Conductivity Of Fluid Research Articles

Investigation of the electrical conductivity of drilling fluid components for drilling sidetracks

Sidetrack drilling allows solving a number of problems, taking into account the geological features of productive horizons. Reducing the cost of equipment and consumables are also advantages of drilling sidetracks. The success of these operations is inextricably linked with the correct choice of the type of drilling fluid, which performs an important technological function, both with drilling the main borehole and maintaining the reservoir properties of deposits. In conditions of potentially unstable clay deposits, highly inhibited drilling fluids with good electrical conductivity should be highly preferred. Improving the quality of penetration by drilling of productive horizons is closely related to the incoming technological information of the drilling parameters, and at the same time, the electrical conductivity of the drilling fluid is one of the key indicators, the determination of which makes it possible to increase the efficiency and improve the technical and economic indicators of drilling. Thus, the measurement of the electrical conductivity of the drilling fluid allows you to effectively select the optimal composition of the process fluid, determine the degree of opening of productive horizons in the drilling process. Keywords: drilling fluid; electrical conductivity; resistance; sidetrack; productive horizon.

Insight into significance of thermal stratification and radiation on dynamics of micropolar water based TiO2 nanoparticle via finite element simulation

The evolution of nanofluids is important for improving the thermal conductivity of base fluids. The influence of thermal radiation and thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamic micropolar nanofluid flow through a shrinking sheet with a prescribed heat flux on the surface has been examined. The most important parts of this study are the effects of magnetohydrodynamic microrotation, thermal radiation, the magnetic field, and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. The efficiency of nanoparticles, heat, and mass transference rates are influenced by the magnetic field pattern, the characteristics of the source of heat, thermal radiation, and the dispersion of volume fraction. The partial differentials are transformed into the set of nonlinear differential equations through boundary layer estimations and similarity substitutions and then computed with the use of a variational finite element procedure. A MATLAB code has been developed to assess parametric simulations for reduced skin friction factor, micro-rotation, fluid velocity, heat transfer rate, and thermal properties for the Glariken formulation. The temperature field declined due to increasing values of the thermal stratification parameter and the heat transfer rate accelerated. There is a strong link between the two sets of results, which shows that the finite element method used here is accurate.

XPS and material properties of raw and oxidized carbide-derived carbon and their application in antifreeze thermal fluids/nanofluids

In this study, the stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of carbide-derived carbon antifreeze thermal fluids were explored. The study also compares the results between antifreeze suspensions prepared using oxidized CDC and emulsified CDC using gum arabic. At first, the raw CDC was oxidized with oxygen by acid treatment and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed an increase in the oxygen content and oxygen functional groups in oxidized CDC. The two-step method was utilized for CDC thermal fluids preparation. Sedimentation visualization and zeta potential testing were employed to investigate stability of nanofluids with time. The stability results revealed that the oxidized CDC has better stability and higher zeta potential values than the emulsified CDCs; however, both mixtures demonstrated stable suspensions for three months. Viscosity measurements showed that the gum arabic CDC suspensions have a higher viscosity than the oxidized CDC; the viscosity was growing with CDC and gum arabic loadings and decreased with temperature. The thermal conductivity analysis was carried out using a lambda analyzer in a temperature range of 288–338 K with a CDC mass loading range of 0.05–0.3 mass%. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that oxidized CDC suspension has better thermal conductivity than gum arabic emulsified CDC. The highest improvement in thermal conductivity was 25.6% using 0.3 mass% of oxidized CDC at 338 K. Moreover, raising the gum arabic mass loading was found to reduce the thermal conductivity enhancement. Therefore, according to the results, the oxidized CDC antifreeze suspensions can perform better than the emulsified CDC.Graphical abstract

GradTac: Spatio-Temporal Gradient Based Tactile Sensing.

Tactile sensing for robotics is achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including magnetic, optical-tactile, and conductive fluid. Currently, the fluid-based sensors have struck the right balance of anthropomorphic sizes and shapes and accuracy of tactile response measurement. However, this design is plagued by a low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) due to the fluid based sensing mechanism “damping” the measurement values that are hard to model. To this end, we present a spatio-temporal gradient representation on the data obtained from fluid-based tactile sensors, which is inspired from neuromorphic principles of event based sensing. We present a novel algorithm (GradTac) that converts discrete data points from spatial tactile sensors into spatio-temporal surfaces and tracks tactile contours across these surfaces. Processing the tactile data using the proposed spatio-temporal domain is robust, makes it less susceptible to the inherent noise from the fluid based sensors, and allows accurate tracking of regions of touch as compared to using the raw data. We successfully evaluate and demonstrate the efficacy of GradTac on many real-world experiments performed using the Shadow Dexterous Hand, equipped with the BioTac SP sensors. Specifically, we use it for tracking tactile input across the sensor’s surface, measuring relative forces, detecting linear and rotational slip, and for edge tracking. We also release an accompanying task-agnostic dataset for the BioTac SP, which we hope will provide a resource to compare and quantify various novel approaches, and motivate further research.

Effects of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity with variable Biot number on a fully developedflow in a porous channel using LTNE (local thermal nonequilibrium) model

The thermal conductivity of the porous materials is dependent on the temperature in a range of applications, including nuclear reactors and fossil fuel sources. The LTNE (local thermal nonequilibrium) model is widely used to study the thermal interactions between solid and fluid phases inside the porous media. The majority of the prior LTNE models assumed the constant thermal conductivities of both the fluid and solid phases, but in actual practice, the thermal conductivities depend on the temperature variations. In the current study, the effective thermal conductivities of the fluid and solid phases in the porous channel are considered as the functions of the respective temperatures by implementing the LTNE model. The Biot number is assumed to vary linearly, quadratically and sinusoidally along with the channel height. The thermal conductivity variation parameter [Formula: see text], porosity [Formula: see text] the ratio of fluid and solid phase thermal conductivities [Formula: see text] and heat generation parameter [Formula: see text] are considered as the main operating parameters. A system of ordinary differential equations has been derived and solved numerically under the above-mentioned conditions which is the generalization of the constant thermal conductivities of both the phases. The present results are validated with the already published results for the constant thermal conductivity and variable Biot number with the LTNE model. The obtained results show that the maximum heat transfer between the two phases is observed by taking [Formula: see text] as the linear increasing function of [Formula: see text] i.e., [Formula: see text] and correspondingly, it provides the highest values of Nusselt number. The Nusselt number increases with the decrement in thermal conductivity variation parameter [Formula: see text], heat generation parameter [Formula: see text] and ratio of fluid to solid phase conductivities [Formula: see text] A complex relationship has been observed between the porosity and the Nusselt number.

Effect of Green Processing on Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid for Thermal Applications

Thermal tuning properties of nanofluid from lower to higher value is a challenging issue in the field of thermal industries and microelectronic industries as well as in medical sciences. Nanofluids of aluminum oxide has been prepared with different volume fraction varies from 0.01– 0.05 vol%. The crystal structure and surface shape of the synthesized aluminum oxide nano powder has been studied using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) and electron transmission microscopy (TEM). The nanofluids are characterized by experimental technique such as FTIR, UV-visible, photoluminescence and particle distribution with particle size analyzer. Thermal conductivity of the alumina nano fluid was found to vary from 0.5378–0.7299 W/mK for volume percentage 0.01–0.05 respectively with enhancement from 1.8 % to 21.44% which is better than other works in the literature. With increase of sonication time, thermal conductivity varies appreciably from 0.531–0.736 W/mK with volume fraction of nanofluid. This significant increase in thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluid in different operating condition may be attributed to extraction and oxidation of alumina nitrate assisted with leaf extracted surfactants.

Quantitative relationship between cerebrovascular network and neuronal cell types in mice.

SUMMARYThe cerebrovasculature and its mural cells must meet brain regional energy demands, but how their spatial relationship with different neuronal cell types varies across the brain remains largely unknown. Here we apply brain-wide mapping methods to comprehensively define the quantitative relationships between the cerebrovasculature, capillary pericytes, and glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, including neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive (nNOS+) neurons and their subtypes in adult mice. Our results show high densities of vasculature with high fluid conductance and capillary pericytes in primary motor sensory cortices compared with association cortices that show significant positive and negative correlations with energy-demanding parvalbumin+ and vasomotor nNOS+ neurons, respectively. Thalamo-striatal areas that are connected to primary motor sensory cortices also show high densities of vasculature and pericytes, suggesting dense energy support for motor sensory processing areas. Our cellular-resolution resource offers opportunities to examine spatial relationships between the cerebrovascular network and neuronal cell composition in largely understudied subcortical areas.

Synthesis and thermal properties of n-tetradecane phase change microcapsules for cold storage

Due to the high heat carrier density, latent heat functional fluid may be used as the secondary refrigerant in air conditioning system. In this study, two-step in-situ polymerization method is used to synthesis microcapsules of ploy (urea-formaldehyde) (UF), where n-tetradecane is used as core material and SDS as emulsifier. Microcapsules with excellent morphology and performance are obtained by adjusting the emulsifier mass fraction, stirring rate, polymerization PH value and core-shell mass ratio. The experimental results show that when the mass fraction of SDS is 1.2 wt%, the initial PH value is 3.5 and the core-shell mass ratio is 2: 1, phase change microcapsules have good dispersibility. The phase change enthalpy of the microcapsules reach to 178.1 J·g−1, whose encapsulation rate is up to 85.6%. A latent heat functional fluid is prepared using the synthesized microcapsules and the base liquid of water and absolute ethanol. When the ethanol mass fraction in the base fluid is about 74 wt%, the stable latent heat functional fluid is obtained. The thermal conductivity of the latent heat functional fluid increases with the increase of temperature, and decreases with the increase of the mass fraction of microcapsules. Its viscosity rises with the increase of temperature or the mass fraction of microcapsules.

Stimulation Montage Achieves Balanced Focality and Intensity

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique to treat brain disorders by using a constant, low current to stimulate targeted cortex regions. Compared to the conventional tDCS that uses two large pad electrodes, multiple electrode tDCS has recently received more attention. It is able to achieve better stimulation performance in terms of stimulation intensity and focality. In this paper, we first establish a computational model of tDCS, and then propose a novel optimization algorithm using a regularization matrix λ to explore the balance between stimulation intensity and focality. The simulation study is designed such that the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms and the proposed algorithm can be compared via quantitative evaluation. The results show that the proposed algorithm not only achieves desired intensity, but also smaller target error and better focality. Robustness analysis indicates that the results are stable within the ranges of scalp and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) conductivities, while the skull conductivity is most sensitive and should be carefully considered in real clinical applications.

Analysis of Transient MHD Flow Past a Vertical Plate with Periodic Temperature

A mathematical model is used to simulate the effect of the magnetic field on the temporary free convection flow of electrically conductive fluid past a vertical plate under periodic temperatures. Analyzing momentum and energy equations using homotopy perturbations. The analysis of the temperature profile with a constant temperature plate is presented using Homotopy perturbation method and Laplace transform. There is an analysis of the significance of different physical parameters, such as Grashof number, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, and temperature frequency, on transient velocity and temperature. Additionally, the local Skin-friction and local Nusselt number coefficients are determined and analyzed.

Multiphysics coupling material point method for modelling frost heave of rock slope

Frost heave is a complex multiphysics coupling problem, and the use of numerical methods to solve such coupling problems has been an increasingly popular research area. The material point method (MPM) is a novel particle-based method combining the advantages of both the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, with high potential for application in multiphysics coupling problems. However, compared with other methods, the development of MPM in the field of multiphysics coupling is still inadequate. In order to expands the application of traditional MPM, the proposed multiphysics coupling MPM utilized two sets of material points to discretise the porous medium, also utilized two sets of heat transfer equations to describe heat conduction in the respective fluid and solid, as well as the heat transfer between them. The phase transition was considered using the apparent heat capacity method, and was coupled with other physical fields based on the phase fraction function. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified by comparing with the results of finite element method in five coupling cases. Finally, the proposed method was applied to modelling the frost heave of a rock slope, the distribution of the freezing zone and the mechanism of the frost heaving force were studied.

Heat flux in latent thermal energy storage systems: the influence of fins, thermal conductivity and driving temperature difference

Phase change materials (PCM) can increase the energy densities in thermal energy storage systems. Heat transfer rates in PCMs are usually limiting, different improvement methods were used previously, such as fins or improved thermal conductivities. Here, the influence of fin geometries, PCM thermal conductivity and discharge temperature of the secondary fluid are investigated by modelling. The analysed outcomes are their influence on stored energy, heat flux and stored exergy. The two-dimensional time dependent energy equation was solved for a rectangular enclosure with a secondary fluid with constant temperature as boundary condition on one side. The modelled PCM data based on a paraffin melting at 44 °C. The different improvement methods increase the heat flux, but the increase is lower than expected according to idealized calculations. The basis for this investigation is the evaluation of a dimensionless heat flux number formed from the heat flux, thermal conductivity, temperature difference from the secondary fluid to the phase change temperature and a characteristic length of the system. The influence of the better thermal conductivity is found to be lower at higher fin volume fractions. The increase of the discharge temperature difference had the strongest impact on the heat flux, but the exergy loss also increased. The exergy loss was also related to the achieved reduction in the discharge time as an indicator for the heat flux. Here, it was seen that the exergy losses outweigh the advantage in discharge time from a higher discharge temperature difference.

Investigation of microbial metabolisms in an extremely high pH marine-like terrestrial serpentinizing system: Ney Springs

Ney Springs, a continental serpentinizing spring in northern California, has an exceptionally high reported pH (12.4) for a naturally occurring water source. With high conductivity fluids, it is geochemically more akin to marine serpentinizing systems than other terrestrial locations. Our geochemical analyses also revealed high sulfide concentrations (544 mg/L) and methane emissions (83% volume gas content) relative to other serpentinizing systems. Thermodynamic calculations were used to investigate the potential for substrates resulting from serpentinization to fuel microbial life, and were found to support the energetic feasibility of sulfate reduction, anaerobic methane oxidation, denitrification, and anaerobic sulfide oxidation within this system. Assessment of the microbial community via 16S rRNA taxonomic gene surveys and metagenome sequencing revealed a community composition dominated by poorly characterized members of the Izemoplasmatales and Clostridiales. The genomes of these dominant taxa point to a fermentative lifestyle, though other highly complete (>90%) metagenome assembled genomes support the potential for organisms to perform sulfate reduction, sulfur disproportionation and/or sulfur oxidation (aerobic and anaerobic). Two chemolithoheterotrophs identified in the metagenome, a Halomonas sp. and a Rhodobacteraceae sp., were isolated and shown to oxidize thiosulfate and were capable of growth in conditions up to pH 12.4. Despite being characteristic products of serpentinization reactions, little evidence was seen for hydrogen and methane utilization in the Ney Springs microbial community. Hydrogen is not highly abundant and could be consumed prior to reaching the spring community. Other metabolic strategies may be outcompeted by more energetically favorable heterotrophic or fermentation reactions, or even inhibited by other compounds in the spring such as ammonia. The unique geochemistry of Ney Springs provides an opportunity to study how local geology interacts with serpentinized fluids, while its microbial community can better inform us of the metabolic strategies employed in hyperalkaline environments.

Phenomena of thermo-sloutal time’s relaxation in mixed convection Carreau fluid with heat sink/source

Recently, with the fast growth of new engineering technologies various researchers have presented fantastic dynamism in sightseeing the heat propagation through a wave mechanism instead of essentially by dispersion. Further studies insist that this is not a little temperature phenomenon; however, relatively one which has probable vital physical uses. This topic caught exceptional thought because of its generous uses in industrial and current built-up processes. Thus, here advanced Cattaneo–Christov heat and mass fluxes have been reported for the study of thermo-sloutal time relations. Aspects of MHD, heat sink/soure, variable properties of mass diffusivity and thermal conductivity in mixed convection Carreau fluid have been elaborated. The bvp4c numerical process has been exploited for the solutions of influential factors graphically. The mixed convection factor improves the fluid velocity of Carreau fluid. Our outcomes report the diminishing performance for thermo-relaxation factor on temperature field and sloutal-relaxation factor in concentration field. The escalating performance of mass diffusivity factor has been detected on concentration field. Tables for comparison with former studies with good agreement have been also disclosed.Abbreviations: : ratio of stretching rates parameter: thermal conductivity factor: mass diffusivity factorHAM: homotopy analysis method: magnetic factorODEs: ordinary differential equationsPDEs: partial differential equations: Schmidt number

Energy Transport and Effectiveness of Thermo-Sloutal Time’s Relaxation Theory in Carreau Fluid with Variable Mass Diffusivity

Two different frames’ temperature creates thermal transport that gives advantage in energy fabrication in the power sector, burning in microscopic devices, and for remedy transport through heat transfer in materials. Here the article scrutinizes the transport of head utilizing the thermo-sloutal time’s relaxation, and aspects of non-Fick’s flux with variable conductivity and mass diffusivity in Carreau fluid have been elaborated. The magnetic aspect is also examined in a bidirectional stretched surface. The numerical procedure of ODEs via bvp4c method has been aimed at the solutions of influential parameters. The portrayal of influential factors is also presented. The intensifying behavior has been noted on concentration and temperature scattering when inconsistent thermal conductivity and variable mass diffusivity boost up. Furthermore, the temperature and concentration relaxation times are incorporated for the better understanding of the flow problem. The assessments of current article with former literature are also presented for the endorsement of outcomes.

Research on Conductivity Damage Based on Response Surface Analysis

Hydraulic fracturing is an important means of developing unconventional oil and gas layers. The fracture conductivity of tight sandstone reservoirs after fracture is affected by many factors, such as the interaction between the fracturing fluid, water, and rocks; the fracturing materials; and the construction parameters. This paper improves the experimental process of the long-term conductivity test and provides insight into conductivity prediction and optimization based on the response surface test method. The test process is conducted in the following manner: (1) inject nitrogen to evaluate the fracture conductivity before fracturing fluid damage; (2) inject fracturing fluid to simulate shut-in; and (3) inject nitrogen again to evaluate fracture conductivity after the damage ability of the fracturing fluid. The single factor test results show that the lower the sand concentration is, the higher the fracturing fluid viscosity will be, and the longer the fracturing fluid retention time is, the greater the damage to the conductivity of the fracturing fluid will be. The response surface test results show that the order of factors affecting the retention of conductivity is fracturing fluid viscosity > sand concentration > fracturing fluid retention time. There is a certain interaction between sand concentration and fluid viscosity, and there is also a certain interaction between fluid viscosity and fluid retention time, but these interactions are not significant; when the fracturing fluid retention time is longer, there will be an interaction between the sand concentration and the fracturing fluid retention time. In addition, based on the model used to optimize the fracturing construction parameters from the perspective of proppant conductivity damage, the optimal solution is when the viscosity of the fracturing fluid is 1 mPa.s, the paved-sand content is 8.49 kg/m2, and the retention time of the fracturing fluid is 10 h. The maximum retention rate of the flow conductivity is 63.19%.

THROUGHGOING FLUID-CONDUCTING STRUCTURES: CONCEPTUALIZATION, TERMINOLOGY, TYPES, PROPERTIES, AND THE ROLE IN FLUID CIRCULATION

In this paper the review and analysis of global data on throughgoing fluid-conducting structures is performed, the problematic issues of related concepts and terminology are considered, typification of structures by various criteria is proposed and their role in fluid circulation and in lithogenesis and evolution of sedimentary basins is accessed. Such structures are ubiquitous and are an integral part of the drainage system of the upper crust, although the intensity of their distribution and impact on fluid circulation vary widely and increase drastically in certain geological and geodynamic conditions. At the local and subregional scales, throughgoing structures and related phenomena show uneven, clustered distribution. The key role of throughgoing structures in fluid circulation, including the migration of hydrocarbons and pollutants, is determined by their intersecting and throughgoing nature with respect to layered inhomogeneities, including sealing (low permeability) horizons, and by usually much higher permeability than that of the host rocks. The vertical nature of structures and localized vertical fluid flow across lateral lithological and hydrodynamic boundaries cause the formation of thermal and geochemical anomalies and disequilibrium of the water-rock system, accompanied by the interaction of conduit fluids with host rocks and reservoirs and by alteration of the rocks that contain them. This determines the leading role of throuhgoing structures in superimposed lithogenesis and ore mineralization. The fluid conductivity of throughgoing structures is variable over time because it depends on their origin, stages of their formation and secondary changes. In this regard, the comparison of this ability between morphogenetic varieties of throughgoing structures is generally difficult, although the most effective in this respect are structures of karstic origin. For structures of fluidodynamic type, the greatest permeability and intensity of fluid flows through the conduits are characteristic of the periods of their formation and immediately after them, as well as of the periods of activation, which are usually associated with tectonic events.

Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Mini-Grooved Flat Heat Pipe Filled with Different Working Fluids with Experimental Validation

Mini-grooved flat heat pipe (FHP) is an efficient approach to cool the electronics within small space. As it was hard to measure the flow and thermal characteristics inside the FHP, a novel three-dimensional model was set up to couple velocity, pressure, temperature, and mass transport inside the FHP, anticipating understanding the working mechanisms of FHP filled with different working fluids under transient and steady states. Temperature-dependent physical properties of working fluid and simulated thermal conductivity of wick were employed. The numerical results were validated by experiment with the maximum deviations in thermal resistance and maximum temperature of 17.9% and 5.0%, respectively. It was found that working fluid types, properties and input heat affected the FHP performance. The deionized water filled FHP shows more excellent thermal characteristics. Under input heat of 10 W, the thermal resistance, maximum temperature, and temperature nonuniformity of deionized water filled FHP were numerically lower than those of anhydrous ethanol filled FHP by 48.1%, 11.5% and 56.4%, and lower than those of hexane filled FHP by 54.4%, 14.3% and 62.6%, respectively. However, the starting performance of deionized water filled FHP is comparatively poorer. FHP filled with anhydrous ethanol or hexane is more appealing for electronics cooling.

Electrical Conductivity of KCl‐H2O Fluids in the Crust and Lithospheric Mantle

AbstractEvidence from diamond inclusions suggests that KCl‐bearing fluids may be abundant in the subcratonic mantle and these fluids may also cause local anomalies of high electrical conductivity. We therefore measured the electrical conductivity of aqueous fluids containing 6.96, 0.74 and 0.075 wt% KCl using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell to 2.5 GPa and 675°C, and with a piston‐cylinder apparatus to 5 GPa and 900°C. We found that below 550°C, increasing pressure generally decreases solution conductivity, while at higher temperatures the effect is opposite. However, at high pressures, the conductivity of KCl in H2O is smaller than for NaCl, possibly due to a hydration shell collapse. The experimental data are described by two numerical models. The first model (R2 = 0.999), is preferable for crustal conditions: log σ = −2.03 + 25.0 × T−1 + 0.923 × log c + 0.990 × log ρ + log Λ0, where σ is the conductivity in S/m, T is temperature in K, c is KCl concentration in wt%, ρ is the density of pure water (in g/cm3) at given pressure and temperature. Λ0 is the limiting molar conductivity of KCl (in S·cm2·mol−1): Λ0 = 1,377 – 1,082 × ρ + 6,883 × 102 × T−1 – 2,471 × 105 × T−2. The second model (R2 = 0.986), is applicable to the lithospheric mantle: log σ = −1.52 – 357 × T−1 + 0.865 × log c + 1.72 × log ρ + log Λ0, with the same equation for Λ0. The latter model shows that already traces of KCl‐bearing aqueous fluid may account for high conductivity anomalies in the subcratonic mantle.

A circuit design framework of electromagnetic wave resistivity logging while drilling instrument

Abstract Formation resistivity is an important geological parameter necessary for geosteering drilling and oilfield formation evaluation. At present, the mainstream resistivity measurement methods mainly include current measurement and electromagnetic wave measurement. Current resistivity measurement is difficult to be applied in drilling fluids with poor conductivity or non-conductivity, while electromagnetic wave resistivity measurement is suitable for various types of conductive and non-conductive drilling fluids. Nowadays, the most important geological guiding tool for Sichuan-Chongqing Shale Gas, Xinjiang Oilfield, Jilin Oilfield, Daqing Oilfield and Qinghai Oilfield Company rely on electromagnetic wave resistivity measurement, and the market demand is about 90 million yuan per year. Western Drilling, Chuanqing Drilling and Bohai Drilling have more than 100 branches of electromagnetic wave resistivity logging while drilling instrument, and the market demand is about 21 ∼30 million yuan per year. Domestic electromagnetic wave resistivity logging while drilling instrument mainly rely on imports. At the same time, after field application, it needs to be sent back to the original factory for maintenance. Therefore, it is very necessary to design an electromagnetic wave resistivity logging while drilling instrument with independent intellectual property rights.