Condylar Rotation Research Articles

Relationship between interincisal angles and TMJ morphology/position and trabecular structure: a retrospective study

BackgroundTMJ morphology/position and trabecular structure are influenced by various factors. The role of the interincisal angle, an indicator of the anterior occlusal relationship, on TMJ remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the morphology, trabecular bone structure, and position of the condyle, as well as the glenoid fossa’s morphology in skeletal class II populations with different interincisal angles.Materials and methodsA total of 150 adult patients with normodivergent facial types and skeletal class II malocclusions were selected and divided into three groups based on their interincisal angles: normal, small, and large angle groups. The indexes of TMJ were measured using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data and analyzed using Dolphin Imaging, Mimics, and ImageJ.ResultsThe small angle group had the smallest anteroposterior diameter (APD), while the large angle group had a greater mediolateral diameter (MLD). The large angle group exhibited significantly the largest maximum axial area, bone surface area, and bone volume (P < 0.05). Small and large angle groups exhibited greater bone trabeculae (Tb. N) and thinner trabecular thickness (Tb. Th). Compared to the normal angle group, the small angle group exhibited a larger horizontal condylar angle and smaller bilateral condylar angles on the axial plane, while the large angle group showed the opposite trend. Small and large angle groups showed a reduced vertical condyle angle on the coronal plane, with the largest reduction observed in the large angle group (P < 0.05). Small and large angle groups had higher heights of the glenoid fossa (GFH). The large angle group exhibited the greatest GFH and width of the glenoid fossa (GFW) (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe large angle group had elongated oval and large condyles, and deeper glenoid fossae, while a flattened-oval and smaller condyle, and wider and shallower glenoid fossae were observed in the small angle group. Small and large interincisal angle affects the structure of condylar trabeculae, resulting in thinner Tb. Th and greater Th. N. In the condylar position, small and large angle groups exhibit condylar rotation in the axial and coronal planes. Therefore, the interincisal angle affects the morphology, position, and trabecular structure of the TMJ. This implies that we must pay attention to the impact of the interincisal angle on TMJ, and it is crucial to restore the normal interincisal angle during orthodontic treatment.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Condylar Position and Joint Spaces Following Orthodontic Treatment With Quadruple Premolar Extractions.

This study aimed to assess the alterations in the temporomandibular joint among adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment involving the extraction of four premolars. A cohort of 44 adults, with a mean age of 24.2 years, underwent orthodontic therapy that included quadruple premolar extractions. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were performed before and after the treatment to evaluate the temporomandibular joints. The three-dimensional assessment focused on the condylar position relative to the cranial base and the articular fossa, the axial condylar rotation, and the joint spaces. Notably, a significant posterior shift of the condyle was detected (P≤0.01), averaging a 0.41mm retraction. The posterior joint space narrowed by 0.32mm post-treatment. Additionally, a medial tilt of 0.62° in the condyle's long axis was observed in the frontal plane. No significant changes were recorded for the other condylar positions, rotations, or joint space dimensions. The findings suggest that orthodontic treatment with four premolar extractions may instigate condylar repositioning and rotation. These insights can inform refinements in treatment protocols.

Effect of condylar rotation on the stress environment of the temporomandibular joint in patients with mandibular protrusion

PurposeThe study aims to analyse the effects of condylar rotation on the biomechanical environment of the TMJ after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) through the finite element method (FEM). MethodsThirteen patients with mandibular prognathism and twenty-three normal subjects were recruited. The three-dimensional (3D) models were reconstructed. 13 representative morphological parameters were measured for comparison. A patient was selected to perform virtual BSSRO surgery by rotating the condyles in MIMICS. The preoperative and postoperative 3D models of the patient were subsequently imported into ABAQUS for finite element analysis. The preoperative and postoperative stresses and joint spaces in the TMJs were investigated. ResultsThe maxillofacial morphologies of the patients with mandibular protrusion was significantly different from those of the asymptomatic subjects (P<.05). Stresses in the postoperative group were lower than those in the preoperative group. The rotation of the condyle could cause the variations in stress levels and joint spaces within the TMJs. Inward and upward rotation of the condyle was associated with higher stress in the TMJ, whereas the lowest stress was observed when the condyle remained stationary following surgical intervention. SignificanceLateral, medial and superior joint spaces were more related to the stresses in the TMJs. The condyle should be kept in place as much as possible to avoid disrupting the balance of the TMJ in patients with mandibular protrusion.

Current Issues Related to Biomechanics in Engineering

Motion capture was employed by Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey. Industry standard for computing joint kinematics is motion capture. Kinematic analysis is a technique used in biomechanics and mechanical engineering to quantify stiff body motion. A joint moment can be computed in one of two ways: bottom-up or top-down. Joint moments measure muscle and joint tension indirectly. Researchers predicted joint moments using kinematic-based characteristics and machine learning outside of the biomechanics lab.Ankle osteoarthritis causes significant biomechanical issues in the foot and lower leg. Patients' 3D multi-segment kinematic foot models were studied. The technique used is Openpose, which recognises the human body from a single photograph.Falling fear is linked to decreased activity, despondency, and anxiety in the elderly. They adopt a hip approach to manage their GRFs and balance. The lateral ankle technique corrects minor foot placement problems by swiftly moving the pressure point. Angular momentum is affected by foot placement and ground reaction forces. Changing the body's centre of mass along a curved trajectory implies large changes in both ground reaction force impulses and ground reaction force.Lens stiffness and a ciliary muscle anterior/inward displacement produce presbyopia. By 55, the majority of folks have lost their ability to accommodate. Cataracts become common around this time, reaching over 70% by 75. The circumferential and meridional stiffnesses rose with anisotropy from pole to equator, but dropped with distance. The Holzapfel model accurately fits the data from inflation and uniaxial mechanical tests.Anatomical motions of the femur during knee flexion were examined. The data revealed morphological and physiological knee kinematic characteristics. The data led to several hypotheses about axial femoral condyle rotation. This review discusses lower limbs, foot positioning, lens capsule, femoral condyle, muscle activation, collagen fibre, knee joint, and walking speed. The purpose is to provide a general overview on the subject matter.

Comprehensive 3-dimensional Positional and Morphological Analyses of Condyle and Glenoid Fossa in Patients with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery.

This study aimed to comprehensively and quantitatively characterize 3-dimensional (3D) positional and morphological changes of the condyle and glenoid fossa in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion treated with bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Twenty eligible patients treated at our institution from January 2016 to December 2021 with more than 12 months of postoperative follow-up were retrospectively enrolled. Radiographic data of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for each patient were collected at 3 stages: 1 week preoperatively (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), and at least 12 months postoperatively (T2). Positional changes, surface and volumetric alterations of condyle, and bone remodeling in glenoid fossa were measured and compared based on voxel- and surface registrations in visual 3D methods. Most patients exhibited a tendency for condyles to shift posteriorly, laterally, superiorly, and rotated outward, downward, and forward immediately after surgery. Posterior, medial, superior movement and outward, upward, and backward rotation of condyles were observed during follow-up (T1-T2). Bone resorption frequently occurred in the posterior area of condylar surfaces, while bone remodeling was more common in the anterior region of the glenoid fossa. Reduced volume of the condyle was found in most cases, which was not associated with the amount of mandibular advancement. Overall, the condyle and its corresponding glenoid fossa remained relatively stable during the follow-up. Our results reveal positional and morphological alterations in the condyle and the glenoid fossa after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal class II malocclusion. These changes predominantly fall within the spectrum of physical adaption.

The Evaluation of Condylar Position Change in the Asymmetric Mandible Following Sagittal Split Osteotomy.

The change of condyle position following orthognathic surgery affects the stability of treatments. This study aims to assess the correlation between the amount of condyles' position change and the severity of mandibular asymmetry following BSSO. This is a cross-sectional study. Subjects with asymmetric mandibular prognathism following BSSO were studied. Subjects were classified into 2 groups: group 1, subjects had mandibular asymmetry without occlusal cant and underwent BSSO. Group 2, subjects had mandibular asymmetry with occlusal cant and underwent BSSO+ Lefort I osteotomy. The condyle position was evaluated using cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess any correlation between the condyle changes and the change in the mandible in sagittal and anterior-posterior directions. A total of 44 subjects were studied. In group 1, the condyle tilted outward in the deviated condyle and inward in the non-deviated condyle immediately after osteotomy. After 12 months, both condyles showed a rotation relative to the original position. In group 2, the condyles of the deviated sides and non-deviated sides moved inferiorly after surgery (condylar sagging), which was more significant in the non-deviated sides. The condyle rotation was similar to group 1. The severity of asymmetry and occlusal cant correlate with the condylar position change in the two groups. The severity of mandibular asymmetry correlates with the amount of condyles' position change immediately after BSSO. However, the condyles tend to return to their original position 12 months later.

Evaluation of condylar and mandibular movements on the upper airway during the use of mandibular advancement device for obstructive sleep apnea treatment.

To evaluate the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), condylar and mandibular movements in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients treated with mandibular advancement device (MAD) and to identify the influence of these anatomic factors on upper airway (UA) volume and polysomnographic outcomes after treatment. Twenty OSA patients were prospectively treated with MAD. Clinical examinations, cone-beam computed tomography, and polysomnography were performed before MAD treatment and after achieving therapeutic protrusion. Polysomnographic variables and three-dimensional measurements of the TMJ, mandible, and upper airway were statistically analyzed. Condylar rotation, anterior translation, and anterior mandibular displacement were directly correlated with total UA volume, while vertical mandibular translation was inversely correlated with the volume of the inferior oropharynx. MAD treatment resulted in an increase in the volume and area of the superior oropharynx. There was no statistically significant correlation between condylar rotation and translation and polysomnographic variables. With MAD, there was a significant increase in vertical dimension, changes in condylar position (rotation and translation), and mandibular displacement. The central and medial lengths of the articular eminence were inversely correlated with condylar rotation and translation, respectively. The lateral length of the eminence was directly correlated with condylar translation, and the lateral height was directly correlated with condylar rotation and translation. Condylar and mandibular movements influenced UA volume. The articular eminence played a role in the amount of condylar rotation and translation. Individualized anatomical evaluation of the TMJ proves to be important in the therapy of OSA with MAD.

Does orthognathic surgery affect mandibular condyle position? A retrospective study

PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyze mandibular condyle position changes after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in patients operated at a single department by two surgeons in 2013–2022. Compared were groups of mandibular advancement vs setback and bimaxillary vs BSSO.MethodsNinety-nine subjects were included. Inclusion criteria were patients who underwent one of the BSSO or bimaxillary surgery and had CT scans performed before and after surgery. Preoperative CT scans were performed 1 day before surgery and postoperative CT scans 6–12 months afterwards. Changes in mandibular condyle position were measured in axial and sagittal planes.ResultsCT condylar position measurements indicated significant postoperative changes in AB angle bilaterally (p = < 0.001). In mandibular advancement and setback comparison, values were significantly lower in ABL angle values in the setback group (p = 0.011326) and significantly higher in FDR in the advancement group (p = 0.005795). There were no statistically significant changes found in BSSO and bimaxillary group comparison.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that orthognathic surgery does have a moderate effect on position of the condyles, especially condylar rotation in transversal axis.

Deep bite -An insight

Deep bite is one of the most common malocclusion which affects children and even adults leading to a number of oral health problems. Patients with deep bite encounter periodontal and temporomandibular problems. Deep overbite refers to the increase of overlap of maxillary incisors over mandibular incisors beyond normal coverage of 30-40%. There are many factors which lead to the development of deep bite like inherent and acquired factors. Inherent factors like tooth morphology, skeletal patterns, rotation of condyle affects the bite. Acquired factors like muscle habits, loss of posterior tooth support or lateral tongue thrust may affect the bite. Deep bite can be corrected by number of different methods which include intrusion of anterior teeth, extrusion of posterior teeth or a combination of both. In non-growing patients surgical treatment is a suitable option to achieve stable results.This article describes various appliances and their biomechanics involved for correcting deepbite malocclusion

Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of active motion of the mandibular condyle in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders

To explore the mandibular condylar movements in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We retrospectively recruited patients who were clinically diagnosed with internal derangement of the TMJ and referred to our center for MRI examination. The TMJ discs were categorized into normal disc (ND), anteriorly displaced disc (ADD), and disc with destruction (DD) groups using static images obtained in the closed-mouth view. The difference between the "open-mouth" and "closed-mouth" views on kinematic MRI was used to calculate the condylar translation and rotation. Two radiologists consensually performed the image readings and measurements. One-way analysis of variance and chi-squared test were used to compare the variables in the three groups. Pearson's correlation and general linear models were used to evaluate the correlation and differences between condylar translation and rotation in the three groups. This study included 98 TMJs from 54 patients. Twenty-six, 49, and 23 TMJs were classified as ND, ADD, and DD, respectively. Condylar rotation and translation demonstrated a significant correlation in all TMJs examined (r=0.635, p<0.001), with similar coefficients for all groups. The mean condylar translation in the ND group was greater than that in the ADD and DD groups (ND versus ADD: p=0.003; ND versus DD: p=0.002). However, the change in condylar rotation was not affected by the disc status (ND as reference; DD∗condylar translation: coefficient=0.341, p=0.332; ADD∗condylar translation: coefficient=-0.100, p=0.696). Kinematic MRI studies revealed that TMJ condylar translation was correlated with its rotation for all disc statuses.

Inclination of the osseous components of the temporomandibular joint related with disc displacement: Magnetic resonance and cone beam computed tomography imaging-based study

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between three-dimensional inclination of the osseous structures of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the risk of disc displacement (DD). Methods The 120 TMJs of 60 patients were evaluated. According to magnetic resonance images, disc position was classified as normal, anterior DD with reduction (ADDWR) and without reduction (ADDWoR) and as normal, medial DD (MDD), and lateral DD (LDD) on the sagittal and coronal views, respectively. Condyle and eminence inclinations were measured using cone beam computed tomography. Results Smaller horizontal condylar inclination was associated with ADDWoR (p < 0.05). Larger coronal condylar inclination was associated with ADDWR (p < 0.05) and LDD (p < 0.05). There was no association between sagittal eminence inclination and DD (p < 0.05). Conclusion Medial condylar rotation in the axial view may be associated with ADDWoR. The condyle head horizontally inclined in the coronal view may be associated with ADDWR and LDD.

Is distal segment ostectomy essential for stabilization of the condylar position in patients with facial asymmetry?

BackgroundThe purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the postoperative change in the position and stability of the mandibular condyle after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) and BSSRO with distal segmental ostectomy (DSO) in patients with facial asymmetry using 3D computed tomography.MethodsThe condyles of the patient diagnosed with facial asymmetry were divided into the deviated side (DS) and the non-deviated side (NDS). Group I, which was treated with BSSRO only, and Group II, which additionally received DSO along with BSSRO, were superimposed on the condyle using the pre-and postoperative 3D CT. The amount of condylar change in anteroposterior displacement, mediolateral displacement, and rotation was measured. The clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint were also evaluated before and after surgery for each patient.ResultsBetween Groups I and II, there was no statistically significant difference in the anteroposterior condylar position on both DS and NDS.And also, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the mediolateral change on DS but, statistically significant difference on NDS. The change in the rotation of the condyle was observed to rotate inward from both condylar heads of Groups I and II, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups on both DS and NDS. Moreover, no difference in clinical temporomandibular joint symptoms was observed after surgery in each DS and NDS condyle of the two groups.ConclusionsAs a result of analyzing the condylar position change of the group treated with BSSRO alone and the group treated with BSSRO and DSO in patients with facial asymmetry, there were statistically significant differences in the mediolateral displacement of NDS and the condyle rotation of NDS and DS. However, the anteroposterior condylar position did not show any difference in the bilateral condyles. In addition, since worsening clinical symptoms of bilateral temporomandibular joint were not observed before and after surgery in both groups, it is concluded that it is not necessary to accompany DSO in patients with facial asymmetry (minimum 3 mm, maximum 7 mm).

Virtual Surgical Planning Combined With Intraoperative Navigation in Mandibular Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy for Accurate Placement of Patient Specific Implants.

The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical methods to obtain a significantly improved fitting of patient specific implants (PSI) in bilateral sagittal split osteotomies and to evaluate the use of electromagnetic navigation as a potential guide for condyle positioning. A prospective study using (1) a solid bite registration index during preoperative computed tomography, (2) critical planning with regard to the condylar rotation, (3) a piezoelectric saw throughout the mandibular osteotomy, and (4) intraoperative navigation to determine the position of the PSIs and the mandibular segments intraoperatively was performed. Ten patients were treated. Five underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomies and 5 bimaxillary osteotomy. All of the PSIs fitted precisely onto the mandible and the screws into the predrilled screw holes. The predetermined occlusion was obtained. A precise fitting of the PSIs in the lower jaw seems to be possible to achieve with above-mentioned methods. The intraoperative navigation system gives a possibility to verify the surgical outcome during surgery but is not accurate enough to be used as a virtual drill guide alone.

Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular characteristics in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion and chin deviation

This study aimed to analyze adults with mandibular characteristics of skeletal Class II malocclusion with chin deviation. Seventy-five adult patients aged from 18 to 35years were included and divided into 3 groups on the basis of sagittal skeletal pattern and chin deviation: skeletal Class I symmetry group, skeletal Class II symmetry group, and skeletal Class II asymmetry group (25 patients per group). Mandibular measurements on cone-beam computed tomography images were performed, and the differences between 2 sides in each group and the differences among the 3 groups were investigated. Compared with the contralateral side, the deviated side of patients in the Class II asymmetry group showed significantly smaller condyle angle to midsagittal plane, condylar height, ramal length, and length of the mandibular body, whereas it showed a significantly larger distance from condylion to the midsagittal plane, ramus angle to the horizontal plane, and distance from gonion to the midsagittal plane. Most linear measurements in the Class II symmetry group were significantly smaller than those in the Class I symmetry group. These linear measurements on the contralateral side of the Class II asymmetry group showed no significant difference with the Class I symmetry group, and these measurements on the deviated side of the Class II asymmetry group showed no significant difference with the Class II symmetry group. Length of the mandible, rotation of condyle, the inclination of the ramus, and position of gonion should be considered in subjects with skeletal Class II asymmetry when making diagnosis and treatment planning.

Physiological articular contact kinematics and morphological femoral condyle translations of the tibiofemoral joint

The changes of tibiofemoral articular cartilage contact locations during knee activities represent a physiological functional characteristic of the knee. However, most studies reported relative motions of the tibia and femur using morphological flexion axes. Few data have been reported on comparisons of morphological femoral condyle motions and physiological tibiofemoral cartilage contact location changes. This study compared the morphological and physiological kinematic measures of 20 knees during an in vivo weightbearing single leg lunge from full extension to 120° of flexion using a combined MRI and dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) technique. The morphological femoral condyle motion was measured using three flexion axes: trans-epicondylar axis (TEA), geometric center axis (GCA) and iso-height axis (IHA). At low flexion angles, the medial femoral condyle moved anteriorly, opposite to that of the contact points, and was accompanied with a sharp increase in external femoral condyle rotation. At 120° of flexion, the morphological measures of the lateral femoral condyle were more posteriorly positioned than those of the contact locations. The data showed that the morphological measures of femoral condyle translations and axial rotations varied with different flexion axes and did not represent the physiological articular contact kinematics. Biomechanical evaluations of the knee joint motion should include both morphological and physiological kinematics data to accurately demonstrate the functionality of the knee.

The Anatomical Basis for Plate Fixation in BSSO to Minimize Condylar Torquing: A Comparative CT Study of Mandibular Advancement and Setback.

Condylar displacement after bilateral sagittal-split osteotomy (BSSO) occur in the sagittal plane as clockwise/counter-clockwise rotation of the ramus, in the coronal plane as medial/lateral inclination, or in the axial plane as medial/lateral condylar torquing. The purpose of this prospective CT study was to evaluate the role of plate fixation in minimizing condylar torquing or rotational changes in the axial plane. This prospective study was carried out on 26 patients, 13 of whom underwent advancement BSSO and 13 setback BSSO, without maxillary LeFort I osteotomies. All mandibular movements were symmetrical. Fixation of the osteotomized segments was achieved with a single 4-hole plate and monocortical screws. In case of mandibular setbacks, a straight plate was used, whereas an inset-bent plate was used for advancements. Computed tomography scans were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively to measure condylar rotation or torqueing in the axial plane. An increase in condylar angle on axial slices was considered as lateral condylar torquing, whereas a decrease was considered as medial condylar torquing. A mean medial condylar torquing of 0.2° was noted postoperatively in case of setbacks (p > 0.05 not significant). This suggested minimal condylar torquing, indicating that the proximal and distal segments maintained contact at the anterior vertical osteotomy fixed with a straight plate. In case of advancements, a mean lateral condylar torquing of 2.2° was noted postoperatively (p < 0.005, highly significant). This suggested that the proximal segment flare at the anterior vertical osteotomy site was maintained by inset-bent plate fixation. The gaps between the proximal and distal segments created by mandibular advancement and setback should be maintained. An attempt to close these gaps, especially in mandibular advancement, will result in an unfavourable axial condylar torque. Consequently, the areas of bony contact between the proximal and distal osteotomy sites created by mandibular advancement and setback should be maintained as well.

Masticatory Apparatus Performance and Functional Morphology in the Extremely Large Mice from Gough Island.

Since their arrival approximately 200 years ago, the house mice (Mus musculus) on Gough Island (GI) rapidly increased in size to become the largest wild house mice on record. Along with this extreme increase in body size, GI mice adopted a predatory diet, consuming significant quantities of seabird chicks and eggs. We studied this natural experiment to determine how evolution of extreme size and a novel diet impacted masticatory apparatus performance and functional morphology in these mice. We measured maximum bite force and jaw opening (i.e., gape) along with several musculoskeletal dimensions functionally linked to these performance measurements to test the hypotheses that GI mice evolved larger bite forces and jaw gapes as part of their extreme increase in size and/or novel diet. GI mice can bite more forcefully and open their jaws wider than a representative mainland strain of house mice. Similarly, GI mice have musculoskeletal features of the masticatory apparatus that are absolutely larger than WSB mice. However, when considered relative to body size or jaw length, as a relevant mechanical standard, GI mice show reduced performance, suggesting a size-related decrease in these abilities. Correspondingly, most musculoskeletal features are not relatively larger in GI mice. Incisor biting leverage and condylar dimensions are exceptions, suggesting relative increases in biting efficiency and condylar rotation in GI mice. Based on these results, we hypothesize that evolutionary enhancements in masticatory performance are correlated with the extreme increase in body size and associated musculoskeletal phenotypes in Gough Island mice. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.

Inclination of the condylar long axis is not related to temporomandibular disc displacement.

The aim of the present study was to correlate the angle formed by inclination of the condylar long axis and median sagittal plane to the presence of internal disc derangement, as well as changes in eccentric mandibular positions. The sample consisted of magnetic resonance images of 35 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) acquired with a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging system with surface coils of 8.5cm in diameter. Parasagittal images were used according to the following parameters: TMJ disc position with mouth closed, TMJ disc position with mouth open, TMJ disc function, and degrees of rotation and translation of the condyle. Next, we determined the angles between the condyle long axis and median sagittal plane by using axial images. The results showed correlations between TMJ disc position and disc function (P=0.009), as well as between disc position and degree of condylar rotation (P=0.008). The main purpose of the present study was to assess the angle of the condylar long axis, with no statistical correlation being found between this variable and disc position (P=0.787), disc function (P=0.091), condylar translation (P=0.808), and condylar rotation (P=0.115). There was no relationship between inclination of the condyle long axis and parameters of internal derangements.

Three-dimensional mandibular motion in skeletal Class III patients

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics and changes in mandibular condylar motion in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion.Methods: Using a 3D motion analyzer, mandibular movements were recorded in 9 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and 22 control subjects with Angle Class I jaw relationships.Results: Class III patients had a similar interincisor point displacement but a significantly reduced displacement of both condyles on the sagittal and frontal planes, with smaller translation paths than control subjects (right −9.4 mm; left −4.8 mm). The overall condylar rotation component was larger in Class III patients (right +8.8%; left +7.3%). The largest inter-group significant differences were observed in the first 10% of mouth opening, in which Class III patients had a larger rotating component than control subjects (+20%, p < 0.01).Conclusions: Condylar motion was reduced in skeletal Class III patients, in particular in the translational path.

The Correlation between Femoral Anteversion and Femoral Condyle Rotation in Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip Joint: Investigation about the Asian Female Patients

An abnormality of femoral anteversion (FA) is often recognized in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip joint (hip OA). And it is considered that rotation abnormality in the knee and the lower leg occurs as compensation, in cases of FA abnormality. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude and variability of FA and femoral condyle rotation (FCR) in order to identify the association between FA and FCR in female patients with hip OA who require total hip arthroplasty. A total of 174 hips from 174 hip OA patients undergoing THA were included in this study. All patients were Asian women (average age: 71.1 years). An equilateral correlation was accepted in FA and FCR. It was thought that FA abnormality might be accompanied by morphological rotation abnormalities of the knee joint. Caution is needed in considering femoral anteversion using the posterior condylar line. We must consider FA in patients undergoing THA after having considered the whole leg rotation.