Conductivity Plots Research Articles

Kinetic aspects of the synthesis of Ln6−хMoO12−δ (Ln = Sm, Ho -Yb; x = 0, 0.5) rare-earth molybdates using mechanical activation of oxides

The synthesis of the Ln6MoO12 (Ln = Sm, Ho - Yb) (3:1) rare-earth molybdates from binary oxides at room temperature has been studied by XRD and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). The mechanical activation of 3Ln2O3 + MoO3 (Ln = Sm, Ho, Yb) mixtures containing unmilled or premilled MoO3 initiates the formation of Ln6MoO12 (Ln = Sm, Ho - Yb) at room temperature, which is accompanied by a reduction in the ESR signal from Mo5+ paramagnetic ions located on the surface of the activated MoO3 and, hence, by a reduction in the amount of MoO3 in the mixture, due to reaction with Ln2O3 (Ln = Sm, Ho, Yb)·The major phase resulting from the mechanochemical synthesis is a cubic phase with the bixbyite structure (Ia¯3, no. 206) for Ln6−xMoO12−δ (Ln = Dy –Yb; x = 0, 0.5) and the Sm2O3 type structure (C 2/m, no. 12) for Ln6MoO12 (Ln = Gd, Sm).The high-temperature synthesis of Ln6−xMoO12−δ (Ln = Ho – Yb; x = 0, 0.5) and Ho10Mo2O21 from precursors prepared at room temperature has been studied at 1200 °C and heat treatment times of 4, 40, 80, and 160 h. The bixbyite phase disappears because it is metastable and is formed due to kinetic factors in the stability field of lower symmetry phases: tetragonal (T) and rhombohedral (R3¯). We have located the stability range of the rhombohedral (R3¯) phase as a function of Ln below 1200 °C using different heating time.We have found conditions for the synthesis of the tetragonal phase T, which exists only in the case of the intermediate lanthanides. The tetragonal phase in phase-pure form has been synthesized for the first time via prolonged (160 h) heat treatment of Ho10Mo2O21 at 1200 °C.The electrical conductivity of the samples with different % of tetragonal phase has been measured by impedance spectroscopy in dry and wet air. The Arrhenius plot of conductivity for pure tetragonal phase has the form of straight line over the entire temperature range studied, 440–900 °C (Еа = 1.37 eV, σ 600°C = 1 × 10−5 S cm−1) in dry and wet air. The absence of electrode dispersions at low frequencies and conductivity growth in a wet air makes us assume the predominantly electronic conductivity type of the Ho10Mo2O21 tetragonal phase in the temperature range 440–900 °C. In multiphase samples surface electronic conductivity is observed up to 620–650 °С in wet air, which is associated with the presence of defects at grain boundaries of crystallographically related phases (bixbyite, rhombohedral and tetragonal phases).

Zinc oxide nanofiller-based composite polymer gel electrolyte for application in EDLCs

A ZnO nanofiller-based polymer gel electrolyte was prepared using solution-cast technique by incorporating PVDF-HFP as the polymer, ethylene carbonate (EC)-propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticizers, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) as salt, and ZnO as nanofiller. A maximum ionic conductivity value 6.3 × 10−3 Scm−1 was obtained by adding 12 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles in complex [{PVDF-HFP (20 wt%) + {EC-PC (v/v)-TEABF4 (1.0 M)} (80 wt%)}]. From the temperature-dependent conductivity plot, the activation energy is found to be equal to Ea ~ 0.07 eV. The amorphous structure is confirmed by SEM and XRD analysis. Electrochemical potential window and ionic transference number were calculated and found to be equal to ~3.3 V and 0.84, respectively. Optimized NCPGE is utilized in the fabrication of the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) cell using market parched activated charcoal as electrode material. The specific capacitance of the fabricated EDLC cell is found to be equal to 162.9 mFcm−1 and ~ 67.8 Fg−1 for the single-electrode system.

Processing and conductivity behavior of La, Sm, Fe singly and doubly doped ceria: As electrolytes for IT-SOFCs

Aliovalent doped ceria have shown enomorous potential to be used as electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). Dopant-induced oxygen vacancies lead to oxy-ion conductivity. Size-valency mismatch of dopant is vital to decide performance of the ceria-based electrolytes. In the present work, singly (La, Fe, Sm) and co-doped (La-Fe, Sm-Fe, La-Sm) ceria systems with optimized composition are studied. Crystal structure of all hydrothermally synthesized nano-scale doped ceria system are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and data are well fitted using Rietveld refinement by Full-Prof suite. Microwave heating source (MS) have used for gas tight densification. Sinterability and microstructure are compared with conventionally (CS) sintered system. The ionic conductivity behaviours are investigated by impedance spectroscopy (IS) analysis in the intermediate operating temperature range 450–650 °C. The Arrhenius plot of total conductivity shows two different slopes indicating two different conduction mechanism. The exceptionally high oxy-ion conductivity (2.3 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 650 °C) is exhibited by MS-Ce0.85La0.075Sm0.075O2−δ composition, which is higher than singly doped MS-Ce0.85La0.15O2−δ (1.30 × 10−2 S cm−1) and MS−Ce0.85Sm0.15O2−δ (1.44 × 10−2 S cm−1). However, Fe-containing co-doped ceria system reveal reduction in conductivity. Microwave sintering offers massive energy and time savings for potential industrial production process.

Percolation behaviour in the magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity in conducting magnetic – insulating non magnetic binary composites

Experimental results of the complex magnetic permeability (µ) and the electrical conductivity (σ) of a granular paramagnetic Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG: 0.3–26 vol%) and Teflon (PTFE) system are presented and discussed in relation to previously published (conductivity) and unpublished (permeability) studies on granular Fe3O4 – talc and Ni – talc wax systems. In these systems plots of the real conductivity (σm′) against the volume fraction (φ) lie on characteristic sigmoid curves that when fitted to the Two Exponent Phenomenological Percolation Equation (TEPPE) confirm the existence of “percolation microstructures” with critical volume fractions (φc). The plots of the real and imaginary permeability (μm′) and (μm″) satisfactorily fit to the TEPPE using the φc obtained in each case from the “conductivity” measurements. In all three cases the conductivity results gave the exponent t > 2, and the permeability results gave t < 1.

Studies of structural, dielectric and electrical characteristics of BaTiO3–BiFeO3–CaSnO3 electronic system

The polycrystalline sample of CaSnO3 modified BiFeO3–BaTiO3 with a composition 0.85BaTiO3–0.1BiFeO3–0.05CaSnO3 (hereafter BTO–BFO–CSO-5) was fabricated by a cost effective ceramic technology. The crystal system and unit cell dimensions of the prepared system were obtained by analyzing the room temperature X-ray spectra or pattern, and found to be an orthorhombic phase. The scanning electron micrograph shows the formation of the high-density ceramic sample. Resistive (impedance, modulus and electrical transport) and insulating (dielectric) properties of the system have been obtained using dielectric and the impedance spectroscopy at various frequencies (102–106 Hz) and temperatures (25–450 °C). The Nyquist plots exhibit the presence of the effect of grains in the prepared sample. The electrical transport properties of the material can be explained with the help of charge transfer by hopping process. The complex electrical modulus plot is used to determine the dielectric relaxation. The frequency dependence of conductivity plot follows the universal Jonscher power law.

Effect of substitutions on dielectric behavior of La2NiMnO6

The substituted La2NiMnO6 (LNMO) double perovskite powder samples are prepared by hydroxide co-precipitation method. The electrical properties such as conductivity, dielectric constant and impedance analysis of the substituted sample, have been studied. The activation energy is determined by dc conductivity plot gives the fair idea of conduction mechanism. The dielectric and impedance analysis suggests the contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic effects in dielectric relaxation due to substitution at A and B site cations. The Nyquist plot reveals the role of grain and grain boundaries in charge conduction mechanism. The large grain and grain boundary resistance value and activation energy ∼100 meV of substituted LNMO samples shows the presence of variable range hopping (VRH) conduction mechanism.

Investigation of Electrochemical Studies of Magnesium Ion Conducting Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Based Blend Polymers.

Polymer blend electrolytes based on magnesium ion conducting PVA-PVP-MgCl2 polymer were prepared at different compositions by solution casting techniques. The prepared films were characterised by various techniques such as XRD and FTIR. Amorphous nature and structural coordination of polymer electrolyte were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. The ionic conductivity of the prepared polymer electrolytes were analysed through ac impedance spectroscopy. The highest conductivity was found to be in the order of ~10-6 Scm-1 at an ambient temperature for the composition of 50PVA:50PVP:5 wt% MgCl2. Conductivity versus temperature plot was found to follow an Arrhenius nature. The dielectric behaviour and ionic transport properties of the polymer electrolytes were also analyzed.

Conductometry, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometric investigation of Mg(II) and Ca(II) complexes with an antiretroviral drug, zidovudine

Metal ions play a key role in living systems and are used to perform different physiological activities in our body. Complexation of drugs with metal ions is known to influence the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. In the present work, complexation of two essential cations, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ with zidovudine (AZT), the first approved antiretroviral drug for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been studied by conductometry and spectrophotometry. The plots of molar conductance versus the mole ratio of [AZT]/[M 2+ ], Job’s method of continuous variation and mole ratio method showed the stoichiometry to be 1:1 (M 2+ :AZT) for both the cations. The metal ion-AZT complexes formed through the nitrogen of the azide group were further ascertained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. The formation constants of the complexes as evaluated by the conductance method and the Rose-Drago method were in good agreement. The values of thermodynamic parameters (∆H and ∆S) for the formation of complexes were obtained from the Van’t Hoff plots. The results revealed that both the complexation reactions were spontaneous, endothermic and entropy stabilized. KEY WORDS : Zidovudine, Conductometry, Spectrophotometry, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Formation constant, Thermodynamic parameters Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2017 , 31(3), 423-433. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v31i3.6

Electrical and electrochemical properties of undoped CePO4 and doped Ce0.9Cd0.15−xLi2xPO4 nanomaterials (x = 0 and 0.02)

Synthesis of metal ions (Cd2+, Li+) doped CePO4 nanocrystals were achieved through a simple hydrothermal route at 150 °C using citric acid and poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG-6000). The results obtained reveal that the low percentage of (Cd2+, Li+) dopant affect the structure showing a weak decrease in the lattice parameters compared to the CePO4. The total electrical conductivity plots obtained from impedance spectra, between 300 and 450 °C, indicated that the activation energies for CePO4, Ce0.9Cd0.15PO4, Ce0.9Cd0.13Li0.04PO4 are 1.05, 0.99 and 0.72 eV, respectively, showing an increase of the total conductivity as Li-content increases. The conduction mechanism is described using correlated barrier hopping model. The partial substitution leads to the improvement capacity when increasing the Li-content from 65F·g−1 for Ce0.9Cd0.15PO4 to 75F·g−1 for Ce0.9Cd0.13Li0.04PO4.

Connection between Phase Diagram, Structure and Ion Transport in Liquid, Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions of Lithium Chloride

The nature of structure and ion transport in liquid electrolyte solutions are still not fully understood over the whole concentration range. In this work, we have studied aqueous solutions of lithium chloride as a model salt due to its very high solubility in water and ample knowledge of its structure and physiochemical properties. We have analyzed the ionic conductivity (κ) vs. concentration (C) plots based on free volume approach and our recently developed equation: κ = AC exp[ − BC] and conductivity vs. temperature plots based on Arrhenius equation. We find that the solutions show little variation in free volume with concentration, or even temperature, but a rapid increase in activation energy and pre-exponential factor. We relate the significant changes in conductivity to changes in structure and transport in the solutions and connect them to the binary LiCl/H2O phase diagram. We hypothesize that the changes are caused by a breakdown of the bulk water structure near the eutectic composition that causes a change in transport mechanism. We believe that this connection between solution structure, ion transport and phase diagram is common in most aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions and explains the origin of maximum in conductivity in isothermal conductivity vs. concentration plots.

Structural and ionic conductivity studies of PVA/PVP: KNO3 composite polymer electrolyte films

Composite polymer electrolytes films were prepared with potassium nitrate (KNO3) in PVA/PVP blend polymers with different wt% compositional ratios by solution cast technique. XRD revealed that the structural phase of the film decreases with increasing wt% of the salt composition. The chemical complexation and the bond formations between the functional groups were confirmed by FTIR. The ionic conductivity of the prepared solid polymer electrolytes has been measured by AC and DC conductivity plots and the higher ionic conductivity was found to be 1.29x10-3 S/cm at 373 K for the composition 60PVP/PVA: 40 KNO3. The transference number revealed that the charge transport occurs in these polymer films was mainly due to ions. Using these prepared composite polymer electrolytes, electrochemical cell was fabricated and the discharge parameters were studied.

Effects of anhydrous AlCl3 dopant on the structural, optical and electrical properties of PVA–PVP polymer composite films

Polymer composite films based on PVA–PVP with AlCl3 as the dopant at different concentrations were prepared using solution casting technique. XRD patterns reveal the increase in amorphousity of the films with AlCl3 doping. Optical absorption studies exhibit that the values of optical absorption coefficient, direct and indirect optical band gaps are found to decrease with increase in AlCl3 concentration. It confirms the charge transfer in complexes between the polymer and the dopant. The dielectric studies show the increase in dielectric constant at low frequency with increasing AlCl3 concentration and temperature. The ac conductivity and ionic conductivity increase with the AlCl3 content and the maximum value at room temperature is found to be 6.89 × 10−4 and 8.05 × 10−5 S/cm for higher AlCl3 doped PVA–PVP film. The estimated ionic conductivity value is three or four orders of magnitude greater than those obtained in the certain representative polymer-salt complexes as reported earlier. Electrical modulus plots confirm the removal of electrode polarization and the low conductivity relaxation time with Al doping. The activation energy estimated from the temperature dependent dc conductivity plot is agreed well with the migration energy calculated from the temperature dependent electric modulus plot.

Experimental investigation of nano filler TiO2 doped composite polymerelectrolytes for lithium ion batteries

A composite polymer electrolyte system based on PEMA/PVAc/LiClO4/EC with different wt% of nano filler TiO2 was prepared by solution casting technique.The structural investigations of the prepared polymer electrolyte membranes were carried out using X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopictechniques. The electrical measurements were performed at various temperatures 303–363 K using ac impedance technique. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.745 × 10−3 S/cm was obtained for the polymer electrolyte membrane with 10 wt% TiO2. The temperature dependent ionic conductivity plot exhibited VTF behaviour. The porous nature of the membranes was verified from the SEM and AFM images. The thermal investigations performed on the samples by DSC technique displayed prominent endothermic peaks which revealed that the samples with the incorporation of filler had undergone a transition tothe amorphous phase at lower temperatures. The thermal stability of the film (F3) of maximum ionicconductivity was found to be 260 °C by means of TG/DTA analysis. The wide electrochemical stability window of –2.1 V to +2.1 V and the cyclability & reversibility of the maximum ion conducting sample at ambient temperature were confirmed by carrying out the electrochemical characterizations such as linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry respectively.

Structural, dielectric and impedance study of Bi and Li co-substituted Ba0.50Sr0.50TiO3 ceramics for tunable microwave devices applications

In this article, the structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Bi and Li co-substituted (Ba, Sr) site in Ba0.50Sr0.50TiO3 ceramics are presented. Four different compositions of Ba0.50Sr0.50TiO3, (Ba0.50Sr0.50)0.98(Bi, Li)0.02TiO3, (Ba0.50Sr0.50)0.96(Bi, Li)0.04TiO3, and (Ba0.50Sr0.50)0.92(Bi, Li)0.08TiO3 were synthesized using solid-state reaction with microwave heating of starting materials. Phase detection for all samples has been examined by XRD along with Rietveld refinement analyses, and the results show the formation of single phase without observation of any secondary phase. However, a decrease in crystallite size, lattice parameters, and unit cell volume has been observed with the increase of Bi and Li concentration. A Dense microstructure with different grains sizes and shapes has been obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 30–300 °C and frequency range of 60 Hz–1 MHz has been used to study the dielectric properties. The result shows that the Bi and Li co-substituted Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 ceramics exhibit very interesting features, such as enhanced dielectric constant with low loss which make it suitable for microwave tunable devices applications. An electric impedance analysis was carried out at different temperatures namely (400, 450, 500, and 550 °C). A single semicircular arc with single relaxation process has been observed in all studied samples which suggest that the grains contribute to the total resistance in these materials. The activation energy was obtained from the impedance analysis using Arrhenius plot of grain conductivity.

Electrical characterization of lithium bismuth borate glasses containing cobalt/vanadium ions

The present work reports the frequency, temperature and composition dependence of ac & dc conductivity, dielectric constant and impedance spectroscopic parameters for glass system having composition x(2CoO·V2O5)·(30−x)Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 (x=0.0, 2.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0mol%), 7CoO·23Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 and 7V2O5·23Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 synthesized through melt-quench route. The investigations are carried out overwide ranges of frequency (1kHz–5MHz) and temperature (100°C–400°C). The effects of mixed-transition metal ions (i.e. Co and/or V-ions) on ac conductivity and dielectric properties have been investigated using impedance spectroscopy. Jonscher power law (JPL) is observed to be followed by all synthesized glass compositions. A synergic change in values of all electric and dielectric parameters at 7.0mol% confirms the structural modification due to mixed transition metal ion effect in present glass system. Electric modulus of prepared glass samples exhibits an asymmetric peak for the imaginary part (M″) reflecting a non-Debye type relaxation. The complex impedance curves (Z′ (ω) vs. Z″ (ω)) for all glass samples were plotted and found to exhibit good single well-shaped semi circles over the studied temperature range which depicts a single conduction mechanism. Dc conductivity at constant applied voltage (10Volts) is also measured. Conductivity plots and electric modulus spectra were scaled according to the Summerfield Scaling Model. Both scaling behavior reflected the time temperature superposition principal and temperature independent conduction mechanism in the present glass system.

Experimental and Theoretical Efforts to Identify the Microstructural Transition of Water to Acetonitrile‐Based Reverse Micelle through Binary Compositions of Polar Solvents

AbstractThe present report was undertaken due to the scarcity of information regarding the microstructural transition from aqueous to acetonitrile (ACN)‐based non‐aqueous reverse micelles (RMs) stabilized by cationic didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and anionic sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in cyclohexane. The synergistic solubilization capacity of corresponding polar solvent at a fixed composition and the nature of conductance plots in these RMs were markedly varied along with the composition of binary solvents (water and ACN at pure or mixed states) and the surfactant charge types (DDAB and AOT). The structural alteration in these RMs through water‐ and ACN‐rich compositions were studied by FTIR, where the results were explained in terms of molecular states of water and ACN inside RMs. The differential binding affinity of both polar solvents with the two surfactants was shown using ab initio calculations. The subsequent appearance and disappearance of aqueous nano‐pool was verified from UV‐Vis technique using CoCl2. The lack of H‐bonding ability on going from aqueous to ACN‐based RMs was evidenced from the temperature‐dependent DLS study along with the absorption profiles of 7‐hydroxycoumarin. The results showed how the microstructures and H‐bonding interactions inside RMs are dramatically altered by simply changing polarity of the solvents or the surfactant charge‐types. This report could be useful to understand the formation mechanism of two class of RMs.

Proximity induced superconductivity in indium gallium arsenide quantum wells

We report on the experimental observation of the proximity induced superconductivity in an indium gallium arsenide (In0.75Ga0.25As) quantum well. The Josephson junction was fabricated by several photo-lithographic processes on an InGaAs heterojunction and Niobium (Nb) was used as superconducting electrodes. Owing to the Andreev reflections and Andreev bound states at the Nb-In0.75Ga0.25As quantum well-Nb interfaces, the subharmonic energy gap structures (SGS) are observed at the differential conductance (dI/dV) versus voltage (V) plots when the applied source-drain bias voltages satisfy the expression VSD = 2Δ/ne. The dI/dV as a function of applied magnetic field B shows a maximum at zero B which decreases by increasing B. When decreasing B to below ±0.4 T, a hysteresis and shift of the conductance maxima close to B = 0 T are observed. Our results help to pave the way to the development of integrated coherent quantum circuitry.

Experimental determination of phonon thermal conductivity and Lorenz ratio of single crystal metals: Al, Cu, and Zn

We use a magnetothermal resistance method to measure lattice thermal conductivity of pure single crystal metals over the intermediate temperature range of 5–60 K. Large transverse magnetic fields are applied to suppress electronic thermal conduction. The total thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity are measured as functions of applied magnetic field. The lattice thermal conductivity is then extracted by extrapolating the thermal conductivity versus electrical conductivity curve at zero electrical conductivity. We used this method to experimentally measure the lattice thermal conductivity and Lorenz number in single crystal Al (100), Cu (100), and Zn (001) in the intermediate temperature range. Our results show that the measured phonon thermal conductivity versus temperature plot has a peak around ΘD/10, and the Lorenz number is found to deviate from the Sommerfeld value in the intermediate temperature range.

Functional chemically modified graphene film: microstructure and electrical transport behavior

Graphene oxide (GO) sheets were synthesized via a modified Hummers method. GO dispersion with a high concentration of 6 mg ml−1 was chosen to form GO hydrogel, followed by chemical reduction to derive a free–standing reduced GO (rGO) film. According to the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, it has a [0 0 1] crystalline orientation in the film thickness direction. The rGO film has a densely stacked laminated structure and highly anisotropic characteristic of electrical conductivities. The light-weight rGO wire also demonstrates its excellent flexible and fire-retardant characteristics. Stress–strain measurements revealed the mechanical properties of the GO film can got further improved after chemical reduction. Electrical transport measurement indicates that rGO film exhibit semiconducting behavior with negative temperature coefficient characteristic. A temperature dependence of the conductivity from 20 to 297 K reveals that the carrier transport mechanism is thermally activated band conduction above 200 K and three-dimensional (3D) Mott’s variable range hopping below 100 K. The parameters such as a density of the localized electron states and a localization length of the wave function have been determined from the plot of conductivity versus (versus) temperature.

Fabrication of Li-β" Alumina + Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Composites and Their Application in Lithium Battery

There has been considerable interest in developing either all-solid-state lithium battery or batteries with a solid electrolyte to replace flammable liquids in conventional lithium ion batteries. Here we report on the fabrication of Li-β”-alumina containing materials as solid electrolytes by pressure less sintering for lithium-based batteries and conduct preliminary studies on a possible room temperature lithium-based battery. The resultant material is a two phase composite containing Li-β”-alumina and YSZ, which also makes it very strong. At low temperatures (room temperature), the oxygen ion conductivity of YSZ is negligible. Thus, the two phase composite is predominantly a Li+-ion conductor. A two phase composite disc containing α-alumina and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was die pressed and sintered at 1600oC first. The disc was then converted to β"-alumina and YSZ composite by the previously reported vapor phase method in which the sintered samples of α-alumina + YSZ were exposed to Na2O vapor [1, 2]. After the vapor phase conversion treatment, the samples were ion-exchanged in molten LiNO3 to form Li-β”-alumina + YSZ composites. Fig.1a shows the measured ion exchange fraction (Li+/(Li++Na+)) vs. ion exchange time at 300oC and 370oC. The measured ion exchange fraction agrees relatively well with that by Yao and Kummer in single phase β-alumina [3]. The partially ion-exchanged Li-β”-alumina is expected to be a predominantly Li+-ion conductor [4] Ionic conductivity of both Na-β”-alumina + YSZ and Li-β”-alumina +YSZ was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with Au electrodes. Fig. 1b shows the Arrhenius plots of the total ionic conductivity measured by EIS on a fully converted sample and after ion exchange for 24 h at 300oC. The left inset shows EIS spectra (10 Hz to 1 MHz) at different scales. Over the range of temperatures investigated, the grain boundary arc was not observed. Thus, the measured conductivity is attributed to the total conductivity. Both samples exhibit an Arrhenius behavior. The activation energy for the converted sample is 0.13 eV while that for the ion exchanged sample is 0.18 eV. The room temperature conductivities were estimated by extrapolation. The estimated total ionic conductivities at room temperature are 3.6 x 10-3 and 7.5 x 10-4 Scm-1 for the sample before and after ion exchange, respectively. Fig. 1c shows the measured OCV of a LMO+C||Li+- β"-alumina + YSZ ||Li cell at room temperature over a period of 12 hours using a LiNO3 ion exchanged disc (0.4 exchange fraction, 1 mm thickness). The OCV was measured on the cell assembly without any charging process. The measured initial OCV of 3.4 V was slightly lower than theoretical OCV of ~3.5 V reported for this type of cathode. Since the electronic conductivity of this type of solid electrolyte is expected to be extremely low, self-discharge is not expected. The voltage drop here thus indicates possibly changing activity of the anode due to non-optimized cell assembly, such as the sealing method. EIS spectra obtained on the cell at room temperature over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz showed a very large and incomplete arc. The high frequency intercept is ~350 Ω. This is expected to be mainly the electrolyte resistance. From the disc dimensions, the estimated ionic conductivity is ~1.78 x 10-4 Scm-1. The measurements indicates the battery performance was predominantly limited by the electrode polarization. Future work will involve the fabrication of an all solid-state battery with cathode containing a mixture LMO (or other materials such as sulfur), powder of Li- β”-alumina and carbon. Future work will also involve using a much thinner electrolyte disc, made by tape-casting, sintering, vapor phase conversion, and ion exchange. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number DMR-1407048.