Condyle In Children Research Articles

小児上腕骨外か骨折の治療成績

Fifty-five fracures of the lateral humeral condyle in children were reviewed and results were assessed. There were 37 boys and 18 girls. The mean age at injury was 5 years old, and the mean follow-up period was 5 years. Follwing our own assesment criteria, 75% showed good results, and 15% poor. The complications were seen in 8 cases. There were 7 cubitus varus deformities, and one non-union. Epiphyseal arrest or ROM limitation was not seen in any case. The causes of poor results were discussed.

Long Term Results of Displaced Fractures of Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children Treated by Early Open Reduction and Internal Fixation

Long Term Results of Displaced Fractures of Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children Treated by Early Open Reduction and Internal Fixation

Injuries of the lateral humeral condyle in children : R.S. Jeffrey. J R Coll Surg (Edinb) 34:156–159, (June), 1989

Injuries of the lateral humeral condyle in children : R.S. Jeffrey. J R Coll Surg (Edinb) 34:156–159, (June), 1989

Nonunion of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: an update.

Inadequate treatment continues to be the leading cause of nonunion of slightly displaced fractures of pediatric lateral humeral condyles, despite references to prevention in the orthopaedic literature. In most cases, the elbow was established nonunion can be salvaged by early stabilization and bone grafting, provided that the fragment is in acceptable position and the growth plate of the condylar fragment is open. Procrastination may allow the physis of the condylar fragment to close prematurely, preemptying the golden opportunity to salvage the child's elbow. The author has collected 23 similar cases from correspondence with 17 orthopaedic surgeons.

Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: late results.

A long-term follow-up study of 38 fractures of the lateral humeral condyle was done to evaluate the special problems related to growth disturbances. Indications for operative treatment and clinical as well as radiographic results are discussed.

Prediction of the Stability of Minimally Displaced Fractures of the Lateral Humeral Condyle

Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle run a great risk of subsequent displacement. This is also true—although to a lesser extent—for primarily non-displaced or minimally displaced (≤2 mm) fractures. The present retrospective investigation aimed at defining radiographic criteria in order to predict the stability of non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures in 159 children. The fractures were classified according to radiographic criteria into 3 groups considered to represent stable, ambiguous and unstable fractures. Additional displacement while immobilized in plaster occurred in 2.6 per cent of the fractures classified as stable and in 44.4 per cent of those classified as unstable (p<0.001); in the ambiguous group subsequent displacement occurred in 24.1 per cent. It is concluded that the radiographic criteria should be useful to predict the stability of non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children.

Prediction of the stability of minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle

Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle run a great risk of subsequent displacement. This is also true--although to a lesser extent--for primarily non-displaced or minimally displaced (less than or equal to 2 mm) fractures. The present retrospective investigation aimed at defining radiographic criteria in order to predict the stability of non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures in 159 children. The fractures were classified according to radiographic criteria into 3 groups considered to represent stable, ambiguous and unstable fractures. Additional displacement while immobilized in plaster occurred in 2.6 per cent of the fractures classified as stable and in 44.4 per cent of those classified as unstable (p less than 0.001); in the ambiguous group subsequent displacement occurred in 24.1 per cent. It is concluded that the radiographic criteria should be useful to predict the stability of non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children.

Change of Carrying Angle in Fracture of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children

Change of Carrying Angle in Fracture of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children

Histologic comparison of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints during growth in Macaca mulatta

The costochondral joint (CCJ) is commonly used to replace defective mandibular condyles in children for the restoration of normal temporomandibular (TMJ) growth and function. However, continued and harmonious growth following rib grafting is the exception rather than the rule. This may be due to the differences in the growth characteristics of the costal cartilage and the condyle. A joint that is similar both developmentally and structurally to the TMJ is the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ). The purpose of this study was to describe histologically the SCJ and CCJ during growth in Macaca mulatta and to compare the histomorphologic features with those of the TMJ. Costochondral and sternoclavicular joints were obtained from infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult Macaca mulatta. The histologic sections were compared with mandibular condyles of the same ages available in our laboratory. The results indicate that the TMJ and SCJ are very similar morphologically throughout the growth period. The clavicular head contained layers of cartilage typical of the mandibular condyle, i.e., articular, prechondroblastic, chondroblastic, hypertrophic, and endochondral ossification layers, at each age during growth. Like those in the condyle, the hypertrophic cartilage cells were arranged in an apparently random, noncolumnar fashion. The CCJ, however, did not resemble the condyle but appeared to be more similar to the growth plate in a long bone epiphysis during growth. The results of this investigation indicate that the SCJ may be more suitable for mandibular condylar replacement than the CCJ.

Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children.

I conducted a clinical review of thirty-nine fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus in children and drew the following conclusions: (1) epiphyseal arrest is rare (it occurred in only one patient, despite malreduction in ten), and (2) fishtail deformity of the distal part of the humerus occurs commonly when malreduction is present. Only two poor results were encountered, both in patients in whom the reduction was grossly inadequate.

Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children—an analysis of 39 cases

Thirty-nine cases of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children are reported. The average age of the children was 8 years (range 5–13 years). The patients were classified into three groups according to the type of fracture. Fourteen of the first group were treated without operation while the remaining 25 underwent a surgical procedure. The severe complications (malunion, non-union) were in patients who were treated without operation.

Incomplete (bending?) fractures of the mandibular condyle in children

Incomplete, bending or bowing fractures of the mandibular condyle in children frequently go undetected. The reason is that the bending deformity often is subtle and passes for normal. This is especially true if the fractures are bilateral.

DISPLACED FRACTURES OF THE MEDIAL HUMERAL CONDYLE IN CHILDREN

Fracture of the medial humeral condyle in children is an epiphyseal injury, and it is probably caused by a valgus force incurred with the elbow extended, the origin of the flexor muscles and medial collateral ligament avulsing and rotating the condyle. The injury is uncommon and is easily misdiagnosed. Four children who were treated within one week of injury were seen more than one year later and had good results. Two patients who were treated late and another who was not treated had poor results. Early diagnosis, accurate reduction, and internal fixation are important to avoid growth disturbance, articular incongruence, and functional disability.

Growth centre transplantation to replace mandibular condyles

Malocclusion and disharmony of facial growth are the usual results of injury to the mandibular condyle in children. Early replacement of the condyle with a skeletal growth centre such as the costochondral junction is postulated as one approach to management of such problems. This paper describes the results of such transplantations in ten growing children where there had been either ankylosis or excision of the condyle. Long term follow-up evaluation shows lack of uniformity in the subsequent growth of the transplants. Nevertheless, significant growth of the transplants is demonstrated in some of the patients. The data lends support to the principle that bony growth centres are in part responsible for the growth and maturation of the facial skeleton.

Displaced fractures of the medial humeral condyle in children.

Fracture of the medial humeral condyle in children is an epiphyseal injury, and it is probably caused by a valgus force incurred with the elbow extended, the origin of the flexor muscles and medial collateral ligament avulsing and rotating the condyle. The injury is uncommon and is easily misdiagnosed. Four children who were treated within one week of injury were seen more than one year later and had good results. Two patients who were treated late and another who was not treated had poor results. Early diagnosis, accurate reduction, and internal fixation are important to avoid growth disturbance, articular incongruence, and functional disability.

Missed, maluniting, and malunited fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children

Missed, maluniting, and malunited fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children

Deformities of Elbow after Fractures of Lateral Humeral Condyle

Fifty six fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children were treated from 1961 to 1976 in our clinic.Twenty five fractures were followed up on the average for five years.Fourteen boys and eleven girls were from one to ten years old. The internal fixations had been performed in twenty-one cases, and the plaster cast had been applicated in other three cases without dislocation. The deformities of elbow were found in follow-up study, and the varus deformity and the the decrease of normal valgus angle were recognized. The valgus deformity was seen in only one case except another case with pseudo-arthrosis. The roentogenogram showed that the overgrowth of the radial head were in thirteen cases, the epiphysis of lateral humeral condyle were irregular in eight cases, and the closures of the premature epiphysis were in six cases. It seems that the deformities of elbow are related to the reductions of fractures.

Observations concerning fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children : Roly Jackob, John V. Fowles, Mercer Rang, and Mohamed T. Kassab. J. Bone J. Surg. 57B:431–436, (November), 1975

Observations concerning fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children : Roly Jackob, John V. Fowles, Mercer Rang, and Mohamed T. Kassab. J. Bone J. Surg. 57B:431–436, (November), 1975

Prevention and treatment of nonunion of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: J. C. Flynn, J. F. Richards and R. I. Saltzman. J Bone Joint Surg 57A: 1087–1092 (December), 1975

Prevention and treatment of nonunion of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: J. C. Flynn, J. F. Richards and R. I. Saltzman. J Bone Joint Surg 57A: 1087–1092 (December), 1975

Prevention and treatment of non-union of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children. An end-result study

In a ten-year study of the healing responses of thirty-one children with fresh fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus with less than four millimeters of displacement, there were three patterns of healing. Forty-nine per cent healed rapidly in six weeks with abundant callus and periosteal new bone. Thirty-eight per cent healed slowly over eight to twelve weeks, mostly by endosteal union with little callus. Thirteen per cent had progressive displacement of the fragment in the plaster cast and required surgery to prevent non-union. Those fractures that healed had two millimeters or less of displacement of the fragment initially. Those that did not heal had an average of three millimeters of initial displacement. Established non-unions in good position that were symptomatic while the elbow was still immature were salvaged by bone-grafting, sparing the physis of the condylar fragment. The fragment united and grew with the elbow to maturity, producing an excellent end result on long-term follow-up. When the physeal plate of the ununited condylar fragment was absent, the fragment could not grow with the elbow and the result of surgery was less satisfactory.