Changing Social Conditions Research Articles

Holistic Management Approach for Social-Ecological Systems in Iran

Social-ecological systems (SESs) in Iran face escalating challenges and pressures due to a multitude of environmental and social factors, such as global warming, population growth, and unsustainable resources management practices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the historical context and evolution of SESs in Iran and examines the current challenges and pressures confronting these systems. The methods utilized include literature review, case studies, framework development, analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, integration of feedback, and Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework analysis. We also discuss opportunities for enhancing resilience and sustainability in the country’s SESs, including case studies of successful management approaches. This analysis highlights the urgent need for integrated and interdisciplinary approaches to manage SES in Iran, including with community engagement and inclusive participation. Our findings develop and recommend a holistic management approach that can effectively respond to changing social and ecological conditions over time. The suggested holistic management approach involves various processes and aspects, such as stakeholder engagement, baseline data collection and monitoring, scenario planning, adaptive management strategies, and evaluation. Overall, this paper provides a valuable resource for different stakeholders, especially researchers and policymakers interested in the management of SESs in Iran and offers insights to other neighboring nations encountering similar challenges in their SESs.

Socio-cultural deviations in the regulation of social interactions of young people

Social interactions in the youth environment are regulated not only on the basis of generally accepted models, but also on the basis of goals-principles that are formed among young people themselves as a response to changes in social and cultural conditions of life. From the point of view of the institutionally approved norm, these principles are socio-cultural deviations. At the level of consciousness, they are represented in the form of various configurations of meanings-judgments that are realised by different groups of young people in the process of interactions. One of the manifestations of deviation is the regulatory meanings orienting to separation and self-assertion at the expense of others. The data obtained in the course of a nationwide survey conducted by the Centre for Sociology of Youth of ISPR FCTAS RAS in 2021 are analysed. The links between labour, education and interpersonal interactions with sociocultural deviations of young people in social reality are considered. The incorporation of sociocultural deviations into the process of regulating interactions in the youth environment is reflected in young people's justification of the practices of bullying, provocation, evil pranks and disrespect for teachers as acceptable ways of interaction in important spheres of life. Their use is accompanied by the assignment of certain semantic characteristics to labour, communication and education in youth groups. In the course of data analysis, it was found that judgments about bullying and trolling differentiate young people by the meaning of labour "feeling of their usefulness". In addition, the judgement of bullying differentiates youth on the meaning of "forced necessity". The links of respondents' approval of judgements about bullying, trolling and teacher with the meaning of communication "joy, happiness" and "inner need" were revealed. It was also found that judgements about prank and teacher differentiate young people according to the meanings of education "opportunity to make a career" and "development of abilities".

Практика розгляду судами справ про притягнення осіб до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення домашнього насильства

The article analyses the practice of courts considering cases of bringing persons to administrative liability for committing domestic violence. As social conditions change, so do the forms of violent acts and the preconditions for their commission, as well as the practice of courts considering such cases. Domestic violence is behaviour in which physical and psychological coercion is used to establish and maintain control over a loved one, with whom the perpetrator is usually connected by common life or family ties. It is often a cyclical pattern of behaviour that escalates, endangering the life and emotional well-being of victims. The rights violated by domestic violence include basic fundamental rights protected by international law, such as the right to life and bodily integrity and freedom from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The article identifies the penalties most often applied to persons brought to justice, including a fine, which is considered to be insufficiently effective because it may have an impact on the victim and because of the small amount of the fine. The problem identified is that the courts do not pay enough attention to clarifying all the circumstances of the case, and the justification for applying the type of penalty for domestic violence is insufficient. The problem of recording cases of domestic violence is equally problematic, as protocols are often drawn up in violation of the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offences. The problem of recognising children as victims in cases of violence committed in their presence remains. It is noted that the establishment of administrative liability for domestic violence is not a sufficiently effective means of combating domestic violence and preventing its recurrence.

When and where we are: Comparing early criminal careers of organized crime offenders in Italy and the Netherlands across decades

PurposeThis study examines the early criminal careers of organized crime offenders in Italy and the Netherlands and assess how these behaviors have evolved across generations. We (1) compare the early careers with the entire career in the two country samples and (2) assess the influence of generational shifts and social changes on these behaviors, particularly focusing on crime control policies. MethodsAnalyzing data on male offenders born between 1950 and 1986, we analyze criminal careers up to ages 23 and 30. Our analysis includes statistical assessments of differences between countries and among decades, employing multinomial logistic regressions to explore the associations between criminal career parameters and crime categories and the offenders' decade of birth. ResultsSignificant differences were found between the Italian and Dutch samples, reflecting country-specific dynamics in organized crime involvement. Evidence suggests minimal generational shifts towards more serious offending, but notable impacts of social changes, especially in anti-drug and anti-organized crime policies, across individuals born in different decades. ConclusionsBoth the societal context (‘where we are’) and temporal influences (‘when we are’) are essential in understanding criminal careers. Changes in policies and social conditions differentially affected organized crime offenders in Italy and the Netherlands.

Pembuatan Frozen Food (Stuffed Chicken) dengan Penambahan Proporsi Puree Sayuran (Wortel, Jagung Manis, Dan Kacang Polong)

Changes in social conditions and lifestyle change people's consumption patterns, so there is a need for innovation in making food by utilizing vegetables to increase nutritional complexity. Stuffed Chicken is a processed product made from the main ingredient of chicken meat with the addition of vegetable puree. These problems became the objectives of this study to determine: 1) Sensory quality results which include shape, color, taste, aroma, texture and level of preference; 2) Nutritional content which includes energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, and vitamin A; 3) Selling price of stuffed chicken per 250 gram package. This research used observation method through a sensory quality test with 30 panelists. Data result were processed with a single anova test followed by a Duncan’s test. Nutritional content (energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, and vitamin A) was tested in the laboratory. The results showed: 1) the addition of vegetable puree proportion (carrots, sweet corn, and peas) affects the criteria of taste and aroma, while the criteria of shape, color, texture and level of liking have no significant effect. The nutritional content of stuffed chicken is energy of 294.85 kcal, carbohydrates 42.90g, protein 14.96g, fat 7.24g, Fiber 3.23g, and vitamin A 67.10 μg. The selling price of stuffed chicken is known to be Rp.36,500 per package weighing 250 grams.

Understanding the role of ‘sense of place’ in the production and consumption of innovation districts

ABSTRACT Innovation districts are purposefully designed places that unite businesses, research institutions, local communities, and cultural assets in one bounded location. While providing numerous benefits, the ultimate outcome of a successful innovation district is the creation of a robust, collaborative, and sustainable innovation ecosystem. Despite their importance, academic comprehension of innovation districts as dynamic places, particularly the relationship between person and place, remains limited. Accordingly, this research addresses this gap by exploring innovation districts through the theoretical lens of sense of place. In doing so, this paper seeks to reframe the understanding of the person-place relationship by drawing on concepts including place attachment, place identity, place dependence, and social bonding. An original propositional framework is introduced, which positions sense of place of an innovation district as an outcome of established (place dependence, place identity, place attachment) and emerging (functional, cognitive, and affective social bonding) place dimensions. Furthermore, the framework delineates critical developmental stages and anticipates innovative and social outcomes associated with these districts. Conceiving sense of place within innovation districts as a holistic consequence of their design, management, and utilisation not only enhances these districts’ economic and social vitality but also ensures their sustainability and resilience in the face of changing economic and social conditions.

Changes in diet and physical activity following a community-wide pilot intervention to tackle childhood obesity in a deprived inner-London ward

BackgroundLocal authorities in England have an important role in shaping healthy local environments contributing to childhood obesity. This study examined changes in diet and physical activity in primary school children following a three-year, complex, community-based intervention in Golborne ward, the second most deprived ward in London.MethodsThe Go-Golborne intervention aimed to shape the local environment across multiple settings with the engagement of a large number of local government and community stakeholders in a joint approach. Activities focused on six co-created themes to make changes to local environments and reduce sugary snacks and beverage consumption, increase fruit and vegetable intake, promote healthy snacks, increase active play and travel, and reduce screen time. We analysed changes in self-reported diet and physical activity, collected annually between 2016 and 2019, from 1,650 children aged 6–11 years through six local schools, who all received the intervention. We used multilevel, linear and logistic random-slope regression models adjusted for time on study, baseline age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation quintile, school, and baseline weight status.ResultsAfter three years of follow-up, there were reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (adjusted beta -0·43 occasions/day, 95% CI -0·55 to -0·32), fruit and vegetable consumption (adjusted beta -0.22 portions, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.001) and car travel to and from school (adjusted OR 0·19, 95% CI 0·06 to 0·66), while screen time increased (high versus moderate/low: OR 2·30, 95% CI 1·36 to 3·90). For other behavioural outcomes, there was no statistically significant evidence of changes.ConclusionLocal authorities have substantial powers to make positive changes to the obesogenic environment but programmes remain under-evaluated. Results from the ambitious Go-Golborne intervention demonstrated mixed results in health behaviours following programme implementation. These results underline the importance of a coordinated and comprehensive policy response to support changes in wider environmental and social conditions as well as appropriate and holistic evaluations of initiatives to inform local actions on obesogenic environments.

An Evaluation of Wireless Network Security with Penetration Testing Method at PT PLN UP2D S2JB

Advances in information and communication technology continue to grow over time. This causes significant changes in social, economic, and political conditions. One company that requires strong network security is PT PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara) Persero, which is a leading energy company in Indonesia. In this case, the need to evaluate network security at PT PLN is very important. This evaluation will help identify vulnerabilities and security gaps that exist in PT PLN's network infrastructure. This network security evaluation using the Penetration Testing Execution Standards (PTES) method can provide an overview of the vulnerabilities or weaknesses of the network system at PT PLN UP2D S2JB which has quite a lot of gaps to exploit. This is evidenced by the results of fifteen tests conducted, only two of which failed, namely in the type of attack The Rogue Access Point. The results of Penetration Testing are very necessary and important as feedback for system managers in fixing existing vulnerability gaps.

Pengembangan Kurikulum Berorientasi pada Karakter Membangun Kepribadian Siswa

The curriculum is an important instrument of a country's education system. It is the main foundation in determining educational objectives, subject matter content, teaching methods, and evaluation systems. In the world of education, the role of the curriculum is very important, it can even be said that the curriculum plays a key role in the education system. Because the curriculum is closely related to determining the direction, content, and educational process. In addition to curriculum development, it is necessary to pay attention to the character building of students and this has a very important role. Along with technological advances and information flows, as well as the continuing process of globalization in various aspects of public life, it will affect the mindset and pattern of action of the wider community. To fortify and minimize things that have bad consequences, an education is needed that can improve morals and build human character itself. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative method, which is a type of literature review by reviewing books and journals that have been publishedHistory of curriculum development in Indonesia has undergone ten changes that occur due to changes in social and political conditions. In Indonesian Dictionary, the word character is defined as character, psychological qualities, morals or ethics that distinguish a person from others, and disposition. Character person means a person who has personality, behavior, character, character, or character. Character education is a conscious and planned effort that aims to internalize moral values, morals so that they are manifested in the implementation of good attitudes and behaviors.The implementation of character education involves aspects of knowledge theory (cognitive), feelings (feeling), and action (action). The purpose of education should be directed at developing all the potential that a person has towards his perfect development, namely physical, intellectual and ethical development. Success in building student character will automatically help the success of building the nation's character. Therefore, the progress of a nation will also depend on the character and intelligence capabilities of its citizens

Female Leadership in Shia Islam: Women on the Way from Mujtahid to Marja’

Marja’ al-taqlid are Shia religious scholars of the highest level, something which takes decades to achieve. At present, most Shia scholars agree that women cannot be Marja’, i.e., create religious rulings for other people. But there is a space for discourse, and there are even a few scholars who disagree with the mainstream narrative. In this paper, I argue that, with time, the number of these scholars will increase, since Shia Islamic thought is ‘live’ and flexible, and adapts to the changing social conditions. The main obstacles that prevented women from reaching this level were the conservative views of some scholars and the lack of access to education. As the number of women with religious education constantly increases, the appearance of a female Marja’ will be a matter of time, but will still cause some resistance from some patriarchal members of society.

Media Policy, Structural Power, and Political Development at the US State-Corporate Interface

This article illuminates an underappreciated political dimension of capitalism by elaborating media policy as a site for the dynamic interaction of corporate power and the state. Synthesizing Marxian analyses of monopoly capital, American political development (APD) perspectives on public policymaking, and communication studies conceptions of media systems as fields of democratic struggle, I trace the institutional mechanisms that enable corporate media interests to reinforce systemic imperatives and maintain political-economic dominance. I illustrate my argument with examples from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. My analysis sharpens APD’s critical edge by defining path dependency, policy feedback, and policy drift as processes through which capital leverages structural power to fend off political challenges under changing economic, social, and technological conditions. State-sanctioned ownership and control of news outlets, communication platforms, and information networks furnish a unique mechanism for influencing the structural terms of public discourse on all issues, including media policy. This implicates corporate media power in the ongoing US political communication crisis and as a central force in the entrenchment of inegalitarian and undemocratic social relations. Lending greater theoretical coherence and empirical grounding to these material and ideological dynamics historicizes public communication and highlights contingent political openings for radical engagement with media policy.

МОДИФИКАЦИЯ И ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ОБЪЕКТИВИЗАЦИИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ОЖИДАЕМОЙ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЗДОРОВОЙ ЖИЗНИ

The search for a universal indicator of population health, which gives an estimate of one value and is devoid of subjectivity, continues to this day [1-4]. Mortality, which strictly records the fact and causes of the end of human life, can have different content, and age-related detailing of death gives, although interesting, but a large number of indicators [5-7]. It was possible to collect the influence of all age–related mortality rates into one generalized estimate in an integral indicator – “life expectancy” (hereinafter – life expectancy). However, with this approach, the issue of assessing the state of health of living people remains unresolved [8, 9], and the answer should be the indicator “healthy life expectancy” (hereinafter referred to as the life expectancy index). Attempts have been made to introduce the HPP indicator since the 1960s and 1970s, but it was only at the end of the twentieth century that it was adopted by WHO. Changes in social conditions of life and the quality of health care are now aimed not only at increasing the BWF, but also the BWF. And more and more countries and WHO have started using it as the main target. Domestic statistics practically do not calculate [10] and do not publish the GPR in official statistical collections. The calculations made for countries and regions are not extended to individual territories of the regions. The existing approaches are based on a subjective assessment of the health of certain age categories [8, 10] and do not use the collected statistical information. Goal. To develop an improved methodology for calculating the integrated indicator of “healthy life expectancy” in conditions of limited statistical information and introduce it into the practice of assessing the health of the population. Tasks: 1. To analyze the existing calculation of the indicator “healthy life expectancy”. 2. To summarize the existing approaches to calculating the indicator of “healthy life expectancy” and comment on the methodology for determining the life expectancy. 3. To develop an improved methodology for calculating the indicator of “healthy life expectancy”. Research methods: literary review and expert opinion. Conclusion: The HPA indicator should be implemented, as there is a need for this assessment of population health. However, the use of HPE requires a unified interpretation of the degree of loss of health in various diseases, as well as the introduction of an age (five-year) breakdown of sick and disabled citizens into domestic official statistics.

Трансформація комунікаційної політики для забезпечення резильєнтності підприємств роздрібної торгівлі

The communication policy of a trade enterprise always depends on the general goals of the enterprise, but it is impossible to consider the communications of a trade enterprise as a permanent component. Communication policy is a moving thing, it is constantly influenced by internal and external factors, which gives impetus to the company’s marketers to constantly adjust it to modern market requirements. The aim of the article is to determine the resilience of marketing strategies of trade enterprises in relation to communication and advertising activities under the influence of macro factors. We include the following macro factors: the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale military aggression of the russian federation from 24.02.2022 onward. We analyzed the relevant literature and found that the impact of general macro factors on the marketing strategy of trade enterprises is mostly incomprehensible and unpredictable, which requires new approaches to marketing activities. In particular, modern open sources and scientific literature do not sufficiently examine the methods and technologies of retailers in the communication strategy under the influence of stress and crisis. The study of contemporary behavior in the communication policy of trade enterprises in the market, including the growth of online commerce, has led to a shift in emphasis to digital advertising, which promotes sales via the Internet. Advertisers are actively working to promote products and services that can be purchased online. The pandemic has created many uncertainties, and advertisers have proven to be more flexible and ready to adapt quickly to changes in economic and social conditions. Particular attention should be paid to the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime, that can become a significant challenge and require a careful approach. The warime creates its own unique challenges for businesses and marketers, and it is important to consider ethical and social aspects in advertising campaigns. We have summarized the aspects of the influence of external factors on the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime. Since most retail sales still take place offline, trade marketers are reviewing the in-store experience, trying to combine the reach of physical retail with the involvement of digital channels, actively implementing in-store media communication. An effective in-store retail media strategy isn’t as simple as adding advertising around the store. This strategy requires technology to collect and analyze customer data, including where the customer went to in the store (particular departments), how much time they spent and what they did in there. It is necessary to thoroughly work out a map of buyer behavior. In the course of the study, the key components of advertising technologies in stores were identified, which should be considered in order to collect high-quality marketing information on consumer behavior, and subsequently – to convey advertising information to them at a specific point of sale. It is concluded that in the future, it will be extremely important for stores to apply a seamless omnichannel customer experience at the point of sale. Numerous studies demonstrate the positive impact of technology in retail on the customer journey to the store, as well as the customer journey in the store, from product selection to payment for purchase. Further development of communication strategies of retail trade enterprises envisages the use of modern technologies, the involvement of artificial intelligence and the improvement of customer service methods in trading floors.

Повышение надежности и эффективности функционирования транспортных систем в результате понижения их аварийности

The subject of the study is the state of accidents in the transport sector of the economy of the Russian Federation. The objectives of the work are to put forward proposals to improve the methodology for assessing accidents and damage at enterprises in the transport sector and to identify new types of accidents that occur in transport as a result of changes in technologies, processes and social conditions, in order to establish optimal ways to reduce the damage caused. The difference in the interpretation of the concepts of "accident rate" and "damage" in transport has been revealed. The practical significance of the study lies in the compilation of a typology of accidents, which makes it possible to plan a number of planned preventive measures and thereby prevent the onset of economic damage. The methodology of accident assessment at transport enterprises is characterized. The causes of the accident of transport systems have been established. Measures aimed at reducing accidents have been identified, contributing to improving the reliability of transport systems and increasing the efficiency of their operation. When assessing the nature of accidents, local and regional aspects of the use of transport systems are taken into account, determining their current state and readiness for use. The author's classification of accidents is given. Conclusions are drawn about the need to introduce a single comprehensive program of anti-accident measures for each individual transport sector.

Enhancing the Value of Library through Facilities Management Understanding

Leading libraries been impacted by a number of significant technological developments and trends, as well as by the difficulties presented by outside forces like the COVID-19 pandemic. The Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia has received less money from the government since 2016. Fund allocation for libraries has also decreased concurrently. The reduction on government’s funding allocation has made it difficult for the libraries in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia particularly to manage its operations and facilities, placing restrictions on book purchases and reducing its online database. In managing every facility in the libraries such Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah (PSZ), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Perpustakaan Raja Zarith Sofea (PRZS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, the facility manager must use the available financial resources wisely. The goal of this study is to identify libraries facilities management expenses that the library’s management team can reduce. Content analysis and thematic analysis applied in this study in analysing the data gathered from interviews with 5 library staff. According to the findings of this study, both libraries provide a variety of facilities, including a lobby, room, discussion room, showroom, seminar room, meeting room, foyer, 24-hour study room, information search laboratory, database reference room, exhibition space, and audio visual room. Both libraries management expenses, which include library system maintenance, book repair, reference book purchases, database subscriptions, and expenses for purchasing and repairing computers and printers, have been identified and can be reduced accordingly by the management team. Overall, both libraries have to adapt to changing technological, social, and economic conditions while remaining committed to their mission of providing access to information, promoting lifelong learning, and fostering a sense of community.

Social Research Methods and Methodologies

This article examines the methods and methods of social research. Social research is an activity carried out to search for explanations of a particular social situation. This article involves systematic data collection to understand patterns and changes in social conditions. The purpose of social research as a project is to transform the researcher's social science knowledge into social science skills. Social research, in-depth interviews, participant observation, non-participant observation, focus group discussions, case studies, grounded theory, etc. are some of the data collection methods in social research. The paper describes the nature of the study, theoretical stance, and research design including action research, naturalistic research, and ethnographic research, research design, interpretation, and ethical considerations. In this article, we considered case studies and participant observation as more reliable methods than other methods. Direct involvement of researchers in the subject area increases the level of reliability and usefulness of data in social research.

Retrofitting Public Space

Public space is critical for urban life to thrive. Yet, a global deficiency exists in available public space, particularly in the cities of the global south, but affecting cities in the global north as well. While much attention has been paid to upgrading existing public spaces, the thorny problem of retrofitting additional public spaces in existing urban fabrics has been under researched. Grounded in a review of the value and costs of public space, it is argued that there is no ‘ideal’ amount of public space that applies universally, and that public space supply should be allowed to change over time as urban and social conditions change. Public space suffers from a directionality problem in which adding public space is much harder than subtracting public space, such as through encroachment or sale of public land. Through a comparative case study approach, this paper responds to this problem by articulating the solution space to retrofit public spaces in existing neighbourhoods through five distinct pathways, namely ‘acupuncture’, ‘superimposition’, ‘marketplace’, ‘reblocking’ and ‘plot subdivision’. It explores the particular characteristics of each approach in varied urban contexts and provides a cross-cutting typology that connects practices across a global north and south context. The five pathways are offered as a practice-oriented typology to empower planners and policymakers to make more informed urban planning and design choices.

Vocational and Pedagogical Training of Future Bachelors in the Field of Transport at the Pedagogical Institutions of Higher Education under Modern Social and Economic Conditions

Intensive changes in social and economic conditions related to the development of labor markets and labor force require changes in the quality of training of specialists who possess not only special knowledge, but also certain qualities that ensure their competitiveness and professional mobility. This actualized the issue of modernizing the modern vocational and pedagogical education as a system of training teachers of vocational training, in particular, bachelors in the field of transport. The purpose of article is to analyse the theoretical and practical aspects of vocational and pedagogical training of future bachelors in the field of transport at the pedagogical institutions of higher education. Methods of research are analysis, systematization, observation and generalization. Results. It has been established that the vocational and pedagogical education of future bachelors in the field of transport is a special type of higher education, which is significantly different from the sectoral (engineering and technical, agricultural, economic) and actually pedagogical and is carried out in the system of vocational and pedagogical education. The specificity of vocational and pedagogical education consists in the training of staff for the implementation of educational programs of a professional orientation in the vocational education institutions of the I – II levels of accreditation. Conclusions. The key idea of integration and psychological and pedagogical training for the vocational and pedagogical education gives a possibility to prepare a professionally mobile specialist with the necessary qualifications. It is extremely important not to allow the priority of sectoral or pedagogical components in the content of vocational and pedagogical education, since both components are equivalents. In the near perspective of key tasks of vocational and pedagogical training are the implementation of integrated training of future bachelors in the field of transport; additional psychological and pedagogical training of graduates of specialized institutions of higher education or additional specialized training of graduates who have completed their studies in pedagogical institutions of higher education. We see further scientific studies in forecasting and projecting the development of the system of vocational and pedagogical education.

Evolución de los sistemas de producción ganaderos convencionales a diversificados en el trópico Mexicano

Cattle ranches in Mexico have demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt to changing economic, environmental, and social conditions. In a context where traditional cattle ranches were being replaced by conventional technologies, diversification has become a fundamental strategy to ensure their sustainability and resilience. The term “ranch” used to encompass various agribusiness units with different forms of ownership and management. However, today, a conventional cattle ranch is characterized by its focus on the core activity of grazing. The central objective of the article was to analyze the evolution of cattle ranches in Mexico, focusing on how diversification became a fundamental strategy to address challenges over time and adapt to changing economic, environmental, and social conditions. To achieve this, a bibliographic search and comprehensive analysis of the state of the art related to the organizational structure of cattle ranches were conducted. This process provided the necessary theoretical foundations for the conceptualization of cattle ranches based on their structure, diversity of functions, products, and activities. Ultimately, it was concluded that the evolution of cattle ranches in Mexico reflected their continuous adaptation to changing economic, environmental, and social conditions, with diversification being a key strategy to ensure the sustainability and resilience of livestock farms.

Forest fires social and climate change in Cyprus

Forest fires and wildfires are increasing in many regions of the world and give the big impact on the environment, local economies, livelihoods, and societies. Cyprus is an island member of the European Union in the south-eastern Mediterranean and it is severely affected by wild fires. The aim of this paper is to review the pertinent, recent literature (which although not exhaustive, identifies the main contributing factors) mostly in the Mediterranean region and to identify the variables that affect the rise in the number and intensity of forest fires, wildfires and how these variables are affecting Cyprus. This research was conducted by using statistical data made by the Cyprus Statistical Service. By compiling the data of climatology, demography, agricultural production, and forest fire incidents, some results were found. The increased forest fires were caused by the rise of the average annual mean temperature in the period of 1990-2021, the change in social conditions and agricultural land use with the urbanization of people living around the forest areas, and the conservative policies adopted by successive administrations with reference to forest management and conservation.