State Conditions Research Articles

Impact of acoustic wave propagation characteristics on aerodynamic damping of rotor blades in a transonic axial compressor

The aeroelastic stability associated with the acoustic wave propagation characteristics of transonic rotor blades was numerically investigated in this study. The influence of the vibration frequency on the aerodynamic damping of the first bending mode was primarily considered at different speeds, including both work and stall points. We found that the state of acoustic wave propagation associated with aeroelastic instability is closely related to rotational speed. At low speeds near stall points, the risk of aeroelastic instability is confined to the upstream cut-off state. However, at high speeds near stall points, aeroelastic instability may occur in both the downstream cut-off state and the acoustic wave propagation state of the upstream cut-off frequency, further expanding the range of the acoustic wave propagation state in which aeroelastic instability can arise. The research findings show that for suction surfaces, aerodynamic work is affected not only by acoustic wave propagation characteristics, but also by shock waves, radial flow, and reflux in the flow field. However, for pressure surfaces, the acoustic wave propagation characteristics play a significant role. When aeroelastic instability occurs, negative damping predominantly arises from the pressure surface. To investigate why lower-order modes are more prone to aeroelastic instability, specific simulations were conducted for the first bending and twisting modes under different operating conditions in the downstream cut-on state. When the vibration frequency significantly exceeds the downstream cut-off frequency, the blade phase is minimally influenced by acoustic wave propagation characteristics, and the rotor is aeroelastically stable in these phases. Simultaneously, there is an approximately linear increase in the unsteady pressure amplitude with increasing vibration frequency, and the aerodynamic work is predominantly influenced by the unsteady pressure amplitude.

Investigating the interaction between EEG and fNIRS: A multimodal network analysis of brain connectivity

The brain is a complex system with functional and structural networks. Different neuroimaging methods have been developed to explore these networks, but each method has its own unique strengths and limitations, depending on the signals they measure. Combining techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has gained interest, but understanding how the information derived from these modalities is related to each other remains an exciting open question. The multilayer network model has emerged as a promising approach to integrate different sources data. In this study, we investigated the hemodynamic and electrophysiological data captured by fNIRS and EEG to compare brain network topologies derived from each modality, examining how these topologies vary between resting state (RS) and task-related conditions. Additionally, we adopted the multilayer network model to integrate EEG and fNIRS data and evaluate the benefits of combining multiple modalities compared to using a single modality in capturing characteristic brain functioning.A small-world network structure was observed in the rest, right motor imagery, and left motor imagery tasks in both modalities. We found that EEG captures faster changes in neural activity, thus providing a more precise estimation of the timing of information transfer between brain regions in RS. fNIRS provides insights into the slower hemodynamic responses associated with longer-lasting and sustained neural processes in cognitive tasks. The multilayer approach outperformed unimodal analyses, offering a richer understanding of brain function. Complementarity between EEG and fNIRS was observed, particularly during tasks, as well as a certain level of redundancy and complementarity between the multimodal and the unimodal approach, which depends on the modality and the specific brain state. Overall, the results highlight differences in how EEG and fNIRS capture brain network topology in RS and tasks and emphasize the value of integrating multiple modalities for a comprehensive view of brain connectivity and function.

Structural, wide band gap half-metallic, and pressure-dependent thermodynamic predictions of Li2TMMgO6 (TM = V, Nb, and Ta) double perovskites.

Li2VMgO6, Li2NbMgO6, and Li2TaMgO6 double perovskite compounds were energetically the most stable in the FM phase. The lattice constants were 7.63Å, 7.94Å, and 7.95Å, and the Curie temperatures were 910.451K, 930.739K, and 1258.821K, respectively. The wide bandgap semiconductor characters were provided in the GGA-PBE methods as 2.139eV, 4.209eV, and 5.007eV, respectively. This wide band gap semiconductor state in the majority carriers and the metallic state in the minority states made these double perovskites true half-metallic ferromagnetics. The bulk modulus obtained in the ground state calculations and the values obtained from thermodynamic calculations were relatively close. Debye temperatures in the initial state conditions were 747K, 685.13K, and 587.77K, respectively. The total magnetic moment values were calculated as 3.00 µB/f.u. The most significant contribution to this value came from oxygen atoms. The theoretical calculations of Li2VMgO6, Li2NbMgO6, and Li2TaMgO6 double perovskite alloys were performed using the WIEN2k program developed by Blaha et al. The electronic calculations were made with GGA-PBE, GGA + mBJ, and GGA + U approximations in the space number 225 and the Fm-3m symmetry group. The thermodynamic calculations were performed using Gibbs2. In thermodynamic calculations, temperature increases were determined as 100K and temperature values were increased from 0 to 1200K.

Advanced exergoeconomic analysis and mathematical modelling of the natural gas fired gas turbine unit used for industrial cogeneration system

In this study, mathematical model of advanced exergoeconomic analysis (ADEXEC) basing on advanced specific exergy cost (ADSPECO) and advanced exergy-cost-energy-mass (EXCEM) (ADEXCEM) methods are applied to the industrial cogeneration system (COGEN) which consists of natural gas fired gas turbine unit (with combustion chamber (CC), turbine (GT) and air compressor (AC)), pipe line (PL), wall (WD) and ground (GD) tile dryers under the dead state conditions of 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C. According to ADSPECO analysis; although CC ($6.97/GJ) has the lowest unit fuel exergy cost among the components, it has the highest exergy destruction cost rate ($252,391/hour at 30 °C) due to its high exergy destruction value. Although more than 40 % of the exergy destruction cost rate in the COGEN system is detected in CC, WD (105.541 $/h at 30 °C) and GD (107.499 $/h at 30 °C) which together account for more than 67 % of COGEN's avoidable exergy destruction are understood to be the first components to focus on. The fact that the exergy destruction cost rates of all components except PL is higher than the exogenous part of the endogenous part at all dead state temperatures reveals the weakness of the relationship between the components.

Packaging and pH Effects on Meat Discoloration through Electrochemistry

Myoglobin is the sarcoplasmic heme protein that determines the color of the meat. The oxidation state of myoglobin results in different forms of myoglobin, such as deoxy-, oxy-, and metmyoglobin. As the deviation from the bright red color of beef affects consumers' purchase decisions, meat packaging is done to retain the meat color and delay spoilage. In these studies, UV-spectrophotometric analysis is combined with the electrochemical method. Meat packaged under different conditions was considered. Two packaging conditions, vacuum and polyvinyl chloride, were compared with the normal unpackaged sarcoplasmic beef sample. Electrochemical regions of both positive and negative potential were diagnosed for sensory peaks where the data of vacuum packaging implied more color stability. To assess the effect of pH on meat discoloration, pH conditions of the physiological state (pH 7.4) and post-mortem meat (pH 5.6) were mainly considered. The rate of meat discoloration was higher at pH 5.6 than at pH 7.4. Electrochemical insights with regard to various packaging effects on meat discoloration will be discussed further.

Multi-modal incomplete label information three-way bidirectional decision-making: Applications of disease assessment

Disease assessment involves two stages of decision-making process. The first process is to infer the development trend of the disease through the existing judgment conditions, which is to make a positive estimation (prediction) decision. The second process is to update the judgment conditions for different disease states and optimize the clinical assessment evidence by fusing disease progression data, that is, to make a reverse evaluation (optimization) decision by reviewing historical diagnostic and treatment data to summarize the best judgment conditions for the disease characteristics. Therefore, we construct a three-way bidirectional decision method for multi-modal incomplete labeling information, considering the mixed data features with no labels and labels, and the bidirectional decision features of positive prediction and reverse optimization. Specifically, the method first introduces semi-supervised learning (SSL) into the rough sets, constructs a rough sets model based on cosine similarity relation, generates pseudo-labels for incomplete information, and explains the positive prediction decision process principle. Second, the gradient space is constructed on the predictive information system by the three-way decision-making principle, the loss function formed by the combination of KL divergence and cross entropy loss function is used to find the direction of the fastest decline in attribute information value, and the optimal decision rule and the automatic updating strategy of the threshold value are obtained. At the same time, the principle of the reverse optimization decision process is explained. Finally, multimodal information from pathological tissue images is used to evaluate clinical progress problem. A pathological tissue images dataset includes 2000 colorectal cancer and 300 kidney disease cases used for simulation experiments. The proposed three-way bidirectional decision-making model can be widely applied to actual decision-making scenarios for evaluating clinical progress of different diseases. Compared with previous studies, this method can realize objective calculation and automatic update of threshold and loss values and effectively solve complex prediction and optimization decision-making problems.

Wind-Sea and Swell Climate in the Black and Azov Seas, Based on 42-Year Spectral Wave Hindcast

Long-term wave climates of the Black and Azov Seas are widely assessed based on the bulk wave parameters of the mixed sea. However, studies based on spectral wave partitions are rarely documented. Assessment of the wave climate based on the individual wave systems provides a more reliable description of the sea states' characteristics and the variability in the long-term wave climate. For instance, the wind-sea climate may reflect a real change in the local climate. However, local change in swell characteristics may not necessarily reflect a change in the local climate, and it can locally influence the mixed sea climate variability. This study assessed the spatial distributions of the long-term averages and maxima of mixed seas, wind-sea, and swell partitions at annual and seasonal scales. The contributions of wind-sea and swell partitions to the mixed-sea were computed, and their spatial and temporal variability was also assessed for overall and extreme sea state conditions. Finally, the occurrence in main wave systems' directions and occurrence of crossing, opposing, and following wind-sea and swell interactions were computed. The wind-sea contribution to the mixed-sea exceeds 70 % in all Black Sea and >95 % in the Azov Sea. The swells are more dominant on the Northeastern and Northwestern Black Sea basins. Thus, the results show spatial and temporal variability in the wind-sea climate close to the mixed sea but largely different compared to the swell climate. The inter-annual trends in the swell partitions and wind-sea are inversed at some locations.

Release of contaminants from polymer surfaces under condition of organized fluid flows

The use of polymers for water storage or distribution is closely monitored, especially with regard to the possible contamination with substances coming from the material's surfaces. Different standards are practiced across countries according to type of applied materials and such test methods are prevalently based on constant temperature conditions. However, these polymers systems could be located in diverse environment which does not necessarily provide constant conditions. Experimental findings show that exposure of liquid inside polymeric materials to specific temperature gradients, and consequently to emerging organized flows, can result in an accelerated leaching of undesirable substances from the solid surface. In presented work model steady-state and organized flow conditions are used to compare release of contaminates from polyethylene by measuring of surface tension, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis of polymer surfaces and water leachates. The pilot study shows that convective flow generated via temperature gradient significantly affects contaminant release in comparison to a steady state and mixing flow conditions.

Abnormal communication internet-connected vehicle platoon dynamical modeling and characteristics study

With the advent of the vehicle interconnection era, all the internet-connected vehicles (i.e. ICVs) can communicate with each other through the whole platoon, and great changes of the dynamical motion characteristics in traffic flow system is happening. The wireless communication system plays more and more important roles to keep traffic flow system stable and safe. However, communication failure is a common and unevitable phenomenon, and an ICV in a platoon will inevitably lose its connection with other vehicles sometimes. So it is necessary and meaningful to study ICV’s dynamical characteristics under abnormal communication conditions. The study firstly analyzed the information exchange mechanism among ICVs and classify communication failure into three modes. Secondly, by considering normal and abnormal communication conditions, a car-following model for internet-connected vehicle flows with bidirectional mean expected velocity field was proposed. Thirdly, the ICV platoon system stable state condition was deduced based on linear stability theory. Finally, full simulation logical scenarios were set to support the theoretical analysis results considering the ICV system’s stability and communication states comprehensively. As for the abnormal communication state simulations, the leading vehicle, last vehicle, and middle vehicle communication failure scenarios were selected as typical examples. The study conclusions are (i) for bidirectional communication ICV platoon system, forward-looking and backward-looking mean expected velocity field terms show different influences on its stability, (ii) sudden abnormal communication failures can dramatically destroy the vehicle platoon stability, and (iii) different vehicle position communication failure has different effects on the system stability.

Resilient and rutting response of unbound granular material and subgrade soil influenced by initial state and stress conditions

Unbound pavements with thin seals, where traffic loads are primarily supported by unbound granular layers and subgrade soil, are favoured for their low initial cost. Rutting, the primary distress mechanism, leads to rough, uncomfortable surfaces, diminishing serviceability and safety. It depends on the material's initial dry density, degree of saturation, and applied stress levels. Resilient modulus, indicating layer stiffness, is crucial for determining load transmission to underlying layers, making accurate estimation essential for pavement design. This study conducted constant radial stiffness triaxial (CRST) tests on an unbound granular material and a subgrade soil at various dry densities, saturation degrees, and stress conditions. The CRST test applies dynamic confining pressure under constant radial stiffness boundary. New models for rutting and resilient modulus were developed, relating these parameters to initial dry densities, saturation degrees, and stress states. The study also presents rutting and resilient modulus isograms on the compaction plane, aiding field compaction control and robust pavement design.

Estimation of neutral beam injector power transferred to KSTAR plasmas

KSTAR shows the long pulse capability based on superconducting magnet and NBI plays a crucial role in sustaining the plasma via plasma heating and current driving. So, the accurate NBI power measurement transferred to KSTAR plasma is important for the analysis of plasma transport as well as plasma performance parameters. In a long pulse operation, the water coolant temperature is at the steady state condition in longer pulse more than 20s and the coupled neutral beam power to KSTAR plasma during the tokamak experiments is rechecked by using water flow calorimetric method after the experiment. The effect of beam duct scraper loss which was not considered at the neutral beam power calibration process is less than 5 % in terms of neutral beam power. However, in long pulse operation of NBI in KSTAR experiments, high strength of stray PF affects the beam path, the neutral beam power registered on mds + using beam current method is over estimated and it is calculated up to a few percent in terms of neutral beam power using calorimetric method. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the beam power variation by PF effect to interpret the plasma performance degradation in long pulse operation. Lastly. when the ion source tun on or turn off in condition other ion sources are operated, the beam transmission power is also affected because of sharing the beam box for ion sources so that the careful power estimation is necessary for such kind of beam power modulation experiments in KSTAR.

Pemenuhan Hak Atas Pekerjaan Dan Penghidupan Yang Layak Dalam Negara Yang Mengalami Krisis Ekonomi

Introduction: The economic crisis that occurred in Sri Lanka was due to the accumulation of foreign debt that could not be paid, resulting in high inflation in the country. State conditions like this have had an impact on the inability of the state to meet a decent standard of living for Sri Lankan citizens and the neglect of the rights to work of Sri Lankan citizens. Which of these rights have been regulated and have been recognized and respected through the provisions contained in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).Purposes of the Research: To find out the arrangements regarding the fulfillment of the right to work and a decent living by the state based on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).Methods of the Research: This type of research is normative juridical, where the research is carried out by collecting primary, secondary and tertiary data obtained using library research. The legal material that has been collected is analyzed qualitatively which breaks it down systematically based on legal disciplines to achieve clarity of the issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results of this study show that the right to a decent life and the right to work have actually been regulated, respected and recognized and protected in the provisions of ICESCR article 11 paragraph 2 of the ICESCR which states that "the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger" ( the basic right of everyone to be free from hunger) and article 7 of the ICESCR which regulates the right of everyone to enjoy work, so that these rights must be fulfilled as a form of respect for human rights. The economic crisis that occurred in Sri Lanka which had an impact on the non-fulfillment of the rights to a decent life and the right to work is an act or an act of non-fulfillment of human rights related to these rights which in principle constitutes a violation of human rights, so that events or this situation, the Sri Lankan government in various ways or efforts continues to take strategic steps to be able to overcome the economic crisis that is currently happening in Sri Lanka.

Nonlinear Dynamics and Meshing State Transition Analysis of Spalling Defect Gears with Multi-Lubrication Conditions

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic characteristics and the meshing state transition characteristics of spalling defect gears under various lubrication conditions. The time-varying geometric parameters, motion parameters and load distribution of the gears in the state of positive meshing and reverse impact are analyzed. The time-varying meshing stiffness considering the time-varying friction coefficient under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), mixed lubrication and boundary lubrication are calculated, and the spalling defect is introduced in the stiffness calculation process. The equivalent lubrication model of the gear is established, the switching condition of the lubrication state is derived, and the distribution of the lubrication state in the torque-speed plane is discussed. The multimeshing state dynamic model of the spalling defect gear is established, and the evolution characteristics of the coexistence response and the transition of the meshing state under different lubrication conditions are simulated by using the attraction domain, phase trajectory, meshing force and bifurcation diagram. The results show that the phase trajectory of the gear with the spalling defect is deformed compared with that of the healthy gear. The change of lubrication state has little effect on the phase trajectory and attraction domain of the gear with spalling defect, but has a great influence on the meshing force. At the spalling boundary, the meshing force is changed abruptly, and the worse the lubrication state, the more obvious the mutation. Due to the influence of spalling on tooth stiffness, it will also affect the meshing force in the nonspalling area.

Assessment of fluvial response to landslide susceptibility and transient response of tectonically active upper Alaknanda River basin of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

This paper focuses on the transient response of the upper Alaknanda River basin and landslide vulnerability analysis of tectonically active segments located between the Trans Himadri Fault (THF) and Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the higher central Himalayan domain. We applied the power law functions of the conventional bedrock incision proxies to decode erosionally balanced tectonic processes. The channel concavity and slope of the upper Alaknanda basin have been logarithmically evaluated to understand the balance between erosion/incision and tectonic events. Further, tectonically balanced erosional events along the trunk and tributary stream dynamics have been estimated using the Chi (χ) function law. The results of χ suggest a disequilibrium state of the trunk and tributary stream concerning steady state condition. Furthermore, the landform and longitudinal river profile have been analyzed to understand differential uplift/incision and impact of erosion in river profile between THF and MCT. Furthermore, we applied a geospatial technique for landslide susceptibility analysis. Our results show that approximately 94.45% of the basin area is highly vulnerable and has the potential for future landslides and glacial avalanches. Furthermore, we claim that this study is extremely helpful to identify the locations of future geohazards (landslide, avalanche, cloudburst etc.) and their impact on the downstream areas where population density is very high.

Effect of Chevron Angles on the Thermal Performance of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger (CPHEs)

Corrugated plate heat exchangers (CPHEs) possess a greater surface area for heat transfer and a heightened level of turbulence as a result of the corrugations. This study presents an experimental analysis comparing the thermal performance of a flat plate heat exchanger and a corrugated plate heat exchanger (CPHE) with varied corrugation angles. The analysis was conducted using water as the test fluid. The comprehensive testing has been carried out on CPHEs with different chevron angles (β) of 30°/30°, 45°/45°, and 60°/60°. Experimental data is collected under steady- state conditions, with a single phase (water-water) system, covering Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 900 to 1250. The test fluid's mass flow rate, ranging from 0.05 to 0.16 kilograms per second, is measured together with the accompanying steady state temperatures. Each plate was equipped with four thermocouple sensors to detect the bulk temperature of the cold and hot fluids at the intake and output. The performance was evaluated using both parallel and counterflow configurations. Experimental observations are utilized to estimate the temperature difference (∆T) between the inlet and output streams, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD), and the exergy (E). The measured ∆T and E values for corrugation angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) of CPHE were compared to those of flat plate heat exchangers. For corrugation angles of 30°, 45°, and 60°, the values of ∆T and E (efficiency) increase as the mass flow rate of the fluid increases. An increase in the corrugation angle leads to an increase in turbulence in the flow, which in turn enhances heat transmission. In addition, the thermal effectiveness (ε) was calculated using the NTU method and compared for all of the plates. Key Words: Corrugated plate heat exchanger, Thermal performance, Chevron angle, heat transfer coefficient.

Wave blockers: When governments use foreign military interventions to offset transnational political currents

ABSTRACT Why do governments use interventions to shape the internal political composition of other states? Many explanations focus on intervention’s strategic utility, which can include a wider sphere of influence and enhanced state security. Alternatively, this article argues that how regimes view the internal political conditions of other states in relation to their own political spheres dictates the utility that they assign to intervention. Drawing on archival content related to Saudi Arabia’s intervention in the North Yemen Civil War (1962–1967), the article tests this political-threat explanation of intervention against the strategic-threat alternative.

Is parental overcontrol a specific form of child maltreatment? Insights from a resting state EEG connectivity study

IntroductionRecent studies suggest that parental overcontrol could be considered a specific form of childhood trauma (CT). Although previous research has shown that CT alters the functional and structural architecture of large-scale networks in the brain, the neural basis associated with parental overcontrol has not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between parental overcontrol and electroencephalography (EEG) triple network (TN) functional connectivity during the resting state (RS) condition in a non-clinical sample (N = 71; 39 females, mean age 23.94 ± 5.89 SD). MethodsEEG was recorded during 5 min of RS with eyes closed. All participants were asked to self-report maternal and paternal overcontrol, CT and general psychopathology. All EEG analyses were performed using the exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography software (eLORETA). ResultsOur results showed a significant positive correlation between maternal overcontrol and theta connectivity between the salience network and the central executive network. This connectivity pattern was independently associated with maternal overcontrol even when controlling for relevant confounding variables, including the severity of CT and the general level of psychopathology. This neurophysiological pattern may reflect a predisposition to detect and respond to potentially threatening stimuli in the environment, which is typically associated with excessive overcontrol. ConclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that parental overcontrol should be considered a form of CT in all respects independent of the forms traditionally studied in the literature (i.e., emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical and emotional neglect).

The role of estuarine convergence on the salinity distribution and the estuary response to short river discharge pulses

Estuarine behaviour is primarily controlled by the interaction of river discharge and tidal mixing. Transient increases in river discharge, which occur naturally during the wet season or can be managed in regulated basins, alter estuarine dynamics and reduce salt intrusion. Two characteristic times have been identified in the response to these river pulses: the adjustment time (the time required to adapt to the peak discharge) and the recovery time (the time required to return to steady state conditions). Previous work has analysed the effect of peak discharge and pulse duration in the adjustment process, focusing on long discharges (i.e. longer than the intrinsic estuarine timescale) and straight channels. This paper presents an idealised 3-dimensional model (Delft3D) to assess the effect of estuarine convergence on the response to short river pulses in tide dominated, well-mixed estuaries. The similarity between the tidal period, the estuarine timescale and the duration of the pulse led to the introduction of the time between tidal and river conditions as an additional parameter in the analysis. The results show that salt intrusion in convergent estuaries have a lower sensitivity to variations in river discharge compared to the behaviour of prismatic estuaries. Conversely, the influence of convergence on changes in salt intrusion due to the increased river discharge gains relevance in convergent estuaries. Seaward transport of salt is significantly enhanced by freshwater releases that occur between early and mid ebb, especially during spring tides. Increasing convergence reduces the asymmetry of the estuarine response, shortens the recovery time, and shifts the onset of maximum salt displacement and the minimum adjustment time. The results are particularly relevant for water management and salt intrusion control in regulated basins with limited resources, as the volume of fresh water used to reduce salt intrusion can be optimised considering the timing of the pulse release, which depends on the tidal conditions at the estuary.

Human Proenkephalin A 119-159 (penKid) in Extracorporeal Therapies: Ex vivo Sieving Coefficient, Diffusive Clearance, and Hemoadsorption Kinetics

Introduction: Enkephalins, endogenous opioid peptides, are involved in the regulation of renal function. One derived molecule, proenkephalin A, also known as penKid, has been demonstrated to be a reliable biomarker for kidney function and its plasma concentration correlates with measured glomerular filtration rate. penKid is used for prediction and diagnosis of AKI and need of renal replacement therapy (RRT). penKid has also been used to predict the successful weaning from RRT in patients with AKI. Whether the concentration of penKid is affected or not by RRT is a controversial point and there are no studies describing the kinetics of the molecule in such conditions. The low molecular weight (4.5 kDa) would imply free removal by the glomerulus and the dialysis membranes. During RRT, this reduction could not be detected in clinical practice due to the complex kinetics involving either low dialytic clearance or increased production in response to impaired kidney function. The aim of this study was to determine the sieving coefficient and the diffusive clearance of the penKid molecule in conditions of in vitro continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD), respectively, and also the penKid removal ratio in conditions of in vitro hemoadsorption (HA) using a synthetic microporous resin. Methods: Blood spiked with a lyophilized penKid peptide solved in 20 mm dipotassium phosphate and 6 mm disodium EDTA [pH 8] to reach target concentrations is used as testing solution. In each experiment, the blood batch was adjusted at a volume of 1,000 mL, maintained at 37°, and continuously stirred. Samples were collected from blood, ultrafiltrate, and spent dialysate at different times during the experiments. Sieving, clearance, and removal ratio were calculated. Results: Significant removal of penKid was observed in CVVH (sieving 1.04 ± 0.27), in CVVHD (clearance 23.08 ± 0.89), and in HA (removal ratio 76.1 ± 1% after 120 min). Conclusion: penKid is effectively removed by extracorporeal therapies. In presence of anuria, penKid generation kinetics can be calculated based on extracorporeal removal and volume variation. In steady state conditions, declining values may be the result of an initial renal function recovery and may suggest discontinuation and successful liberation from RRT.

A Comparison Between Water Addition and CO2 Addition to a Diffusion Coflow Flame

ABSTRACT This work compares the effects of adding water vapor and CO2 as diluent to fuel for a diffusion flame at different ambient pressures. The approach of this research is to study numerically a methane diffusion flame with various amounts of water vapor and CO2 added to the fuel, and to compare the flame behaviors with various percentages of water vapor and CO2 content (0% to 65%). This work uses a coflow burner in the PeleLM numerical framework for simulating the flame and computing the combustion behavior. The flame was simulated with pressures of 1.0, 1.4, 5.7, and 11.1 atm. The results extracted and analyzed include temperature profiles at fixed heights and various species mole fractions compared with their values at an equilibrium state condition. The results show that most of the diluent impact does not involve changes in flame chemistry but primarily changes to heat release and heat capacity in the flames. The results also show that the diluent amount has a much larger impact on flame behavior than do changes in pressure.