Cone-beam Tomography Research Articles

Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on temporomandibular joints.

To evaluate the impact of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the condylar position, disc joint, joint space, and interarticular relationship in growing patients. A systematic search was performed in nine databases. The clinical studies selected included those with pre- and post-magnetic resonance, conventional computed tomography or cone beam tomography in growing patients. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for controlled clinical studies and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Quality Assessment for Before-After Studies With No Control Group. Initially, 4303 records were identified. Only eight studies fulfilled the criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Of those, two were controlled clinical studies with a risk of uncertain to high bias. The remaining papers had a low to moderate risk of bias. Results showed that RME in children and adolescents promoted the following: remodeling in the head and or condylar branch, changes in condylar position and joint space, maintenance of improved symmetry between the condyles, and no ability to modify the position or shape of the articular disc. RME in growing patients is able, in the short term, to modify the condyle-fossa relationship but does not change the position or shape of the articular disc. The intercondylar symmetric relationship is maintained or improved. Although the NHLBI score shows low to moderate risk of bias, the clinical relevance of these review findings is limited by Cochrane and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation scores.

Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam computed tomography using a novel multi-layer imager (MLI).

The feasibility of low-dose megavoltage cone-beam acquisition (MVCBCT) using a novel, high detective quantum efficiency (DQE) multi-layer imager (MLI) was investigated. The aim of this work was to reconstruct MVCBCT images using the MLI at different total dose levels, and assess Hounsfield Unit (HU) accuracy, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for low-dose megavoltage cone-beam acquisition. The MLI has four stacked layers; each layer contains a combination of copper filter/converter, gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) scintillator and a-Si detector array. In total, 720 projections of a CATPHAN® phantom were acquired over 360° at 2.5, 6, and 6MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam energies on a Varian TrueBeam LINAC. The dose per projection was 0.01, 0.0167, and 0.05MU for 2.5, 6, and 6MV FFF, respectively. MVCBCT images were reconstructed with varying numbers of projections to provide a range of doses for evaluation. Hounsfield Unit uniformity, accuracy, noise and CNR were estimated. Improvements were quantified relative to the standard AS1200 single-layer imager. Average HU uniformity for the MLI reconstructions was within a range of 95%-99% for all of the energies studied. Relative electron density estimation from HU values was within 0.4%±1.8% from nominal values. The CNR for MVCBCT based on MLI projections was 2-4× greater than from AS1200 projections. The 2.5MV beam acquisition with the MLI exhibited the lowest noise and the best balance between CNR and dose for low-dose reconstructions. Megavoltage cone-beam acquisition imaging with a novel MLI prototype mounted on a clinical linear accelerator demonstrated substantial improvement over the standard AS1200 EPID. Further optimization of MVCBCT reconstruction, particularly for 2.5MV acquisitions, will improve image metrics. Overall, the MLI improves CNR at substantially lower doses than currently required by conventional detectors. This new high DQE detector could provide high-quality MVCBCT at clinically acceptable doses.

Evaluation of maxillary sinus anatomical variations and lesions: A retrospective analysis using cone beam computed tomography

IntroductionThe residual bone height in the posterior edentulous maxilla is frequently limited by the maxillary sinuses. Sinus floor elevation (SFE) is then considered to restore sufficient bone height. The preoperative analysis of the maxillary sinus is necessary for the success of this surgery. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of maxillary sinus anatomic variations and lesions by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analysed all CBCTs performed at a private radiological center between January and November 2014. The following anatomical variations and lesions were assessed: sinus ventilation, sinus septa, the sinus totally compartmentalized, the hypoplastic sinus, sinus aplasia, the prolapsed sinus, thickness of the anterolateral wall, the position of antral artery, mucosa thickening, sinus opacity, the polyps and the cysts. ResultsA total of 300 cone beam images were analyzed. The findings consisted in: ventilation 91%, septa 34.66%, total compartmentalized sinus 6%, hypoplastic sinus 5%, aplastic sinus 0%, prolapsed sinus 1.66%, endorsed position of the antral artery 53%, submucosa position 43%, thickening of the sinus mucosa 41%, sinus opacity 4%, polyps and the cysts 20.33%. The average thickness of the anterolateral wall was about 1.16±0.48mm. ConclusionThe maxillary sinus has great interindividual anatomical variability. The cone beam is highly beneficial for the analysis of the anatomical structures in relationships with any sinus surgery.

Tratamento ortocirúrgico de uma maloclusão classe II esquelética: relato de caso

This article aims to present the clinical case of a young male patientwho presented severe skeletal Class II malocclusion, who underwentorthosurgical treatment. This case reported the benefits that arisefrom treatment as well as evaluated changes in the upper airways.Data were collected through review of the medical records, studymodels, radiographs, cone beam tomography and intra and extraoralphotos. The proposed treatment provided desirable functionaland aesthetic results, with adequate intercuspidation between dentalarches, mandibular projection, resting. There was no increase in thevolume and total area of the oropharynx as a result of orthognathicsurgery, only an increase in the minimum axial area.

Relationship between maxillary sinus findings, Schneiderian membrane thickness, and various skeletal malocclusions in a selected sample of ethnic Kashmiri population: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study

Objective: There are very limited studies which have investigated the relationship between maxillary sinus findings and skeletal malocclusion based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between the patients' skeletal malocclusion and the maxillary sinus findings in ethnic Kashmiri population. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 CBCT scans were examined and divided into three groups according to skeletal classification. Two experienced observers reviewed the CBCT images and recorded all maxillary sinus findings. The patients' skeletal malocclusion, the thickness of the Schneiderian membrane, and the pathologic maxillary sinus findings were evaluated. Results: The maxillary sinus findings were classified into five groups: 0 = no finding, 1 = mucosal thickening, 2 = polypoidal thickening, 3 = partial opacification, and 4 = total opacification. The statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the skeletal malocclusion and pathological maxillary sinus findings. However, there were significant differences in the Schneiderian membrane thicknesses between the groups. Conclusion: The Schneiderian membrane thickness was significantly different for Class II and Class III patients (P = 0.002). It was lowest for Class II and highest for Class III group. The relationship between pathological maxillary sinus findings and skeletal malocclusions was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05).

3D analysis of the temporomandibular joint and occlusal relationships based on computer virtual simulation

To develop a method for automated analysis of TMJ elements based on computed tomography and a method for analyzing the features of the ratio of TMJ elements when changing the position of the mandible without repeated CT examination. To complete method required a computer tomogram of the temporomandibular joint in habitual occlusion recorded on spiral or cone-beam imaging; and 3D scans of the dentition obtained with intraoral and laboratory scanners; computer software - 3D graphics editor that can handle volumetric CT data and 3D mesh objects. Analysis of the joint space of the temporomandibular joint in the entire volume, not a single slice represents a more complete and reliable information about the condition of the joint. The presented method of predicting the position of TMJ heads on the basis of obtaining bite registers eliminates the probable errors of the doctor and the need for repeated CT scans, which reduces the radiation load on the patient. Virtual simulation of movements of the mandible from the position of habitual occlusion in the position of Central correlation, protrusion, right and left literaturesee with the visualization of movements of the articular heads helps to better understand the biomechanics of the TMJ, diagnostics and to obtain valuable data about the individual characteristics of the masticatory apparatus of the patient. The developed virtual articulator (patent No. 2567604) is another useful step in the development of digital technologies in dentistry.

Morphological variation of the nasopalatine canal: A cone-beam computed tomography study

Aim: 1) To assess the morphological variation of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) concerning age and gender. 2). To assess the correlation between the gender and morphology of the canal. 3). To assess the correlation between age and length of the canal. Material and Method: This is a retrospective, randomized observational study. The study comprised of 50 CBCT scans of maxilla showing NPC completely. The scans were obtained in the department during the period ranging from December 2018 to June 2019. The patients were in the age range of 15–75 years. Scan of 22 females and 28 males were included in the study. Patient below 15 years of age and NPC pathology or impacted teeth in same region were excluded in the study. The scans were obtained using ICAT17-19 machine and analyzed Vision software. Cone-Beam 3D Imaging machine operating at 120 kvp, 37.07 mAs with 0.25 mm voxel size, and a field of view of 16 × 6 cm maxilla. Results: Nasopalatine canal has 4 different morphological shapes. The most common shape was the cylindrical shape amongst both males and females. The least common shape was found to be hourglass shape with increasing age the length of NPC was found to decrease. The length of the canal was found to be longer in males when compared to females. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of NPC morphology before or during surgical procedures involving the maxilla.

Аналіз лінійних геометричних показників верхньощелепних пазух у осіб зрілого віку та їх статеві відмінності

Aim. To formulate general data about the linear geometric parameters of the maxillary sinuses using cone-beam computed tomography, and to determine possible gender influence on these indicators. Material and Methods. Primary examination group of 270 females and 230 males. After the initial examination, a group of patients with normal maxillary sinuses' variants was selected, which included 102 individuals (55 women and 47 men) aged 21-65 years with normally developed maxillary sinuses, without any pathology that would affect their size. The main method of research was cone-beam tomography performed on the Point 3DCombi 500, which allowed to determine two indicators: the maximum height and width of the maxillary sinuses. Investigations were performed in two planes: horizontal and frontal. Analysis of the data obtained during the computed tomography examination of the study group allowed to divide all subjects by gender - men and women. Results and Discussion. As a result of determining the geometric parameters of the maxillary sinuses in the horizontal and frontal planes on the processed computed tomograms, it was found that the width of the left maxillary sinus varied in a wide range from 21.1 mm to 39.4 mm, with the average of 31.16±0.76 mm. The width of the right maxillary sinus varied from 21.5 mm to 41.9 mm, with the average of 31.05±0.71 mm. The height indicators of the left maxillary sinus ranged from 23.6 mm to 50.8 mm, with the average values of 36.1±0.95 mm. The height of the right maxillary sinus ranged from 23.6 mm to 53.1 mm, with the average value of 36.73±1.01 mm. Analyzing the CT scans in the three dimensions, we determined the average geometric values of the left and right maxillary sinuses, respectively, by gender. Using Student's parameter and calculating the for the study, we were able to discover that gender unambiguously affected the geometric dimensions of the maxillary sinuses, namely, the width and depth of the sinuses. In all analyzed computed tomograms it could be clearly observed that both the width and depth of the maxillary sinus in men were much higher than in women. It was found that the average maximum width of the left maxillary sinus in women was 30.5±1.03 mm. and the right - 30.2±1.00 mm, while the maximum width of the left maxillary sinus in men was 31.93±1.14 mm, and the right maxillary sinus - 32.04±0.98 mm. As for the average values of the maximum height of the left maxillary sinus in women, it was 34.28±1.25 mm and the right maxillary sinus - 34.63±1.21 mm. In men, the average maximum height of the left maxillary sinus was 38.33±1.24 mm, and the right maxillary sinus - 39.26±1.45 mm. At the final stage of the study, we also determined whether the side ("right" / "left") affects the geometric dimensions of the maxillary sinuses. Based on the data from cone-beam computed tomography carried out in all cases, we can state that the geometric dimensions are not affected by the maxillary sinus side. Conclusions. The geometric features have been identified that are important for diagnosing the condition of the maxillary sinuses. The indicators of the maxillary sinus' width average within 31.1±0.73 mm. The height of the maxillary sinus averages within 36.4±0.98 mm. Gender comparison of individual maxillary sinuses' linear geometric parameters revealed that in all age groups, both width and depth in men were much higher than in women. The average maxillary sinuses' width in women ranged within 30.3±1.01 mm, and height - within 34.45±1.23 mm. In men, the average width of the maxillary sinuses ranged within 31.98±1.06 mm and height - within. 38.79±1.34 mm. It was established that the geometric dimensions of the maxillary sinuses were not affected by their left or right location. Only intravital research methods allow us to draw a number of conclusions about the size of the maxillary sinuses, taking into account such a structure as the mucous membrane, which impossible to perform on autopsied material. Key words: maxillary sinuses, computed tomography, linear values, adults, gender

MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANT PATIENT WITH MANDIBULAR INJURY

The management of pregnant women in dentistry is a challenge that requires attention and interdisciplinary care. This study reports the case of mandibular intraosseous lesion in pregnant women, addressing tomographic dose, type of anesthetic procedure, moment of intervention, and outcome of treatment. The patient is 44 years old with complaint of lack of sensitivity in the mental region. She was on the third gestational month, and had done cone beam tomography. Clinical examination revealed a slight increase in mandibular volume, absence of decayed teeth, or periodontal pocket in the involved teeth. After contact with the attending physician, an incisional biopsy was performed with 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, with diagnostic hypotheses of Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), ameloblastoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. After definitive diagnosis of CGCG, we chose to perform surgical treatment after childbirth. The patient returned 1 year later, and the lesion spontaneously regressed. After 2 years, computed tomography showed total wound healing.

SCHIMMELPENNING SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT

A 6-year-old girl with a history of epilepsy was referred due to a mandibular lesion. Physical examination revealed the presence of sebaceous nevi involving skin of the face and neck. Intraoral exam revealed an asymptomatic swelling, firm to palpation, covered by mucosa of normal color, in the anterior mandible. The cone beam tomography revealed a presence of 3 well-defined mixed images, associated with impacted teeth 81, 82, and 42. The lesions were surgically excised and the histologic diagnosis was of adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs). Considering the multiple intraosseous neoplasms and the neurologic and epidermal affections, the diagnosis of Schimmelpenning syndrome was established. After 4 years, a lesion was found in the anterior region of the maxilla with clinical and imaging aspects similar to those of the previous lesions. After enucleation, the histologic analysis again indicated AOT. In 1 year of follow-up evaluation, no signs of recurrence were found. Support: FAPEMIG.

Deep Encoder-Decoder Adversarial Reconstruction(DEAR) Network for 3D CT from Few-View Data.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is widely used in clinical practice. The involved ionizing X-ray radiation, however, could increase cancer risk. Hence, the reduction of the radiation dose has been an important topic in recent years. Few-view CT image reconstruction is one of the main ways to minimize radiation dose and potentially allow a stationary CT architecture. In this paper, we propose a deep encoder-decoder adversarial reconstruction (DEAR) network for 3D CT image reconstruction from few-view data. Since the artifacts caused by few-view reconstruction appear in 3D instead of 2D geometry, a 3D deep network has a great potential for improving the image quality in a data driven fashion. More specifically, our proposed DEAR-3D network aims at reconstructing 3D volume directly from clinical 3D spiral cone-beam image data. DEAR is validated on a publicly available abdominal CT dataset prepared and authorized by Mayo Clinic. Compared with other 2D deep learning methods, the proposed DEAR-3D network can utilize 3D information to produce promising reconstruction results.

Evaluation of osseointegration of dental implant with and without primary stability: An experimental study on sheep

Background and objective: Primary implant stability is a prerequisite for reaching and maintaining osseointegration. This study aimed to check the amount of osseointegration of dental implant when placed with and without primary stability, clinically, radiological, and histologically. Methods: The experimental study includes four male sheep with a weighted mean of 50 kg and 2 to 4 years old. Forty implants placed, divided into two groups, 20 implants without primary stability as a study group and other 20 implants with primary stability. After intramuscular sedation and local anesthesia, the implant site performed in the inferior border of the basal bone of mandible drilling to 4.3 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length. Forty implants were inserted, 20 implants in the study group (3.3 mm diameter and 8 mm length) and 20 implants in the control group (4.3 mm diameter and 8 mm length), after 3 months the 4 sheep were sacrificed and the universal torque ratchet and Periotest was used to measure the stability of the dental implants clinically. Radiologically, Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) was taken using ImageJ software for measuring density in both groups. Histologically also ImageJ software used for measuring thread width, the distance between threads and amount of cortical bone at bone-implant contact. Results: Non-significant difference between both groups. Forty implants successfully tolerated a 30 N/cm reverse torque test, and the results of the Periotest were nonsignificant. Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) showed no sign of bone radiolucency, and the density result was non-significant. The histological evaluation confirmed the formation of bone around dental implants in both groups and ImageJ software measurement showing no significant difference between study and experimental groups in depth of threads, the distance between threads and amount of cortical bone in the area of bone-implant contact. Conclusion: Dental implants had the same chance to Osseointegrate in the absence or presence of primary stability at three months follow up.

A Phase Field Approach to Limited-angle Tomographic Reconstruction

The tomography of an object with limited angle can be addressed through Iterative Reconstruction Reprojection (IRR) procedure, wherein a standard reconstruction procedure is used together with a ``filtering'' of the image at each iteration. It is here proposed to use as a filter a phase-field --- or Cahn-Hilliard --- regularization interlaced with a filtered back-projection reconstruction. This reconstruction procedure is tested on a cone-beam tomography of a 3D woven ceramic composite material, and is shown to retrieve a reconstructed volume with very low artifacts in spite of a large missing angle interval (up to 28\%).

Conservative Treatment of Odontogenic Fibromixoma in maxilla with 11-year follow-up. Case report.

Introduction: Odontogenic mixomas (OMs) are a locally infiltrating slow-growing intraosseous nonmetastasizing tumors of the maxilla and the mandible that have the potential for bone destruction and cortical expansion, showing high recurrence rates. Their frequency varies around the world, accounting for 3-20% of all odontogenic tumors, ranking third among odontogenic tumors. They predominantly affect young adults, but may occur in various age groups. Report: A 37-year-old female patient who in August 2005 sought treatment at the Maxillofacial Dental Unit at Hospital Higueras, Talcahuano, Chile, for a left maxillary bone lesion. An increase in volume was observed in the left maxillary region in the clinical analysis of the oral cavity. The neoplasm was sessile and painless, measuring approximately 3 cm, with a greater diameter in the vestibule, firm on palpation and without signs of gangliopathy. Computed cone beam tomography imaging showed an extensive infiltrating osteolytic lesion in the left maxillary sinus, with no involvement of the orbital bone structure. Analysis of incisional biopsy yielded the diagnosis of Odontogenic Fibromixoma. It was proposed to perform the conservative treatment of the lesion, consisting of enucleation and surgical curettage, obtaining excellent postoperative results and absence of relapse after 11-year follow-up. Conclusion: The present case report provides evidence that supports the conservative surgical approach for the treatment of odontogenic myxomas, which contributes to a better postoperative quality of life for the patient.

X-Ray Microtomography Using Compensation Filters with Complicated Form

The influence of an aluminum compensation filter of complicated form on the signal-tonoise ratio in microtomography of geological cores was investigated. When scanning the core, a compensation filter in the form of an aluminum parallelepiped with a hole approximately equal to the diameter of the core was used. The filter is fixed rigid over the object table, the core is placed in the hole and rotates inside the filter. It is shown that the filter provides the maximal contrast of the useful signal over the entire dynamic range of the scintillation panel detector. After normalizing the projection of the core onto the filter projection without the core, the obtained projections were used in the standard reconstruction algorithm for cone beam tomography. The use of a compensation filter made it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting tomograms by more than two times, as compared with the case of a conventional flat filter made of aluminum.

Numerical Analysis of a Dental Zirconium Restoration and the Stresses That Occur in Dental Tissues.

When it is about restorative dental materials, aesthetics is traditionally preferred. This has led to the selection of materials very visually similar to the enamel, but unfortunately, their mechanical properties are not similar. This often translates into disadvantages than advantages. In the present work, a comparison is made of the stresses that occur during dental occlusion (dental bit) in a healthy dental organ and those that are generated in a dental organ with a dental zirconium restoration. Numerical simulation was carried out by means of the Finite Element Method, in computational biomodels, from Cone-Beam Tomography, to obtain the stresses generated during dental occlusion. It was found that the normal and von Mises stresses generated are substantially greater in the molar with restoration compared to those produced in the healthy molar. In addition, the normal function of the enamel and dentin to disperse these stresses to prevent them from reaching the pulp is altered. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the indiscriminate use of this restoration material and consider other aspects, in addition to aesthetics and biocompatibility for the choice of restorative materials such as biomechanical compatibility.

Blood clot stability and bone formation following maxillary sinus membrane elevation and space maintenance by means of immediate implant placement in humans: A computed tomography study

Abstract Objective The present controlled clinical pilot study proposed to assess blood clot contraction and bone neo-formation following maxillary sinus lift (MSL) with immediate implant placement without using grafts using cone beam tomography exams. Materials and methods Ten implants were placed in ten patients with a residual bone crest height ≥4 and ≤ 7 mm, in maxillary premolars or 1st or 2nd molars regions, using MSL and immediate implant placement without grafts, by means of the lateral window approach. A resorbable membrane (Bio-Gide®, Geistlich, USA) was used to close the window. Computed tomography images were taken after 15 (T1) and 180 (T2) days to assess the rate of blood clot contraction and bone neo-formation. The images were analysed by OsirixMD software. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to verify the normality hypothesis and the data were submitted to Student's paired t-test. Results The mean of bone clot height in mesial, apical and distal area referred to implant, presented 4.77 mm, 0.77 mm and 5.30 mm respectively. The mean measurements of new bone formation presented 2.95 mm, 0.44 mm and 3.45 mm. The height contraction (coagulum/new bone formation), between T1 and T2, presented 38%, 43% and 35% respectively, with a significant statistical value p The volume measurements at T1 presented a mean volume of 0.90 cm3 sd ± 0.60 cm3 and at T2 a mean volume of 0.75 cm3 sd ± 0.62 cm3, with a significant volume contraction between T1 and T2, p Conclusion The present study demonstrates consistent bone formation around all assessed implants, although with significant contraction of the blood clot. The need for longitudinal studies to establish a long-term prognosis in different modalities of prosthetic rehabilitation of those implants is strongly suggested.

Prostate Intra-fraction Motion Monitoring Using an Integrated Linear Accelerator kV Imaging System

To assess the outcomes of intra-fraction prostate motion monitoring using an integrated linear accelerator based KV imaging system. Between June 2017 and December 2018, 1516 radiation treatment fractions were delivered to 35 prostate cancer patients. Each patient had 3 gold fiducial markers placed in the prostate prior to initiation of therapy and underwent IMRT treatment planning using an arc therapy technique. A commercially available integrated kV imaging system (capable of 2D and 3D cone beam imaging) with localization software was used for each treatment. Prior to initiation of treatment, a cone beam CT was obtained to align the fiducial markers and assess bladder and rectal filling. Once treatment was initiated, a planar kV image was obtained every 40 degrees in the treatment arc (approximately every 5-7 seconds) and analyzed for fiducial marker position. If the fiducial marker position varied by greater than 3.5mm, the treatment was stopped with less than 1 MU delivered. Fiducial marker position was reassessed with another kV image within 10 seconds and if the markers were still outside of the 3.5mm threshold, the patient was repositioned and treatment resumed. All treatment fractions were delivered successfully without imaging system failure. The average time for a treatment fraction was 9.4 minutes ± 2.7 minutes (6.8 - 28.8 minutes). 672 of the treatments (44.3%) had at least one beam interruption due to fiducial marker variation over 3.5 mm from anticipated location. 171 (11.3%) treatments required at least 2 treatment interruptions, 74 (4.9%) treatments required at least 3 treatment interruptions and 35 (2.3%) treatments required 4 or more interruptions. Patient repositioning was required in 365 (24.1%) treatments. An integrated linear accelerator based kV imaging system can be used to successfully and efficiently to monitor intra-fraction prostate motion.

Interventional Radiology's Role in the Treatment of Pediatric Thoracic Disease

Abstract The emergence of minimally invasive procedures has rapidly changed the management of many pediatric thoracic diseases. Previous paradigms of treatment, which often required surgical intervention, are now managed through percutaneous, image-guided procedures. In addition, as skillset, quality and availability of ultrasound and cone-beam tomography increase, previously necessary radiation from conventional CT for image-guided procedures of the thorax can be reduced. The integration of the interventionalist's approach into multi-disciplinary care teams requires IRs to be facile in the multi-modality treatment of these ailments. Clinically, the proceduralist must be aware of trends in practice, common complications and technical details to provide a well-rounded consultation to both patients and referring physicians. This article reviews common pediatric thoracic diseases, including lung masses, empyema, chylous effusions, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, and bronchiectasis, in which pediatric interventional radiologists play a key role in multi-disciplinary management.

Using Cone Beam, Micro- And Nano- Computed Tomography in Endodontic Treatment

Many factors such as dental anatomy, root canal structure, localization of pathologies, biomechanical instrumentation and filling of the root canal affect the success of endodontic treatment. The use of radiographs is an important part of endodontic treatment. Resorption, root fracture, presence and location of lateral canals, determination of bone fenestrations, adaptation of root canal filling materials postoperatively, lesion follow-up, healing in periradicular tissues, imaging of bones and teeth in case of trauma are needed in three-dimensional imaging. Morphology of root canals, changes in root canal after instrumentation, root canal filling can be evaluated in three dimensions with micro-CT technique. Nano-BT is an up-to-date imaging method that uses a high-power X-ray source with only a few micron focal points. The aim of this review is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of cone beam, micro-computed tomography and nano-computed tomography which is a new technology in endodontics. Key words: endodontics, cone-beam tomography, micro-computed tomography, nano-computed tomography DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-6-03