Condylar Changes Research Articles

Assessment of Condylar Changes in Patients with Degenerative Joint Disease of the TMJ After Stabilizing Splint Therapy: A Retrospective CBCT Study.

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the TMJ can impact patients' quality of life and complicate orthodontic treatment. Stabilizing splints are a common conservative treatment in managing TMDs symptoms, although their long-term effects on condylar morphology are poorly studied. This study aimed to assess the impact of stabilizing splints on condyle morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with various stages of DJD. Forty-two condyles with pre- (T1) and post- (T2) splint therapy scans were analyzed. CBCT scans were sectioned into sagittal and coronal slices for condyle classification and measurement. T1 and T2 CBCTs were superimposed before linear and area measurements at different poles. Our results indicate that condyles in the normal group remain unchanged after splint therapy. The majority of subjects in the degenerative groups remained in the same classification group: six out of fourteen degenerative-active patients became degenerative-repair, while three out of twenty-two degenerative-repair patients progressed to degenerative-active. There is no significant remodeling of condylar width pre- and post-splint therapy. On average, there is more bone deposition than reduction in condylar height after splint therapy, although individual variation exists. Stabilizing splints offer a low-risk intervention for managing DJD and may contribute to favorable adaptive changes in the condyles.

Condylar Remodeling and Skeletal Changes Following Occlusal Splint and Manual Therapy: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study in Temporomandibular Disorders.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may be associated with degenerative disease of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), such as condyle erosion and subchondral cysts. Occlusal splint and cranio-mandibular manual therapy, or combined therapy, is recommended as a conservative treatment to alleviate pain-related signs and symptoms in TMD. This study aimed to assess osseous condylar changes and skeletal changes following occlusal splint and cranio-mandibular manual therapy in TMD using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A retrospective cohort study included 24 patients diagnosed with TMD. Combined therapy was performed until pain-related signs and symptoms disappeared. CBCT scans were performed before and after therapy. Osseous structure of condyles and their subsequent modifications were analyzed on CBCT images: flattening, erosion, and subchondral cyst. Sella-Nasion-A point (SNA), Sella-Nasion-B point (SNB), A point-Nasion-B point (ANB), Sella-Articulare-Gonion (Condylar angle), and anterior and posterior facial height (AFH, PFH) were measured on CBCT-generated lateral cephalograms. A paired t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, McNemar test, and Stuart-Maxwell test were used for the statistical analyses. Results: The treatment period with combined therapy was 7.42 ± 3.27 months, and 21 out of 33 TMJ presenting degenerative disease (63.6%) had significant complete remodeling (p < 0.05). Following therapy, SNB significantly decreased from 75.61 ±3.47° to 74.82 ± 3.41° (p = 0.02), ANB significantly increased from 4.05° (3.35-4.9°) to 4.8° (3.3-6.12°) (p < 0.001), AFH significantly increased from 112.85 mm (109.28-118.72) to 115.3 mm (112.58-118.88) (p < 0.001), PFH/AFH significantly decreased from 64.17 (61.39-66.1) to 63 (59.68-64.51) (p = 0.012), and condylar angle significantly increased from 140.84 ± 8.18° to 144.42 ± 8.87° (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Combined therapy promoted significant condylar remodeling in TMJ degenerative disease, along with skeletal changes (mandibular retrusion and increase in facial height). Therapeutic strategies should consider condylar remodeling in TMD. Skeletal and dental parameters should be evaluated prior to occlusal splint therapy.

Prevalence of condylar findings and their association with TMD and missing teeth - a study of 1915 dental panoramic tomograms among 46-year-old cohort subjects

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the prevalence of radiological findings of condyles and their association with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and missing teeth in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study population. Methods Altogether 1915 subjects volunteered clinical and radiological examination and answered questionnaires. Condylar changes were evaluated using dental panoramic tomograms (DPT). Association of condylar changes with TMD diagnosis, missing teeth and rheumatic diseases was analysed using Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confident intervals (CI) were estimated using a binary logistic regression model. Results Most common condylar change was flattening (32.8%). Associations were found between unilaterally flattened condyle and myalgia and arthralgia. No statistically significant associations were found between condylar changes and missing teeth or missing molars. Erosive and deform changes in condyles were associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion Condylar changes in DPTs were not associated with TMD diagnosis or missing teeth among 46-year-old study population. Erosive and deform changes of condyle were shown in patients with rheumatic disease.

Circadian rhythm disruption upregulating Per1 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes mediating temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis via GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway

BackgroundTemporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) has a high incidence rate, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Circadian rhythm is an important oscillation in the human body and influences various biological activities. However, it is still unclear whether circadian rhythm affects the onset and development of TMJOA.MethodsWe disrupted the normal rhythm of rats and examined the expression of core clock genes in the mandibular condylar cartilage of the jaw and histological changes in condyles. After isolating rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes, we upregulated or downregulated the clock gene Per1, examined the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes, tested the activation of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway and verified it using agonists and inhibitors. Finally, after downregulating the expression of Per1 in the mandibular condylar cartilage of rats with jet lag, we examined the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes and histological changes in condyles.ResultsJet lag led to TMJOA-like lesions in the rat mandibular condyles, and the expression of the clock gene Per1 and cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes increased in the condylar cartilage of rats. When Per1 was downregulated or upregulated in mandibular condylar chondrocytes, the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway was inhibited or activated, and the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes decreased or increased, which can be rescued by activator and inhibitor of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway. Moreover, after down-regulation of Per1 in mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo, significant alleviation of cartilage degradation, cartilage loss, subchondral bone loss induced by jet lag, and inhibition of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN signaling pathway were observed. Circadian rhythm disruption can lead to TMJOA. The clock gene Per1 can promote the occurrence of TMJOA by activating the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway and promoting the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes. The clock gene Per1 is a target for the prevention and treatment of TMJOA.

The Relationship between Bony Changes of the Mandibular Condyle and Eichner Index

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether degenerative bone changes in the mandibular condyle on cone beam computed tomography images are associated with the Eichner index.Methodology: 336 cone beam computed tomography images condyle images of 168 patients were analyzed for degenerative bone changes. These changes were named as condyle flattening, osteophytes, erosions, subchondral sclerosis, generalized sclerosis and subchondral cysts. The edentulous status of the patients was classified as group A-B-C and subtypes according to the Eichner index. Categorical variables were evaluated with chi-square test and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: According to the results of the study, the most common degenerative condyle change was flattening of the condyle. Among the Eichner index groups, the most common group was A and the least common group was C. Condyle changes on the right and left sides were most commonly observed in group A patients. The statistically significant majority of patients with right-sided condyle flattening and erosion were in group C. No significant difference was found between all other condyle changes and Eichner index groups. There was no significant relationship between Eichner index and gender.Conclusion: Degenerative bone changes (flattening and erosion of the condyle) in the condyle region were more common in group C patients with more tooth loss. There is a significant relationship between condyle changes and posterior toothlessness.

Three-Dimensional Changes of Condylar Position After Bimaxillary Surgery to Correct Skeletal III Malocclusion: Cone Beam Computed Tomography Voxel-Based Superimposition Analysis

BackgroundThe stability of the condylar position within the first three months after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion is crucial for subsequent orthodontic treatment. PurposeThe purpose was to compare condylar positional changes three months after bimaxillary surgery to correct skeletal Class III deformities, utilizing the conventional two-dimensional (2D) combined with the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) voxel-based superimposition analysis. Study design, setting, sampleThis retrospective cohort study included skeletal Class III patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery at Khon Kaen University, Thailand in 2020. Exclusion criteria were patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms, facial asymmetry prior to the surgery, or surgical complications. Exposure variableThe exposure variable was the timing, both preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. This 3-month postoperative time point was chosen because complete healing of the bimaxillary surgery is expected by then, without any potential influence of condylar changes resulting from subsequent orthodontic treatment. Main outcome variablesThe outcome variable is condylar position measurement, joint space (mm) and axial condylar angle (degrees). CovariatesDemographics (age, sex), and surgical details (direction and amount of movement) were collected as covariates. AnalysesStatistical analysis of condylar positional changes and correlations was performed using paired t-test and linear correlation (P-value < 0.05), respectively. ResultsThe sample included 11 subjects (22 condyles), with a mean age of 24±5.24 years. Both 2D measurements and voxel-based 3D superimposition showed significant changes in condylar position three months after bimaxillary surgery: inferior (0.45±0.26 mm, P < 0.001), posterior (0.46±0.39 mm, P = 0.003), lateral (0.38±0.42 mm, P = 0.01) displacement, and inward rotation (5.21±2.54°, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between jaw movement distance and condylar changes. Conclusions and relevanceTo our knowledge, this is the first study to report measures of condylar changes at 3 months, when complete healing of the osteotomies would be expected, using Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement combined with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) for mandibular setback. These changes are small in magnitude and may be of little relevance to patient care.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Bone Remodeling After Closed Treatment for Mandibular Condylar Head Fracture.

Closed treatment of mandibular condylar fractures has been used for its indications based on the fracture site, fracture status, and patient age. Posttreatment mandibular condyle size is associated with mandibular function; however, a few studies have reported bone remodeling patterns and volume changes in the condyle and glenoid fossa after mandibular condylar head fractures (CHFs). Therefore, volumetric changes in the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa were analyzed in the present study, and bone remodeling patterns were evaluated after mandibular CHFs. The present study included 16 condyles from 12 patients who received closed treatment for CHF. After reconstruction of a 3-dimensional skull model, including the mandible, using computed tomography data taken immediately after injury and 6 months after treatment, volume changes in the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa were analyzed. The condylar volume increased by 0.32±0.66cm3 during the 6-month healing period without statistical significance (P=0.093). Regarding the glenoid fossa, the fossa showed a statistically significant volume increase of 0.41±0.59cm3 (P=0.021), and 12 glenoid fossae (75%) showed downward bone apposition; however, no change or only mild bone resorption was observed in 4 glenoid fossae (25%). The results of this study indicated that the volume changes in the mandibular condyle after closed treatment of a mandibular CHF are not significant, and the glenoid fossa adapts to the displaced mandibular condyle through downward growth accompanied by volume increase.

The role of ultrasound imaging of temporomandibular joint condyle-disc complex disorders

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of ultrasonography (US) in internal derangements of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to compare its efficacy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Fifty patients with MRI indications due to a TMJ disorder were enrolled. Findings of the clinical examination, US examination and MRI examination were noted by seperate clinicians and the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracies of all examinations were compared. Results When compared with MRI, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination for the internal derangements were 73%, 37%, and 70%, respectively and 75.7%, 33.3% and 73.0% for US examination, respectively. Conclusion US can be considered as an alternative to MRI as it can be used to detect the disc position, internal derangements, intraarticular fluid accumulations and superficial condyle changes with minimally better results than clinical examination.

An automated method for assessing condyle head changes in patients with skeletal class II malocclusion based on CBCT images.

Currently, there is no reliable automated measurement method to study the changes in the condylar process after orthognathic surgery. Therefore, this study proposes an automated method to measure condylar changes in patients with skeletal class II malocclusion following surgical-orthodontic treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 48 patients were segmented using the nnU-Net network for automated maxillary and mandibular delineation. Regions unaffected by orthognathic surgery were selectively cropped. Automated registration yielded condylar displacement and volume calculations, each repeated three times for precision. Logistic regression and Linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between condylar position changes at different time points. The Dice score for the automated segmentation of the condyle was 0.971. The Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all repeated measurements ranged from 0.93 to 1.00. The results of the automated measurement showed that 83.33% of patients exhibited condylar resorption occurring six months or more after surgery. Logistic regression and Linear regression indicated a positive correlation between counterclockwise rotation in the Pitch plane and condylar resorption(p < 0.01). And a positive correlation between the rotational angles in both three planes and changes in the condylar volume at six months after surgery(p ≤ 0.04). This study's automated method for measuring condylar changes shows excellent repeatability. Skeletal class II malocclusion patients may experience condylar resorption after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, and this is correlated with counterclockwise rotation in the sagittal plane. This study proposes an innovative multi-step registration method based on CBCT, and establishes an automated approach for quantitatively measuring condyle changes post-orthognathic surgery. This method opens up new possibilities for studying condylar morphology.

The Evaluation of Condylar Position Change in the Asymmetric Mandible Following Sagittal Split Osteotomy.

The change of condyle position following orthognathic surgery affects the stability of treatments. This study aims to assess the correlation between the amount of condyles' position change and the severity of mandibular asymmetry following BSSO. This is a cross-sectional study. Subjects with asymmetric mandibular prognathism following BSSO were studied. Subjects were classified into 2 groups: group 1, subjects had mandibular asymmetry without occlusal cant and underwent BSSO. Group 2, subjects had mandibular asymmetry with occlusal cant and underwent BSSO+ Lefort I osteotomy. The condyle position was evaluated using cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess any correlation between the condyle changes and the change in the mandible in sagittal and anterior-posterior directions. A total of 44 subjects were studied. In group 1, the condyle tilted outward in the deviated condyle and inward in the non-deviated condyle immediately after osteotomy. After 12 months, both condyles showed a rotation relative to the original position. In group 2, the condyles of the deviated sides and non-deviated sides moved inferiorly after surgery (condylar sagging), which was more significant in the non-deviated sides. The condyle rotation was similar to group 1. The severity of asymmetry and occlusal cant correlate with the condylar position change in the two groups. The severity of mandibular asymmetry correlates with the amount of condyles' position change immediately after BSSO. However, the condyles tend to return to their original position 12 months later.

Dental Attrition and its Association With the Signs and Symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction and Radiographic Condylar Changes – An Observational Study

ABSTRACT To determine the level of dental attrition and its relation to signs of TMJ dysfunction adding to condylar alterations analyzed by conventional TMJ Tomography and to propose the correlation between dental attrition and signs of TMJ dysfunction and condylar changes. Patients for the study were selected from the regular outpatient Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, with performed criteria. The radiographic examination of TMJ is performed by the PLANMECA OPG machine using the tomographic program. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test to determine the relation between attrition and temporomandidular disorders [TMD] signs and symptoms. The study group comprises 60 subjects who are having dental attrition, and they are divided into three groups according to their age: Group I, 20-40 age; Group II, 41-60 age; Group III, more than 60 age 80% of the samples had one or more tooth with significant attrition with grades of two or more on a 0-4 scale The prevalence of changes in condylar morphology was more in individuals above 40 yrs (33.33%) as compared to those below the age of 40 with a total prevalence of 41.67%. The most common symptom reported is tooth sensitivity, joint sounds, and muscle tenderness. The last reported are scalloped tongue, buccal mucosa ridging, referred pain, and limitation of mouth opening. Out of the 25 subjects who showed condylar changes, 10 subjects had symptoms of TMD. The symptoms reported are strain in the mouth opening, tenderness in jaw movements, and TMJ clicking sounds. Attrition is not a predictable sign of TMJ dysfunction, yet a finite association was defined between attrition and signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction. Studies involving larger samples compared with additional radiographic modalities are recommended.

Quantitative and qualitative condylar changes following stabilization splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders with and without skeletal lateral mandibular asymmetry: a cone beam computed tomographic study

BackgroundTemporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass pain and dysfunction in the jaw, muscles, and adjacent structures. This study aimed to explore the quantitative (condylar position, morphology) and qualitative (bone mineral density (BMD)) therapeutic outcomes following a stabilization splint (S.S.) therapy in adult patients diagnosed with TMD (Arthralgia) with/without lateral mandibular asymmetry (MA) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodsIn this retrospective clinical study, 60 adult TMD patients who received S.S. therapy were enrolled and allocated into the TMD group (TMDG) and TMD with MA group (TMD + MAG). The diagnosis was made according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) AXIS I. MA was measured from the mid-sagittal plane to the Menton point. CBCT was used to scan the temporomandibular joints pre- (T0) and post- (T1)-treatment for three-dimensional analysis. Intra- and intergroup statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks and the Kruskal‒Wallis test.ResultsFor quantitative comparisons, there was a statistically significant difference between T0 and T1 in the joint spaces of TMD + MAG (anterior, superior, posterior, and coronal lateral on the deviated side as well as in the superior, coronal medial joint space of the contralateral side). Morphologically, the deviated side had a narrower condylar width, reduced condylar height, and a steeper eminence angle. In contrast, the contralateral side tended to have a greater condylar length. For qualitative measurements, BMD also showed statistical significance between T0 and T1 in the majority of the condyle slopes (AS, SS, PS, and LS on the deviated side and in AS and MS on the contralateral side) of TMD + MAG. Additionally, only the AS and PS showed significance in TMDG.ConclusionMultiple joint space widening (AJS and CMS) and narrowing (SJS, PJS, and CLS) could characterize the deviated side in TMD + MA. Factors like narrower condylar width, reduced condylar height, and steeper eminence angle on the deviated side can worsen TMD + MA. Proper alignment of the condyle-disc position is essential for optimal function and load distribution, potentially affecting bone mineral density (BMD). MA plays a prominent role in disturbing bone densities. S.S. therapy shows more evident outcomes in TMD + MAG (on the deviated side compared to the contralateral side) than the TMDG.

Three Dimensional Position of Condyle Following Face Mask Therapy in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Systematic Review

Objective: (1) To evaluate position of condyle following face mask therapy using MRI imaging in growing skeletal Class III malocclusion (2) To evaluate position of condyle following face mask therapy using CBCT in growing skeletal Class III malocclusion (3) To evaluate position of condyle following face mask therapy using various articulators (Fully adjustable/ Semi adjustable articulators) Material and Methods: All skeletal Class III malocclusion growing patients underwent Face mask therapy. Data bases like Google scholar, PubMed, Science direct, Cochrane, Lilac data base retrieved studies. Results: All patients showed change in condylar position Conclusion: Condyle changes to posterior and superior after face mask therapy due to bone remodeling at glenoid fossa

Does mandibular advancement ortho-surgical procedure cause condyle changes? A case-series analysis.

Mandibular advancement surgery corrects bone bases while establishing patients' functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. However, little is known about the results of this procedure in the structures that make up the stomatognathic system, as the condyles. This study aimed to evaluate the structural and positional changes of mandibular condyles in ortho-surgical patients who underwent mandibular advancement surgery. A prospective investigation was conducted with cone-beam computed tomography images. Using Dolphin Imaging® software, seven ortho-surgical patients with Angle Class II malocclusion and mandibular deficiency were evaluated. The images assessed were obtained at pre-surgical phase and after, at least, 1 year of the procedure. To study the structural and positional changes of condyles, linear and angular measurements were obtained, and the right and left sides of patients were compared. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and, in order to verify possible significant differences, normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) were applied, followed by a paired t-test to define significance. For all measures evaluated in this study, no statistically significant differences were found. The ortho-surgical procedure performed did not change the structure and position of the condyles of patients who underwent surgical mandibular advancement. Right and left mandibular condyles behaved similarly, suggesting stability and condylar adaptation after surgery.

Direction and Range of Condylar Positional Changes in the First-Year Post-surgical Orthodontics Interventions in Adult Patients with Skeletal Class III Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Assess the available scientific literature regarding the direction and extent of condylar positional changes during the first year of post-surgical orthodontics interventions in class III patients. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to March 2022 for studies involving the measurement of condylar positional changes after surgical treatment of Class III dentofacial deformity in adults with BSSO without or without Le Fort I osteotomies. The methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) was utilized to assess the risk of bias and quality of non-randomized studies. Reporting of this review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Primary outcome was condyle positional changes between the following time points: T0: before treatment, T1: immediately post treatment, T2: 4, 6, or 9 months post treatment, T3: one year post treatment. Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review. Eleven studies were deemed low quality, and the rest were of medium quality. The meta-analysis included 12 studies and showed statistically significant downward, outward positional changes at T1(Immediately after surgery). Inward Yaw rotation was significant at T1(1-4month post-surgery) and T2(4-9months post-surgery). Surgically induced condylar changes tend to go back to normal within the first year after surgery, except for condylar yaw rotations.

Correlation between condylar, glenoid fossa and joint space changes two years after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in class II subjects

The position of the mandible after an orthognathic surgical procedure is believed to be dependent on adaptive condylar and glenoid fossa changes, in addition to condylar positional changes within the fossa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between condylar and glenoid fossa changes and the positional changes in the joint space two years after bimaxillary surgery. The condyles and glenoid fossae were reconstructed from a pair of superimposed pre- and postoperative (two years) cone-beam computerized tomography scans. The surface models were spatially divided into four regions. Three-dimensional morphological and positional changes were measured as volumetric differences and surface distances between the pre- and postoperative condylar and glenoid fossa regions. Statistical associations of condylar, glenoid fossa and joint space changes were calculated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Twenty subjects (sixteen female; four male; mean age 27.6 years) with class II malocclusion and maxillomandibular retrognathia, who underwent bimaxillary surgery, were assessed. A strong and statistically significant correlation between condylar and glenoid fossa changes was observed two years after surgery (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). The correlation was strongest and statistically significant anterior-medially (r = 0.48, p = 0.002) and anterior-laterally (r = 0.38, p = 0.015). Condylar changes were significantly correlated with the increase in the posterior-medial (r = 0.37, p < 0.020) and the posterior-lateral (r = 0.45, p < 0.003) joint space distances. Changes of the condyle, the glenoid fossa and the joint space following bimaxillary surgery were significantly correlated in these class II subjects.

Radiological Associations between Posterior Edentulism and Condylar Bony Changes: A Retrospective Study

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the relationship between posterior edentulism and condylar bone changes in patients aged 35-60 years. The CBCT images of 259 patients, including 131 posterior edentulous and 128 posterior dentulous patients, were analyzed to identify the types of condylar bone changes. The frequency of flattening, sclerosis, erosion, and reduced joint space was found to be higher in posterior edentulous patients. Regression analysis revealed that combined premolar and molar loss and being female were significant predictors of condylar erosion (p = 0.006; OR: 3.264; 95% CI: 1.401 - 7.603, p=0.031; OR: 2.652; %95 CI: 1.095 - 6.424). The study provides support for the domino effect phenomenon in temporomandibular joint pathology, indicating that posterior edentulism can have a significant impact on the occurrence of erosive condylar changes. The findings suggest that prosthetic and temporomandibular joint treatment approaches should consider the association between posterior edentulism and condylar bone changes, particularly in female patients with combined premolar and molar loss. Therefore, close attention should be paid to the management of these patients to minimize the risk of temporomandibular joint pathology.

A Comparative Study of Condylar Bone Pathology in Patients with and without Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Using Orthopantomography.

This study aimed to compare condylar bony pathology in patients with and without temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) using orthopantomography at Ajman University dental clinics between 2017 and 2021. Patient data from the Ajman University archives were collected after obtaining ethical approval. OPG (orthopantomogram) views were evaluated for potential TMJ pathology. Three independent observers underwent calibration and image analysis, with their agreement level calculated using Kappa statistics (score 0.781). Condylar changes were coded from 0 to 6. Statistical tests such as the Mann-Whitney Test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The inter-examiner reliability for OPG was 0.903, and intra-examiner reliability was 0.908. The most common condylar bony changes observed in OPG views were flattening and osteophyte. Female participants had a higher prevalence of all bony changes. Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) can manifest with symptomatic and detectable bony changes in OPG views. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorder appeared similar between genders, but differences were observed regarding the number of teeth lost, with unilateral tooth loss being more common. Interestingly, bruxism did not seem to significantly impact of temporomandibular disorder patients.

Remodeling of the Temporomandibular Joint After Mandibular Setback Surgery: A 3D Cephalometric Analysis

Condylar adaptations following orthognathic surgery remain an area of interest. Prior studies do not use 3-dimensional imaging modalities and lack standardization in the choice of osteotomy and movement when assessing condylar changes. The purpose of this study was to use 3-dimensional cephalometry to measure the association between osteotomy type (sagittal split osteotomy [SSO] vs vertical ramus osteotomy [VRO]) and changes in condylar volume and position. This is a retrospective cohort study from January 2021 through December 2022 of patients at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, New York who were treated with either SSO or VRO for the correction of Class III skeletal malocclusion. The primary predictor was the type of mandibular osteotomy, sagittal split osteotomy, and vertical ramus osteotomy. The primary outcomes were changes in condylar volume (change measured in mm3) and relative position (anterior-posterior change utilizing the Pullinger and Hollinder method). Covariates included patient age, sex, setback magnitude, temporomandibular joint symptoms, and fixation method for SSO patients. Univariate comparisons were performed between independent variables and study outcomes. Volume changes were compared within each predictor using paired t-tests. Position changes were compared within each predictor using χ2 tests. If there were multiple significant univariate predictors, multiple regression models were created to predict volume and position changes. A P<.05 value was considered statistically significant. The final sample comprised 30 condyles derived from 30 subjects. Mean age was 22.7years (SD=5.7) and mean setback was 3.9mm (SD=0.9). Twenty two condyles (73.3%) were subject to SSO with fixation, while the remaining 8 (26.7%) condyles were subject to intraoral VRO without fixation. When compared to VRO, condyles manipulated with SSO had greater volume loss (-177.2 vs -60.9mm3; P=.03) and positional change (68.2 vs 12.5%; P<.01). Self-reported measures of postoperative pain, internal derangement, and myofascial symptoms were not significantly associated with either volume or positional changes. The SSO resulted in greater postoperative condylar volume loss and positional changes. These volume and positional changes were not correlated with self-reported temporomandibular disorder symptoms.

Condylar positional changes and remodeling following bimaxillary anterior segment osteotomy with and without Le Fort I osteotomy: a three-dimensional comparative analysis.

To evaluate 3D condylar displacement and long-term remodeling following the correction of bimaxillary protrusion by anterior segment osteotomy (ASO) with and without Le Fort I surgery. This retrospective study included 32 adults with bimaxillary protrusion who underwent ASO alone (group 1) or with concomitant Le Fort I osteotomy (group 2). Subject's computed tomography scans at basic (T0), immediate postoperatively (T1), and at 1year or more follow-up (T2) were collected. The condyle displacement was measured at superior-inferior, lateromedially, and anteroposterior surfaces, while condyle remodeling was measured at the superior, lateral, anterior, medial, and posterior surfaces. All 3D analyses were performed using 3D Slicer software (4.11.2). At T1, 52.7%, 86.7%, and 94.4% of condyles in group 1 were displaced inferiorly, laterally, and posteriorly, respectively, as well as 75%, 89.2%, and 53.5% of condyles in group 2, which had not fully returned to the original preoperative positions at T2. Condylar remodeling was observed in both groups at T2, and no significant difference was found in the overall condylar volume between T1 and T2 in both groups. Patients in group 2 exhibited significant bone resorption at both lateral and anterior surfaces compared to group 1 (P = 0.000 and 0.01, respectively). This study's results demonstrated that ASO is associated with a degree of condylar changes even if the posterior mandible is not osteomized. The positional changes vary between bimaxillary ASO alone and those with simultaneous Le Fort I osteotomy. However, both groups' condyle volume remained stable at the long-term follow-up.