Conducting Risk Assessments Research Articles

Optimizing shutdown and startup procedures in oil facilities: A strategic review of industry best practices

Shutdown and startup procedures in oil facilities are critical processes that significantly impact operational efficiency, safety, and environmental compliance. This strategic review examines industry best practices for optimizing these procedures to minimize downtime and enhance productivity. Effective shutdown and startup operations are essential not only for maintaining equipment integrity but also for ensuring the safety of personnel and compliance with regulatory standards. The complexities of oil facility operations necessitate a thorough understanding of the interdependencies between various systems and processes during these phases. This review identifies key factors that contribute to successful shutdown and startup procedures. First, comprehensive planning and preparation are vital. Establishing a detailed shutdown/startup plan that outlines specific tasks, timelines, and responsibilities helps mitigate risks associated with unplanned events. This includes conducting risk assessments and ensuring that all personnel are adequately trained to execute their roles effectively. Second, the implementation of advanced monitoring and control technologies is crucial. Utilizing automation and real-time data analytics allows for precise control over processes during shutdowns and startups, enabling quicker responses to anomalies. This technological integration can significantly reduce the time required for these operations while enhancing safety measures. Third, collaboration and communication among teams are essential components of successful operations. Encouraging a culture of open communication fosters teamwork and ensures that all stakeholders are aligned throughout the shutdown and startup phases. Regular debriefings and feedback sessions post-operations also play a vital role in continuous improvement. In conclusion, optimizing shutdown and startup procedures in oil facilities is paramount for enhancing operational efficiency and safety. By adopting industry best practices, including thorough planning, leveraging technology, and promoting effective communication, organizations can achieve significant improvements in their operational performance. This review serves as a resource for industry stakeholders aiming to refine their shutdown and startup strategies to achieve operational excellence. Keywords: Shutdown Procedures, Startup Procedures, Oil Facilities, Operational Efficiency, Safety, Environmental Compliance, Risk Assessment, Automation, Real-Time Data Analytics, Industry Best Practices.

Evaluation of Nurses’ attitudes, behaviors, and barriers toward pressure ulcer prevention in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units

IntroductionPressure ulcers are a significant concern in pediatric intensive care units, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.8% to 27%. They pose serious physical and psychological challenges, particularly in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (NICU and PICU). This study explores nursing strategies, attitudes, and barriers toward pressure ulcer prevention in NICU and PICU settings.MethodsUsing a descriptive study design, data were collected from 80 nurses working in NICU and PICU through validated questionnaires, including a demographic profile and a pressure ulcer survey. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate mean scores and percentages, while inferential statistics assessed associations between variables.ResultsThe study revealed specific nursing strategies, along with significant barriers and attitudes toward pressure ulcer prevention in NICU and PICU. The total attitude mean score was 3.57, with the highest positive response (mean = 4.29) for “most pressure sores can be avoided”, and the highest negative response (mean = 3.86) for “pressure sore prevention is a low priority for me”. Among participants, 72.5% conducted risk assessments on all patients, 60% had written prevention care plans, and 76.3% implemented preventive strategies. Barriers such as staff shortages and time constraints were reported by 76.2% of nurses. Multivariate analysis indicated that nurses with more than 10 years of qualification (OR = 3.67) and permanent staff with over 10 years of employment (OR = 4.31) were significantly more likely to engage in preventive practices. The use of a pressure ulcer grading tool (OR = 2.49, P < 0.05) and participation in formal training (OR = 3.14, P < 0.05) were also positively associated with preventive practices.DiscussionThese findings underscore the importance of structured assessment tools, ongoing education, and the need to foster positive attitudes among nurses to effectively reduce pressure ulcer prevalence and enhance patient outcomes in NICU and PICU settings.

Prediction of Sediment Transport and Deposition in the Stone Buddha Temple Reservoir Based on HD and ST Bidirectional Coupling Model

Reservoirs deliver vital ecological services, including water storage and drainage. However, these functions are increasingly compromised by the dual pressures of climate change and human activities. Among the most pressing concerns is reservoir sedimentation, highlighting the urgency of investigating hydrodynamic sediment scouring. This study focuses on the plain reservoirs of Liaoning Province, using the Shifo Temple Reservoir as a case study. An optimized sediment scouring scheme was developed based on the reservoir’s hydrodynamic characteristics to improve water and sediment management. A coupled hydrodynamic and sediment transport (ST) model was constructed to simulate runoff dynamics and sediment distribution within the Liao he River Basin, while the MIKE21 model was applied to simulate the interaction between the hydrodynamics and sediment transport. The study analyzed groundwater dynamics across different runoff scenarios, seasons, and representative years, offering a scientific foundation for optimizing water and sediment allocation strategies. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between simulated and observed data during validation, confirming the accuracy of the hydrodynamic simulations. Utilizing the coupled HD and ST modules, the study proposed a sediment transfer scheme. The analysis revealed that flow rates between 165 and 190 m3/s significantly enhance sediment scouring in the long term (2029–2039) compared to the short term (2024–2029), effectively reducing sedimentation, minimizing deposition length, and lowering silt removal costs. The findings offer critical insights for predicting reservoir evolution and conducting risk assessments, thereby contributing to the sustainable management and ecological restoration of water systems in Liaoning Province.

Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals.

Vitamins and essential minerals are micronutrients that are required for the normal functioning of the human body. However, they may lead to adverse health effects if consumed in excess. A tolerable upper intake level (UL) is a science-based reference value that supports policy-makers and other relevant actors in managing the risks of excess nutrient intake. EFSA's principles for establishing ULs for vitamins and minerals were originally developed by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2000. This guidance from the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens provides an updated framework for UL assessments. A draft was published in 2022 and underwent a 2-year piloting period. The present document incorporates revisions based on the experience gained through its practical implementation. It covers aspects related to the planning of the risk assessment (problem formulation and definition of methods) and its implementation (evidence retrieval, appraisal, synthesis, integration, uncertainty analysis). As in the previous framework, the general principles developed for the risk assessment of chemicals in food are applied, i.e. hazard identification, hazard characterisation, intake assessment, risk characterisation. Specific to nutrients are their biochemical and physiological roles and the specific and selective mechanisms that maintain the systemic homeostasis and accumulation of the nutrient in the body. Such considerations must also be taken into account when conducting risk assessments of nutrients.

Role of cybersecurity for a secure global communication eco-system: A comprehensive cyber risk assessment for satellite communications

In an age where global connectivity has become pivotal to socio-economic development, satellite communication (SATCOM) systems have become the backbone of modern telecommunication infrastructure. However, the increasing reliance on SATCOM also elevates the potential impact of cyber threats. Cyber risk assessment is a critical component of any satellite communications risk management strategy. It plays a pivotal role in identifying and managing risks to satellite communications, which helps stakeholders isolate the most critical threats and select the appropriate cybersecurity measures. To the best of our knowledge, the field of satellite communications lacks an established framework for cyber risk assessment. Moreover, previous research work has focused only on a limited number of security threats and categories. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a comprehensive risk assessment methodology to qualitatively assess the risk associated with satellite communications cyber threats, following the NIST special publication 800-30: Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. We analyze existing literature and real-world scenarios to identify potential satellite communications cyber threats and employ the STRIDE threat model for threat modeling. We validate the proposed methodology by performing a risk assessment for the cyber threats identified. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and open research problems for satellite communications cyber risk assessment.

Teaching Case Combining Standards to Conduct Risk Assessment at SecureEnd Solutions

Teaching Case Combining Standards to Conduct Risk Assessment at SecureEnd Solutions

Huawei Is Quietly Dominating China’s Semiconductor Supply Chain

Huawei is emerging as the leader of China’s national team in semiconductors, dominating chip manufacturing and seeking to integrate the country’s entire supply chain. Its ambitions stem from both its placement on the U.S. Entity List and strong government support at the national and local level. Internationally, Huawei is coy about these ambitions, hiding its supply chain involvement and often operating under a different company’s name. Meanwhile, Huawei’s experience is also encouraging other Chinese technology companies to support China’s quest for chip self-sufficiency, developing new hardware and software for that purpose. The clandestine nature of Huawei’s involvement—it is not known who serves what role in semiconductor production—makes it more difficult for Western companies and governments to assess China’s progress in technology, vet potential partners and customers, and conduct risk assessments.

Tracking Microplastics Contamination in Drinking Water Supply Chain in Haikou, China: From Source to Household Taps

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has become a significant global concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of MPs throughout the drinking water supply chain in Haikou City, China, and to conduct risk assessments regarding the relationship between MPs contamination and human health. The results revealed that the abundance of MPs in raw, treated, and tap water was 0.6 ± 0.6, 5.2 ± 2.7, and 1.2 ± 1.1 particles·L−1, respectively. Fragments were identified as the most prevalent shape across all samples, with the size category of 20–50 μm showing the highest abundance of MPs. Among the 11 types of polymers identified, polyethylene and polypropylene accounted for 50% and 29%, respectively. The potential risk index values were significantly higher for treated water (370.26) and tap water (303.85) compared to raw water (13.46), suggesting that plastic pipes may be a key contributor to MPs contamination in drinking water. Therefore, efforts should be directed toward developing pipes with low release rates of MPs, as well as improving detection methods for smaller particles and accurately assessing associated risks.

Occupational health risk assessment of exposure to major hazardous chemicals in copper and nickel smelting enterprises

Objective: To evaluate the risk of major chemical exposure positions in copper and nickel smelting enterprises, and provide a basis for risk assessment and prevention control measures. Methods: From September to October 2023, two copper nickel ore smelting enterprises in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were selected as the research objects. Relevant information on chemicals was collected through occupational hazard field investigations. Qualitative analysis and exposure index methods were used in GBZ/T 298-2017 "Technical Guidelines for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazardous Factors in the Workplace" to conduct risk assessments on the main chemical exposure positions. The qualitative risk assessment results were checked for consistency using the Weighted Kappa coefficient. Results: The positions with high risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals in copper nickel smelting enterprises are saponification positions exposed to hydrochloric acid in refining processes, black nickel positions exposed to sodium hydroxide, and tail suction positions. The consistency between the two occupational health risk assessment results is poor (Kappa=0.14) . Conclusion: The amount of major hazardous chemicals in copper-nickel smelting enterprises is large, and the occupational health risks caused by exposure are complex and diverse, so the effects of chronic occupational health should be strengthened.

Harmonizing Multisource Data to Inform Vector-Borne Disease Risk Management Strategies.

In the last few decades, we have witnessed the emergence of new vector-borne diseases (VBDs), the globalization of endemic VBDs, and the urbanization of previously rural VBDs. Data harmonization forms the basis of robust decision-support systems designed to protect at-risk communities from VBD threats. Strong interdisciplinary partnerships, protocols, digital infrastructure, and capacity-building initiatives are essential for facilitating the coproduction of robust multisource data sets. This review provides a foundation for researchers and practitioners embarking on data harmonization efforts to (a) better understand the links among environmental degradation, climate change, socioeconomic inequalities, and VBD risk; (b) conduct risk assessments, health impact attribution, and projection studies; and (c) develop robust early warning and response systems. We draw upon best practices in harmonizing data for two well-studied VBDs, dengue and malaria, and provide recommendations for the evolution of research and digital technology to improve data harmonization for VBD risk management.

Traditional Eye Cosmetics and Cultural Powders as a Source of Lead Exposure.

We aimed to describe the characteristics of traditional eye cosmetics and cultural powders, including the types, lead concentrations, origin, and regional variation in product names, and assess the differences in blood lead levels (BLLs) between product users and non-users. We analyzed 220 samples of traditional eye cosmetics and cultural powders collected in New York City between 2013 and 2022 during lead poisoning investigations and store surveys. We compared the BLLs of children who used these products with those of non-users. Lead levels in traditional eye cosmetics surma and kohl were much higher than levels in kajal and other cultural powders. Although the terminologies surma, kohl, and kajal are often used interchangeably, findings suggest regional variations in the product names. The majority of the surma in this study were from Pakistan, kohl was from Morocco, and kajal was from India. The results also show that these products can contribute to elevated BLLs in children. Our study reveals that traditional eye cosmetics and cultural powders are used among children as young as newborns, and exposure to these products can significantly add to their lead body burden. The study findings also reveal that lead concentrations in these products can vary by product type and product names can vary by region. Public health officials must be cognizant of these unique variations and use culturally appropriate terminologies for these types of products because such distinctions can be critical when conducting risk assessments, risk communication, and risk reduction activities.

Assessment of tangible coastal inundation damage related to critical infrastructure and buildings: The case of Mauritius Island

Storm tides, which combine sea level rise (SLR), astronomical tides, and storm surges generated by tropical cyclones, pose significant threats to coastal zones, leading to flooding and substantial damage to property and infrastructure.There is a clear upward trend in the frequency of storms reaching tropical cyclone strength. A notable example is Cyclone Belal, which struck Mauritius on January 2024, during high tide, causing extensive infrastructure damage. This underscores the importance of conducting risk assessments to identify vulnerable areas and develop risk reduction strategies. However, quantitative risk assessments of storm tides are often challenging due to the lack of long-term projections. To address this, we developed a GIS-based flood model for Mauritius to simulate inundation areas and quantify the assets exposed to flooding. Under current conditions, the estimated damage exposure from extreme coastal flood events with return periods of 50 to 500 years is significant, with 6.2% and 27.1% of the area inundated, respectively. By 2100, damage exposure associated with these events is projected to increase by a factor of 1.1, with minimal variation between sea-level rise scenarios (0.3m). However, by 2200 and 2300, damage exposure is expected to rise by factors of 3.1 and 6.6, respectively. In the worst-case scenario for 2500, Mauritius could experience maximum inundation of 66.3 km2, with buildings covering 5.02 km2 submerged. Additionally, this study presents a detemporalized inundation scenario to assess impacts from any coastal flood event. This approach enables the identification of critical thresholds ( 1.5 m and 4.5 m) and , beyond which significant increases in damage exposure are likely, and allows for evaluating adaptation strategies against user-defined levels of change, rather than relying solely on predefined scenarios. These findings highlight the urgent need for strategic sectoral interventions to address the widespread consequences of coastal inundation, especially in light of critical thresholds for remedial action.

Universally Applicable Methods for Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Elemental Impurities in Vitamin A and D Preparations

Background: Vitamin A and D deficiency in children is a common public health problem. In China, almost all children are administered vitamin A and D preparations daily and over the long term. Children are sensitive to elemental impurities, including heavy metals. However, there are no regulatory requirements or reports on the risk assessment of elemental impurities in marketed vitamin A and D preparations. Objective: The aim of this study was to propose an accurate and efficient method suitable for samples from different manufacturers to detect elemental impurities and conduct risk assessments according to the ICH Q3D guidelines. Methods: We developed a universally applicable digestion method for capsules and an ICP–MS method for quantitative analysis of 28 elemental impurities in vitamin A and D formulations. These methods were validated according to the USP 233 guidelines. Elemental impurities in 15 batches of vitamin A and D products from 10 manufacturers and their capsule shells were determined, and risk assessment was conducted according to the International Council for Harmonization Q3D guidelines. Results: All elemental impurities of toxicological concern met the Q3D requirements. However, the concentrations of various elements, including those of lead (not detected to 4.1 µg/g), arsenic (not detected to 7 µg/g), aluminum (not detected to 888 µg/g), and palladium (not detected to 36 µg/g), varied markedly. Moreover, the lead content in one batch from one manufacturer exceeded the control threshold. Conclusion: In this study, we successfully developed an effective digestion method for processing capsules containing samples from different sources and a sensitive ICP–MS method for quantitative determination of 28 elemental impurities in vitamin A and D preparations. ICP–MS should be implemented for the evaluation and control of elemental impurities in vitamin A and D preparations. This will ensure safe long-term vitamin A and D supplementation in children

Toxicity prediction and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances for threatened and endangered fishes

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are severely polluted in aquatic environments and can harm aquatic organisms. Due to the limitation of conducting toxicity experiments directly on threatened and endangered (T&E) species, their toxicity data is scarce, hindering accurate risk assessments. The development of computational toxicology makes it possible to assess the risk of pollutants to T&E fishes. This study innovatively combined machine learning models, including random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), and XGBoost, and the QSAR-ICE model to predict chronic developmental toxicity data of PFASs to T&E fishes. Among these, the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance, with R2 of 0.95 and 0.81 for the training and testing sets, respectively. Internal and external validation further confirmed that the XGBoost model is robust and reliable. Subsequently, it was used to predict chronic developmental toxicity data for seven priority PFASs to T&E fishes in the Yangtze River. Acipenseridae fishes (e.g., Acipenser dabryanus and Acipenser sinensis) showed high sensitivity to PFASs, possibly due to their unique lifestyle and physiological characteristics. Based on these data, the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of individual PFASs was calculated, and the risk for T&E fishes in the Yangtze River was assessed. The results indicated that the risk of PFASs to T&E fishes is low (3.85 × 10−9∼8.20 × 10−4), with perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the high-risk pollutants. The risk in the middle and lower reaches of the river is higher than in the upper reaches. This study provides a new approach for obtaining chronic toxicity data and conducting risk assessments for T&E species, advancing the protection of T&E species worldwide.

Cyber-Risk Management Menggunakan NIST Cyber Security Framework (CSF) dan Cobit 2019 pada Instansi XYZ

Current technological developments trigger companies or organizations to use Information Technology (IT) as a service base and optimize business processes. IT can provide opportunities in the government sector to develop state apparatus through implementing the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE). Central and Local Government Agencies have implemented SPBE and contributed to the efficiency and effectiveness of government administration. Ensuring the sustainability of SPBE and reducing the impact of risk is the goal of risk management, with a process of identification, analysis, control, monitoring, and evaluation of risks based on risk management determined by the government. XYZ Agency is an agency that operates in the fields of communication and information, coding and statistics. XYZ Agency also implemented an Electronic Based Government System (SPBE). In this study, Cyber-risk management was designed using NIST CSF and COBIT 2019. In designing cyber-risk management, using 6 stages, namely Prioritized and Scope, Orient, Create a Current Profile, Conduct Risk Assessment, Create a Target Profile, and Determine, Analyze, and Prioritize Gaps. In this study, there are 28 assets, 17 threats, 13 vulnerabilities, and 12 controls implemented. With these results obtained 111 risks, there are 35 risks in the high category, 63 risks in the medium category, and 13 risks in the low category. The final result of this research is the preparation preparation of a cyber-risk management design by grouping the recommended actions based on Work Products (WP) and Generic Work Products (GWP) which become a work program for XYZ Agency.

Climate change adaptation in Norwegian businesses − Awareness, integration and barriers

Preventive measures adopted to protect buildings and infrastructure from extreme weather and natural hazard events may serve to mitigate extensive damage and thus avoid major expenditures to businesses and society. A survey of 1,001 representative companies across different sectors and regions in Norway reveals that most companies fail to prioritise the climate change adaptation of their buildings or infrastructure. Most respondents have not conducted risk assessments. The greatest focus is adopted by large companies, those that own their buildings and infrastructure, and businesses in the primary and energy sectors. Small companies, service sector businesses and companies that rent their buildings and infrastructure are the least well prepared. The largest perceived barrier to adaptation is costs, followed by a lack of knowledge and competence in the fields of climate change impacts and adaptation measures. The large majority state that they do not measure climate change adaptation at all. Less than 10 per cent use indicators or evaluate their climate change adaptation efforts. Survey results suggest that Norwegian businesses need stronger incentives and clearly defined responsibilities, combined with appropriate tools and guidelines relevant to the entire climate change adaptation cycle. These will include the performance of risk assessments, the tracking of their adaptation status, as well as the measurement and evaluation of their climate change adaptation actions with the help of indicators.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in nuts and seeds in Gansu Province, China

The popularity of nuts is growing, due to their nutritional properties and beneficial effects on human health. So they may be a source of exposure to heavy metals. To evaluate the health risks of consuming nuts to residents in Gansu Province, this study used ICP-MS to determine the Cd, Pb and Hg content in 151 nuts samples and conducted risk assessment by deterministic and probabilistic methods. The results showed that the median contents of Cd, Pb and Hg in nuts were 7.40E-3, 5.80E-2 and 9.00E-4 mg·kg−1, while in seeds were 3.89E-2, 4.47E-2 and 1.10E-3 mg·kg−1. Cd exceeded the Chinese maximum residue limits in 9.93 % (15/151) of the samples. At the P95 exposure level, the deterministic assessment showed that hazard quotients (HQs) of Hg, Cd, and Pb were below 1, hazard index (HI) was also below 1, cancer risk (CR) of Cd in nuts was below 10−4, but CR of Cd in seeds was above 10−4. In probability assessment, the HQs of Cd, Pb and Hg were less than 1, but the CR of Cd is greater than 10−4. In summary, Hg and Pb in nuts and seeds did not pose a health risk, but Cd may pose a carcinogenic risk to consumers.

Deterministic and probabilistic assessment of heavy metals in herbal teas sold in Lanzhou City, China

To evaluate the health risks of consuming herbal teas to residents in Lanzhou City, this study used ICP-MS to determine the Hg, Cd, and Pb content in 131 herbal tea samples (leaf, flower, and fruit) and conducted risk assessment by two methods. The Hg contents were all within safe limit of China, but the Cd and Pb levels in some samples were higher than the same limit. At the P95 exposure level, the ranking of heavy metals based on hazard quotient (HQ) was Pb > Cd > Hg in both methods. The deterministic assessment showed that HQs of Hg, Cd, and Pb were below 1, hazard index (HI) was also below 1, but cancer risk (CR) of Cd was above 10−4. In probability assessment, the HQs of Hg and Pb were less than 1, but the HQ of Cd had a certain probability of being greater than 1, and the CR of Cd is greater than 10−4. Therefore, we conclude that Hg and Pb in herbal teas may not pose a health risk, but Cd pose a health risk to consumers. Thus, measures should be taken to minimize the excessive accumulation of Pb and Cd in the cultivation and production process of floral tea.

Genetic Counselors' attitudes & perceptions regarding suicide risk assessment and identification in practice.

While the heritability of suicidal tendencies is debated, receipt of various genetic diagnoses has shown an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior while simultaneously conferring risk to mental health concerns that may further increase this risk. However, the role of genetic counselors (GCs) in assessing and addressing suicide risk remains underutilized. A 15-item recruitment survey was distributed via the National Society of Genetic Counselors Student Research Survey Listserv, and interested individuals could opt to be contacted for an interview after completion. The data analysis included 107 survey responses and 15 semi-structured interviews, which were conducted to explore whether GCs feel that formal suicide risk assessment (SRA) falls within their scope of practice and the frequency with which it is employed during counseling sessions. Additionally, the study examined GCs' experiences, comfort levels, and training in assessing for suicide risk. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. The coding scheme was systematically constructed, integrating both deductive and inductive coding methods to inform the authors' interpretive description of SRA in the clinic, with four major themes identified by content analysis. Most respondents reported that they had worried about a patient harming themselves or having suicidal thoughts. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed that SRA is within a GC's scope of practice. Lack of training emerged as the primary barrier to assessing suicide risk and conducting risk assessments. Other barriers included low self-efficacy, societal stigma, and personal discomfort, while access to social workers, natural inclination, and standardized screening tools served as facilitators. Despite encountering patients at risk of self-harm and suicide, most GCs do not utilize SRA tools. Furthermore, GCs expressed a strong desire for additional training to enhance their skills in identifying and managing at-risk patients. A multifocal approach to suicide risk reduction and education is required.

Utilization of cow bone waste and calcium oxide for the solidification and stabilization of MSWI fly ash: Towards sustainable practices

The quest for sustainable waste management practices has catalysed the development of innovative approaches to transform waste into resourceful products. This study explores the effectiveness of cow bone waste and calcium oxide (CaO) as agents in the stabilization/solidification (S/S) process of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ash derived from two distinct cities employing both grate-type and circulating fluidized bed incinerators in China. Employing a robust experimental framework, the research evaluated the stabilization efficacy for heavy metals, monitored the progression of pH, and quantified the compressive strength of the treated MSWI fly ash. Moreover, it conducted risk assessment and economic analyses. Incorporating CBW and CaO into the MSWI fly ash from grate-type incinerators significantly enhanced the Pb stabilization efficiency, achieving up to 99.7 % when adding 31 % CBW and 7 % CaO. This treatment resulted in the leaching of other heavy metals, which were also below the standard landfill limits. In the circulating fluidized bed incinerator fly ash, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals in the treated samples were reduced by up to 98.6 % for Cd and 64.4 % for Ni.Additionally, an increase in CaO content was found to substantially improve the compressive strength of the solidified samples across all tested curing periods (7, 14, and 28 days). The optimal compressive strength result, observed at 28 days, reached 1.2 MPa, compared to the raw fly ash, which exhibited only 0.77 MPa when adding just 9 % CaO. This highlights CaO's critical role in enhancing the mechanical integrity of the treated MSWI fly ash. The study concludes that strategically calibrated ratios of cow bone waste and CaO attenuate the environmental hazard presented by MSWI fly ash and bolster its mechanical attributes, thereby repurposing the waste into a viable material for construction.