to two dimensions. A key physical parameter is the surface tension between the film of water that coats an icicle and the air that surrounds it, which causes a phase shift between the film–air interface and the ice–film interface. I show that the wavelength of ripples is dominantly proportional to the cube root of the square of the gravity-capillary length times the thickness of the water film. At high film-flow rates, advection-dominated heat transfer coupled with the interfacial phase shift becomes the dominant driver of instability. Gibbs–Thomson undercooling provides an unexpectedly large stabilisation of small wavelengths at these large flow rates, sufficient to maintain wavelength selection at millimetre scales.

Deep Rolling of Al6061-T6 Material and Performance Evaluation with New Type Designed WNMG Formed Rolling Tool

In deep rolling, ball and roller type burnishing tools are generally used. It is generally difficult to deep roll contours with curved and conical shapes with the existing rolling tools. The aim of this study is to design experiments with a roller insert that will be an alternative to deep rolling inserts being used now and that can be fixed on the present tool holders; and to investigate the usability of them including curve and conical formed workpieces with the help of this designed tool. For this purpose, a spherical insert with a radius of 1 mm in the form of WNMG was designed based on the WNMG insert model and used in deep rolling of Al6061-T6 material using different forms and parameters. 143, 330, 495 N rolling force, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 mm/rev feed and 400, 600, 800 rpm spindle speed were selected as rolling parameters. By examining the microhardness and surface structure of deep-rolled Al6061 parts, the achievability of the results of existing tools in deep rolling was investigated. At the end of the study, it was determined that the new type of rolling tool produced results similar to the existing tools in deep rolling in terms of microhardness and surface morphology, which enabled that the workpieces with curve and conical forms could also be rolled, and that this rolling tool could be used as an alternative in deep rolling.

Laser-induced indirect ignition of non-premixed turbulent shear layers

This study uses direct numerical simulations to investigate the forced ignition of temporally-evolving turbulent subsonic shear layers separating a gaseous stream of methane (CH4) and a stagnant gas environment of molecular oxygen (O2). Ignition is forced by a thermal-energy source that heats up a small volume of gas during periods of time much shorter than the characteristic acoustic time scale. The kernel, including its initial rounded conical shape, resembles experimental observations after optical breakdown is achieved in a gas irradiated by a focused laser. Particular emphasis is placed on ignition phenomena observed when the laser is focused on the O2 environment outside the turbulent shear layer, where the local composition is far beyond the lean flammability limit. This represents an indirect mode of non-premixed ignition that develops after a relatively long period of time has passed since laser-energy deposition, when the eddies near the oxidizer edge of the turbulent shear layer are intercepted by a baroclinically-generated subsonic vortex of hot dissociated O2 ejected from the laser-energy deposition zone. The success of indirect ignition depends on the orientation of the laser beam, the thickness of the shear layer, and the kernel standoff distance from the oxidizer edge of the shear layer. An ignition Damköhler number is defined that accounts for these averaged effects in six different simulation cases. For near-unity ignition Damköhler numbers, the solution is also sensitive to the local instantaneous flow field prevailing near the oxidizer edge of the shear layer, in that a modification of the instantaneous pre-deposition flow field, while preserving its turbulence statistics, can produce different ignition outcomes.Novelty and significance statement This work investigates forced ignition in a canonical flow configuration – a non-premixed turbulent CH4/O2 shear layer – and analyzes mechanisms by which ignition can be unexpectedly achieved in adverse conditions. In particular, an ensuing laser-generated advection of hot dissociated gas is observed to ignite the shear layer even when the mixture at the laser focal point is not flammable, an observation first made in early experiments. This flow phenomenon, whose consequences on ignition of non-premixed turbulent flows have not previously been analyzed by direct numerical simulation, can significantly separate the laser-energy deposition zone from the ignition location and is linked to baroclinically generated vorticity due to the rounded conical shape of the energy kernel. The phenomenology analyzed here may impact the design of laser-based ignition systems for chemical propulsion.

Effective light cone and digital quantum simulation of interacting bosons

The speed limit of information propagation is one of the most fundamental features in non-equilibrium physics. The region of information propagation by finite-time dynamics is approximately restricted inside the effective light cone that is formulated by the Lieb-Robinson bound. To date, extensive studies have been conducted to identify the shape of effective light cones in most experimentally relevant many-body systems. However, the Lieb-Robinson bound in the interacting boson systems, one of the most ubiquitous quantum systems in nature, has remained a critical open problem for a long time. This study reveals a tight effective light cone to limit the information propagation in interacting bosons, where the shape of the effective light cone depends on the spatial dimension. To achieve it, we prove that the speed for bosons to clump together is finite, which in turn leads to the error guarantee of the boson number truncation at each site. Furthermore, we applied the method to provide a provably efficient algorithm for simulating the interacting boson systems. The results of this study settle the notoriously challenging problem and provide the foundation for elucidating the complexity of many-body boson systems.

Experimental Study of Cast in Anchors Embedded in UHPFRC

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the behaviour of anchors precast in Ultra High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) under static loading. Initially, the current state of the art and related experimental studies are briefly mentioned. The next part of the paper is devoted to an experimental program aimed at describing the anchorage in cement composite UHPFRC in more detail. A total of 45 pull-out tests were performed. The tests investigated the effect of the fiber quantity in volume in the UHPFRC matrix (vf), the effective embedment depth of the anchor (hef) and the position of the anchor in the mould during concreting. Finally, the results are documented, the failure mode and the shape of the concrete cone, load-displacement curves and summary tables are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results and further directions for solving the problem.