Conducting Polymer Materials Research Articles

Thermo-Conductive, Air-Permeable, and Hydrophobic Sulfonated Poly(Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene)/Boron Nitride Nanosheet Nanofiber Membranes for Wearables via One-Step Electrospinning

Polymer materials based on highly thermal conductive fillers have emerged as an effective way to achieve wearable thermal management such as personal cooling, thermal management of wearable devices, and so on. Highly thermal conductive fillers, such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), integrated with fibrous materials are a promising way to construct highly thermal conductive polymer materials. However, many fabrication processes are complex and time consuming. Also, a large amount of BNNSs was loaded into the resultant materials to enhance thermal conductivity. Here, we first prepared hydrophobics sulfonated poly(styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene) (S-SEBS)/BNNS nanofiber membranes with high thermal conductivity and air permeability for efficient thermal management via facile one-step electrospinning. This strategy made BNNSs uniformly disperse along the nanofibers. Meanwhile, the porous structure remained, enhancing thermal conductivity without sacrificing air permeability. Therefore, the resultant air-permeable textiles demonstrated outstanding thermal management performance with ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity of 16.37 W·m–1·K–1 and out-plane thermal conductivity of 0.1037 W·m–1·K–1 at BNNS loading of 15 wt % as well as a hydrophobic surface which could resist stain adhesion, indicating promising utility for wearable thermal management applications.

Preparation Methods and Properties of CNT/CF/G Carbon-Based Nano-Conductive Silicone Rubber

Carbon-based nano-conductive silicone rubber is a kind of composite conductive polymer material that has good electrical and thermal conductivities and high magnetic flux. It has good application prospects for replacing most traditional conductive materials, but its mechanical and tensile strengths are poor, which limit its applications. In this study, carbon fiber (CF), graphene (G) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used as fillers to prepare carbon-based nano-conductive silicone rubber via solution blending, and the preparation methods and properties are analyzed. The results show that when the carbon fiber content is 7.5 wt%, the volume resistivity of carbon fiber conductive silicone rubber is 9.5 × 104 Ω·cm, the surface resistance is 2.88 × 105 Ω, and the tensile strength reaches 2.12 Mpa. When the graphene content is 5.5 wt%, the volume resistivity of graphene conductive silicone rubber is 8.7 × 104 Ω·cm, and the surface resistance is 2.4 × 106 Ω. When the carbon nanotube content is 1.25 wt%, the volume resistivity of carbon nanotube conductive silicone rubber is 1.34 × 104 Ω·cm, and the surface resistance is 1.0 × 106 Ω. The three conductive nano-fillers in the blended carbon nano-conductive silicone rubber form a stable three-dimensional composite conductive network, which enhances the conductivity and stability. When the tensile rate is 520%, the resistance of the blended rubber increases from 2.69 × 103 to 9.66 × 104 Ω, and the rubber maintains good resilience and tensile sensitivity under repeated stretching. The results show that the proposed blended carbon nano-conductive silicone rubber has good properties and great application prospects, verifying the employed research method and showing the credibility of the research results.

Hierarchically multifunctional thermally conductive Boron Nitride/Polyurethane fibrous membranes via constructing alternating multi-layer orientation structure

Thermally conductive polymeric materials with versatility are in high demand in electronic devices. Whereas, the limited thermal conductivity (TC) and versatility restrict the development of such materials. Herein, the hierarchical design and assembly technology was applied to prepare multifunctional functionalized boron nitride/polyurethane multi-layer (m-FBN/PU) fibrous membranes with higher quality and higher quantity of thermally conductive network. Filler layers act as thermally conductive pathways and substrate layers provide mechanical support and the obtained hydrophobic and flexible m-FBN/PU fibrous membranes with 10 wt% FBN filling display high TC (5.78 W·m−1·K−1) and electrical insulation (1014 Ω·cm). Meanwhile, in comparison with the FBN/PU single-layer fibrous membranes, the thermal conductive enhancement reaches 61.5 %, which could be ascribed to the increased phonon transfer network built by the alternated aligned hierarchical structure. Our fabrication provides a promising strategy for developing multifunctional polymeric materials and has the potential in advanced electronics and emerging fields like wearable electronics.

Sensorial Behavior of Polypyrrole Nanofibers Prepared by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization

Conductive polymer (CPs) materials include polypyrrole nanofibers (PPy-NFs). The chemical oxidation of pyrrole monomer with Iron (III) chloride in the presence of methyl orange at 3 0C had synthesized polypyrrole nanofibers (PPy-NFs). Polypyrrole nanofibers (PPy-NFs) were determined to be amorphous, based on the XRD spectra. According to the TEM test, PPy is polymerized into one-dimensional nanofibers with a nanofibers structure that has distinct nanofibers diameters with widths varying from (50-100 nm). The PPy-NFs in the manufactured nanostructures were investigated using RAMAN to identify their composition. Additionally, The NH3 gas- sensing performance of the PPy NFs thin films for the prepared molar ratio was tested.

The Effect of Local Doping of the Polymer–Polymer Interface Using Cu2O Particles

Electrically conductive polymer materials are increasingly being used as electronic materials, for example, in thin-film transistors. However, the low mobility of charge carriers limits their use. One of the ways to increase the mobility of charge carriers can be the use of interface conductivity along the regions separating the two polymer films. It is important that it could be realized with non-conjugated polymers. There is no direct experimental evidence that the transport of charge carriers occurs along such an interface. It is impossible to deny the possibility of transport on the surfaces of polymer films. The purpose of this work is to study the current flow path in a multilayer sample by marking the polymer–polymer interface with a doping nanolayer of a Cu2O island film. Spectral methods in the field of electronic absorption of copper oxide were used to control the island film. The electronic parameters of the polymer–polymer interface were studied using injection methods and volt-ampere characteristics. Atomic force microscopy was used to control the thickness and uniformity of the samples. It was found that the doping of the polymer–polymer interface using Cu2O particles strongly affects the transport of charge carriers; in particular, the conductivity of the structure increases. It is established that this is due to an increase in the mobility of the charge carriers and a decrease in the height of the potential barrier at the 3D metal–2D interface area. Thus, it is established that the transport of charge carriers occurs along the polymer–polymer interface at the structure parameters specified in this work.

Facile Assembly of C–N Bond-Containing Polymer Electrolytes Enabled by Lithium Salt-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Addition

Assembling polymer electrolytes (PEs) with lithium metal anodes is a promising strategy to address safety and specific capacity concerns. Molecular design on conductive polymer matrices avoids inherent high crystallinity, poor ion transport, and combustion drawbacks by adjusting the chain structure and functional groups. However, conventional structural modulation methods are difficult to conduct via in situ polymerization and cell assembly, thus hampering the further performance enhancement of PEs in lithium batteries. Herein, we report a simple aza-Michael addition method induced by lithium salts for designing and fabricating high-performance PEs. This method fulfills the in situ structure modulation of polyether-based PEs without any introduction of non-electrolytic components. The obtained polyether electrolytes exhibit a more amorphous cross-linked structure, leading to a favorable medium for ion migration and excellent flexibility. In addition, the introduction of C–N bonds imparts excellent non-flammability to the material as well as the ability to interact with sulfolane. Hence, the in situ-constructed gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is characterized by a high ionic conductivity (1.76 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 30 °C) and excellent interface stability with the electrodes. The assembled Li/LiFePO4 (LFP) battery based on this newly designed GPE exhibits a high initial specific discharge capacity and a good rate performance (112.7 mAh g–1 at 5 C). Long-term stability was also demonstrated, with a capacity retention of 86.8% after 500 cycles at 0.5 C.

The monitoring of plant physiology and ecology: From materials to flexible devices

Plant health monitoring has gotten increasing concerns in recent years. Flexible devices offer a more effective mean of monitoring plants. In order to obtain plant information, the relevant physiological and ecological parameters that need to be concerned are summarized in this review. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive and explorable perspective. The research results and progress of flexible devices for plant monitoring in recent years are presented. This paper focuses on conductive materials for flexible device fabrication, including carbon-based materials (e.g. carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene), metallic materials (e.g. gold, silver), conductive polymer materials (e.g. polypyrrole, polythiophene), composite materials, biomass materials and hydrogel materials. In the end, we discuss the challenges and future potential of flexible devices for plant sensing at this stage. It is hoped that this will provide further inspiration for research and development of flexible sensing devices in the plant sector.

Recent advances in supramolecular self-assembly derived materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

The key preponderance of supramolecular self-assembly strategy is its ability to precisely assemble various functional units at the molecular level through non-covalent bonds to form multifunctional materials. Supramolecular materials have the merits of diverse functional groups, flexible structure, and unique self-healing properties, which make them of great value in the field of energy storage. This paper reviews the latest research progress of the supramolecular self-assembly strategy for the advanced electrode materials and electrolytes for supercapacitors, including supramolecular self-assembly for the preparation of high-performance carbon materials, metal-based materials and conductive polymer materials, and its beneficial effects on the performance of supercapacitors. The preparation of high performance supramolecular polymer electrolytes and their application in flexible wearable devices and high energy density supercapacitors are also discussed in detail. In addition, at the end of this paper, the challenges of the supramolecular self-assembly strategy are summarized and the development of supramolecular-derived materials for supercapacitors is prospected.

Sprayability Analysis of Pristine and Enhanced PEDOT:PSS Inks via Electrohydrodynamic Spray Deposition

Poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive polymer and versatile material to fabricate numerous organic electronic devices. PEDOT:PSS inks were studied and analyzed for their sprayability via Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing. Commercially obtained pristine PEDOT:PSS ink could not produce any decent cone-jet mode due to its high surface tension and viscosity. Two different surfactants – acetone and ethanol were then dispersed into PEDOT:PSS at different concentrations to enhance the sprayability of the PEDOT:PSS ink. Both modified PEDOT:PSS inks could produce a cone-jet mode of spraying, which is essential for EHD printing. The flow rates were tested between 10 - 20 μl/hr. These limits were established to prevent the splashing effect at a higher flow rate (>20μl/hr) and inks disintegrating at a lower flow rate 5μl/hr. PEDOT:PSS:Acetone and PEDOT:PSS:Ethanol with 50:50 and 75:25 ratios, respectively, produced the best performance in their respective categories.

S, N and Cl Separately Doped Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composites for Hybrid Supercapacitor Electrode

Conducting polymer and carbon-based materials are important in supercapacitor applications as capacitive materials. However, the use of these materials alone limits their application due to poor rate capability and short lifetime or low capacitance. Herein, the supercapacitor electrodes were successfully synthesized by two step process on the carbon-felt. Firstly, S-GO, N-GO and Cl-GO was obtained by chronoamperometry method at room temperature. After, PANI composites were synthesized through a hydrothermal method with S, N and Cl heteroatom doped graphene oxide powders. The best specific capacitance for Cl-GO doped PANI (PANI/Cl-GO) electrode reaches 1217 mFcm−2 (608.3 Fg−1) at 4 A g−1 and, significantly higher that the results of PANI and other hybrids. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitor using PANI/Cl-GO electrodes demonstrates excellent long-life performance after 5000 cycle (96.9%). The device has a maximum energy density of 42.8 Wh kg−1 while delivering a power density of 250 W kg−1.

Fabrication of MXene (Ti2C3Tx) based conducting polymer materials and their applications as anticancer and metal ions removal from wastewater

A new types of 2D MXene based conducting polymer materials was constructed by in-situ polymerization techniques. In addition, the MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was synthesized with the combination of Ti3AlC2 and HF, after successful preparation of Ti3C2Tx then, their surface was functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and formed the Ti3C2Tx@PGMA. Further, the Ti3C2Tx@PGMA is combined with polyaniline (PANI) to form conducting polymer grafted thin film nanosheets named Ti3C2Tx@PGMA/PANI with a thickness in micrometer size through the grafting method. The prepared materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and EDX techniques. To check the performance of materials, the in-vitro anticancer activities were performed with laser and without laser. Ti3C2Tx@PGMA/PANI-treated cancer cells exposed to an 808 nm laser (0.48 W cm2, 10 min) showed a significant anticancer impact, and practically all anticancer cells were destroyed. The MTT findings demonstrating the effective in vitro anticancer impact of Ti3C2Tx@PGMA/PANI were supported by the Calcein AM/PI double staining examination. Additionally, an adsorption investigation was conducted using the metals Cr3+ and pb2+, and the maximum adsorption reached 303.3 and 201.6 mg/g, correspondingly. The recovering study was also conducted, and Ti3C2Tx@PGMA/PANI nanosheets can be easily recycled and regenerated after ten successful recovering recycle. It is anticipated that the developed process for making the MXene and conducting polymer-based Ti3C2Tx@PGMA/PANI nanosheets would be usable for various other advanced applications.

Additive Manufacturing of Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes

Herein, two photopolymers containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are newly developed to 3D print electrically conductive structures via near‐visible light (405 nm) stereolithography (SL) process. A free‐radical resin and a hybrid cationic/free‐radical photopolymer are used as a matrix and loaded with MWCNTs. A solution mixing method is selected to obtain an optimal MWCNTs dispersion. Rheological and photo‐calorimetric analyses are performed by varying filler concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75 wt%) as well as electrical properties of the cured nanocomposites are measured. Rheological characterization indicates the free‐radical resin loaded with the 0.25 wt% of MWCNTs as the most suitable material for the 3D printing of electro‐active systems because it guarantees a rapid and homogenous resin recoating in the vat during the printing of two different layers due to its fluidity. The optimal printing parameters for this photocurable MWCNTs‐loaded resin are found through photosensitivity and photo‐calorimetric analyses. Electrically conductive structures with a conductivity value of 0.0006 S cm−1 are successfully printed, showing the immense potential of these conductive polymeric materials in replacing other standard silicon‐based materials manufactured by conventional 2D lithographic processes for the development of electronic devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Structural, thermal, and novel magnetic characteristics of e-beam irradiated PANI/Bi2Te3 composites for tunable applications

Recently, there has been a growing interest in synthesizing new materials with unique physical properties. PANI/Bi 2 Te 3 composites have attracted considerable attention due to the distinctive characteristics of the conductive polymer and semiconductor material. PANI/Bi 2 Te 3 composites were prepared and irradiated with 100 KGy electrons from the electron beam accelerator. After the exposure to the radiation and increasing Bi 2 Te 3 concentration, XRD shows an increase in the unit cell volume and the inter-chain distances where the grains were decreased. Besides TEM, SEM provided the topographic images and the nano-crystal size on the surface and showed the accumulation of the particles of the obtained materials. TGA demonstrates the degradation behavior compositions throughout the heating of the samples. Unexpected ferromagnetic behavior was achieved for the highest ratio of (PANI) 0.3 (Bi 2 Te 3 ) 0.7 , confirmed by VSM and ESR. The ferromagnetic behavior was achieved without introducing any magnetic dopants, making these materials applicable in the future in magnetism. • PANI/Bi 2 Te 3 nano-compositions were successfully achieved via the in-situ polymerization technique. • (PANI) 1−x (Bi 2 Te 3 ) x composites e xposure to 100 KGy irradiation dose from e-beam accelerator. • Structural, topographic, and promising ferromagnetic properties were tested for Bi 2 Te 3 /PANI compositions. • The degradation takes place for PANI/Bi 2 Te 3 compositions throughout the heating was demonstrated by (TGA) technique. • ESR identified the formation of polarons and bi-polarons. production with PANI concentration increase which enhances the charge carriers.

Flexible Composites with Variable Conductivity and Memory of Deformation Obtained by Polymerization of Polyaniline in PVA Hydrogel

Flexible materials that provide an electric, magnetic, or optic response upon deformation or tactile pressure could be important for the development of smart monitors, intelligent textiles, or in the development of robotic skins. In this work we demonstrate the capabilities of a flexible and electrically conductive polymer material that produces an electrical response with any deformation, namely the electrical resistance of the material changes proportionally with the deformation pressure. Furthermore, the material exhibits a memory effect. When compressed beyond the elastic regime, it retains the memory of the plastic deformation by increasing its resistance. The material was obtained by in situ polymerization of semiconducting polyaniline (PANi) in a polyvinyl alcohol/glycerol (PVA/Gly) hydrogel matrix at -17 °C. Upon drying of the hydrogel, an elastomer composite is obtained, with rubber-like characteristics. When compressed/decompressed, the electrical resistance of the material exhibits an unusually long equilibration/relaxation time, proportional with the load applied. These phenomena indicate a complex relaxation and reconfiguration process of the PANi/PVA elastomer matrix, with the shape change of the material due to mechanical stress.

Progress of Polymer-Based Thermally Conductive Materials by Fused Filament Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review.

With the miniaturization and integration of electronic products, the heat dissipation efficiency of electronic equipment needs to be further improved. Notably, polymer materials are a choice for electronic equipment matrices because of their advantages of low cost and wide application availability. However, the thermal conductivity of polymers is insufficient to meet heat dissipation requirements, and their improvements remain challenging. For decades, as an efficient manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing has gradually attracted public attention, and researchers have also used this technology to produce new thermally conductive polymer materials. Here, we review the recent research progress of different 3D printing technologies in heat conduction and the thermal conduction mechanism of polymer matrix composites. Based on the classification of fillers, the research progress of thermally conductive materials prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is discussed. It analyzes the internal relationship between FFF process parameters and the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites. Finally, this study summarizes the application and future development direction of thermally conductive composites by FFF.

Application of Polypyrrole Cellulose Nanocrystalline Composite Conductive Material in Garment Design

The Chinese nation has a long cultural history and has deep attainments in food, clothing, art, and other cultural fields. With the development of science, technology, economy, and culture, new materials continue to appear, providing new ideas for clothing design. Polypyrrole is a common conductive polymer. The pure pyrrole monomer presents a colorless oily liquid at room temperature, slightly soluble in water and nontoxic. Nanocrystals, also called nanoscale crystals, use high-energy polymer spheres to pack calcium, magnesium ions, and bicarbonate in water to produce a water-insoluble crystal structure. Conductive composite materials mainly refer to composite conductive polymer materials, which are composed of polymers and various conductive substances through a certain composite method. This article aims to study the application of polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive material in clothing design. Starting from the structural characteristics of the polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive material, this article uses case analysis to study deeply the suitable polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive material. This article can effectively use the innovative application method of its appearance style, so as to realize its application in clothing design. Starting from the functional properties of the polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive material, the specific application of the polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive material in different clothing designs is analyzed. Combining the postmodernist clothing style characteristics, aesthetic habits, and the characteristics of polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive materials, this paper studies the innovative style design of polypyrrole cellulose nanocrystalline composite conductive materials. The experimental results in this paper show that when the reaction time is 2 min, the reaction rate at this time is zero, indicating that this time is in the initial stage of the reaction. After 4 minutes, as the reaction time increases, the reaction rate shows an increasing trend; when the reaction time is longer than 10 minutes, the reaction rate increases slowly and has a downward trend, which indicates the end of the reaction. The highest average reaction rate is about 7.5 mg/min.

Development of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polythiophene (MWCNT/PTh) nanocomposites for platinum-free dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

Platinum is utilized to a significant degree as a catalyst material in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells. However, its utilization is constrained by its high cost, scarcity, requirement for high purity, poor corrosion resistance against liquid electrolytes, and energy-intensive deposition techniques. It is possible to substitute platinum with carbon allotropes or composites built of conductive polymer materials. In this study, in-situ polymerization was used to synthesize nanocomposites of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polythiophene. X-ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to examine the interactions between ingredients and the morphological features of composites, respectively. The results showed that the amount of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in composites affects the effectiveness of solar devices. Compared to cells based on 10% and 60 %MWCNTs/PTh, the efficiency of the cell that was made with 30 %MWCNTs/PTh exhibited a greater level of performance. The results also showed that the MWCNTs/PTh device outperformed Pt-based solar cells in terms of performance.

Photoelectrocatalytic activity of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays modified with polyaniline for tetrabromobisphenol A degradation in water.

Polyaniline (PANI) is a useful conductive polymer material, and has good adsorption property, which makes it a good modification material. In this work, for the sake of highly enhancing the utilization of visible region in sunlight and accelerating photocatalytic degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a typical polybrominated flame retardant, titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTAs) were modified with PANI by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. The coated amount of PANI was controlled via adjusting the polymerization time and the amount of aniline in the electrochemical method. The results demonstrate that the EC-PANI/TiO2 NTAs (synthesized electrochemically) exhibit higher catalytic activity than bare TiO2 NTAs and C-PANI/TiO2 NTAs (synthesized chemically) in photoelectrocatalytic degradation of TBBPA under visible light, and the degradation efficiency for TBBPA could reach 94.37% within 120min. The improved performance was contributed to the synergetic effect of PANI modification which integrated the broad absorption of PANI in visible light region and high catalytic property of TiO2 NTAs. Interestingly, it was also found that the degradation efficiency of TBBPA by EC-PANI/TiO2 was further enhanced by up to 95.74% when the ethanol was present in the reaction system as the hole scavenger. Furthermore, the EC-PANI/TiO2 exhibited excellent stability after 10 cycling experiments. All the results indicated that this new modified material presented strong potential as a photoelectrocatalyst and had great practical applications in the future.

Flexible epoxy‐dispersed liquid crystal membranes of intrinsic thermal conductivity with high voltage orientation molding

AbstractFlexible epoxy‐dispersed liquid crystal membranes (EDLC‐v membranes) with high thermal conductivity were successfully prepared by using of high voltage orientation molding. Liquid crystal monomer (LCM) was uniformly dispersed into flexible epoxy polymers cured by trimethylolpropane tris(3‐mercaptopropionate) (TTMP) or pentaerythritol tetra(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). In‐plane thermal conductivity (TC//) of EDLC‐v membranes reached to 1.47 W m−1 K−1 with LCM content of 30 wt%, which was 5.65 times higher than that of epoxy polymers without LCM (0.26 W m−1 K−1). In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break of EDLC‐v membranes were up to 27.9 MPa and 92.8%, respectively. The main reasons for high TC// and flexibility of EDLC‐v membranes are molecular chains' ordered arrangement, crosslinking in epoxy polymers, hydrogen bond interaction, and high voltage orientation molding. This work provided a new and feasible way to prepare intrinsic high thermal conductive polymer materials, as well as flexible epoxy polymers.

Performance of PEDOTOH/PEO-based Supercapacitors in Agarose Gel Electrolyte.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a prime example of conducting polymer materials for supercapacitor electrodes that offer ease of processability and sophisticated chemical stability during operation and storage in aqueous environments. Yet, continuous improvement of its electrochemical capacitance and stability upon long cycles remains a major interest in the field, such as developing PEDOT-based composites. This work evaluates the electrochemical performances of hydroxymethyl PEDOT (PEDOTOH) coupled with hydrogel additives, namely poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), fabricated via a single-step electrochemical polymerization method in an aqueous solution. The PEDOTOH/PEO composite exhibits the highest capacitance (195.2 F g-1 ) compared to pristine PEDOTOH (153.9 F g-1 ), PEDOTOH/PAA (129.9 F g-1 ), and PEDOTOH/PEI (142.3 F g-1 ) at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1 . The PEDOTOH/PEO electrodes were then assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor in an agarose gel. The type of supporting electrolytes and salt concentrations were further examined to identify the optimal agarose-based gel electrolyte. The supercapacitors comprising 2 M agarose-LiClO4 achieved a specific capacitance of 27.6 F g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1 , a capacitance retention of ∼94% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at 10.6 A g-1 , delivering a maximum energy and power densities of 11.2 Wh kg-1 and 17.28 kW kg-1 , respectively. The performance of the proposed supercapacitor outperformed several reported PEDOT-based supercapacitors, including PEDOT/carbon fiber, PEDOT/CNT, and PEDOT/graphene composites. This study provides insights into the effect of incorporated hydrogel in the PEDOTOH network and the optimal conditions of agarose-based gel electrolytes for high-performance PEDOT-based supercapacitor devices.