Refractive Status Research Articles

The Relationship between Myopia and Obesity in Adults.

To investigate the relationship between myopia and obesity through direct measurements of fat content. A cross-sectional study used a stratified, multistage survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010). Subjects 19 years or older (n = 10,305) were included. Participants were divided into three groups according to refractive status: myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -1.0 diopter [D]), emmetropia (-1.0 D < SE ≤ 1.0 D), and hyperopia (SE > 1.0 D). Obesity was investigated with assessment of fat mass and body mass index or waist circumference. Fat mass was measured with whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage was calculated as (total fat mass / body weight × 100). Higher obesity index was found in individuals with myopic eyes after adjustment for age, sex, education level, income status, physical activity, residence, and serum vitamin D level. The significant difference in total body fat percentages among myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was significant in the young age group (19-39 years, p < 0.05) but not in the middle age group (40-64 years) and the old age group (≥65 years). Individuals with a higher percentage of total body fat had greater odds ratios for myopia (fourth quartile of body fat; odds ratio, 1.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.178-1.551). An association was found between adiposity and myopia in relatively young adults using direct measurements of fat mass.

Temporal evolution of sound pulse in shallow water under conditions of horizontal refraction. Vertical modes and space-time horizontal rays

As is known, to describe horizontal refraction in a shallow water waveguide, the “vertical modes and horizontal rays” approach (Burridge & Weinberg, 1974) is used, within which the two-dimensional eikonal equation for the modal amplitude includes the refractive index determined by the eigenvalues depending on the horizontal coordinates (x,y) and frequency (f). In other words, we have an effective two-dimensional inhomogeneous dispersive medium, to describe the propagation of signals in which, the authors propose to use the so-called space-time rays (Rytov, 1940, Connor & Felsen, 1974, Hillion, 1993) applied for the horizontal plane (STHR). The set of STHRs in a given situation is constructed for each mode. Within the framework of this approach, it is possible to obtain the evolution of the pulses of each mode from the solution of the nonstationary eikonal equation in the horizontal plane or from the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equations, obtained using non-local integral wave equation. Examples of constructing STHR in some typical situations (in particular in a wedge) are considered, some specific effects during signal propagation are considered, in particular, the so-called the pulse front tilt, previously discovered in laser optics (Bor & Rasz, 1985). Work was supported by ISF, grant 946/20.

Response of mineral particles in inland lakes to water optical properties and its influence on chlorophyll-a estimation.

Many chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) remote sensing estimation algorithms have been developed for inland water, and they are proposed always based on some ideal assumptions, which are difficult to meet in complex inland waters. Based on MIE scattering theory, this study calculated the optical properties of mineral particles under different size distribution and refractive index conditions, and the Hydrolight software was employed to simulate remote sensing reflectance in the presence of different mineral particles. The findings indicated that the reflectance is significantly influenced by the slope (j) of particle size distribution function and the imaginary part (n') of the refractive index, with the real part (n) having a comparatively minor impact. Through both a simulated dataset containing 18,000 entries and an in situ measured dataset encompassing 2183 data from hundreds of lakes worldwide, the sensitivities of band ratio (BR), fluorescence baseline height (FLH), and three-band algorithms (TBA) to mineral particles were explored. It can be found that BR showed the best tolerance to mineral particles, followed by TBA. However, when the ISM concentration is less than 30 g m-3, the influence of CDOM cannot be ignored. Additionally, a dataset of over 400 entries is necessary for developing the BR algorithm to mitigate the incidental errors arising from differences in data magnitude. And if the amount of developing datasets is less than 400 but greater than 200, the TBA algorithm is more likely to obtain more stable accuracy.

Clinical characteristics of acute acquired concomitant esotropia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis.

This study aimed to observe the clinical characteristics of acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) patients in recent five years and to examine the changes in the proportion of AACE cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A retrospective study included 148 patients who underwent strabismus correction surgery for AACE between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021. The study analyzed the changing proportion of AACE cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzed its clinical characteristics. Abnormalities in the worth 4 dot examination (both distance and near) were present in 134 cases (90.54%) before surgery, while 140 cases (94.59%) showed normal results after surgery. Near stereoacuity was present in 135 cases (91.22%). The near and distance deviations were (55.01 ± 18.77) PD and (57.30 ± 17.64) PD, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two (p = 0.279). There were significant differences in the ratio of refractive status among different age groups (p < 0.001), while no statistically significant difference was observed in the ratio of refractive status for near deviation (p = 0.085) or distance deviation (p = 0.116). The proportion of AACE cases after the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly higher than that before the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.042). There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical characteristics between the two groups (p > 0.05). Myopia is the most common refractive status in AACE. More than half of patients had occupations that involved long hours of close work. The proportion of AACE cases increased significantly after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exemplifying practice-based research: the influence of age on myopia progression

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance The electronic storage of patient records and modern-day search engines present private practitioners with a unique opportunity to extract valuable data for investigative research purposes. However, practitioners seldom harness this resource and consequently a vast repository of clinical data remains largely unexplored. Background This study, based on real-world data from an optometric practice, stands as an example of how clinicians can actively contribute to research. In doing so it underscores the role played by age in determining the rate of natural myopia progression. Methods A retrospective data analysis of the refractive status, age and optical correction type of participants, was conducted over six years. Forty-four participants were recruited (25 contact lens and 19 spectacle wearers), with a presenting age varying from 5 to 20 years (median, 11 years). Non-cycloplegic, monocular foveal refractions were completed using a ShinNippon open-field autorefractor, corroborated with subjective refraction. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was calculated for the participants’ initial visit (baseline measure) and for a six-year follow-up visit (progression measure), with myopia progression defined as the difference between these measures. Statistical analyses were computed using Decision Tree Analysis, with a significance level set at 95%. Results The participant age at first visit exerted a significant influence on natural myopia progression over the assessment period (F 1,42 = 17.11, p < 0.001). Individuals aged ≤ 10 years had approximately twice the myopic progression (mean, −2.27 D) of those aged > 10 years (mean, −1.13 D). Neither degree of myopia at the initial visit nor optical correction type had a significant effect on progression (p > 0.05). Conclusions Utilizing the advantage of small real-world data samples, the benefit of research by private practitioners was demonstrated, providing evidence that the age at which a child first presents for an eye examination is highly influential in determining their rate of myopia progression.

Alterations in Ocular Biometrics Following Ahmed Valve Implantation

Purpose: We assessed changes in ocular biometrics following Ahmed valve implantation.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 76 eyes of 76 glaucoma patients who underwent Ahmed valve implantation; these patients were followed up for 6 months. Preoperative data, including age, intraocular pressure (IOP), refractive status, axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior and posterior keratometry, were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively.Results: The mean IOP exhibited a significant reduction from 39.17 ± 14.06 mmHg preoperatively to 11.43 ± 3.25 mmHg (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), 13.18 ± 4.64 mmHg (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and 12.95 ± 4.37 mmHg (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. Furthermore, the axial length exhibited a significant post-surgery reduction, measuring 23.74 ± 2.01 mm preoperatively and 23.48 ± 1.86 mm (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), 23.57 ± 1.94 mm (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and 23.61 ± 1.98 mm (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002) at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in various other parameters, such as anterior and posterior keratometry, refractive status, ACA, ACD, or ACV, at 6 months post-surgery (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05).Conclusions: Ahmed valve implantation resulted in a significant reduction in axial length. Furthermore, it had transient but non-significant effects on keratometry, refractive status, ACA, ACD, and ACV at 6 months after surgery.

Scleral remodeling during myopia development in mice eyes: a potential role of thrombospondin-1

BackgroundScleral extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling plays a crucial role in the development of myopia, particularly in ocular axial elongation. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), also known as TSP-1, is a significant cellular protein involved in matrix remodeling in various tissues. However, the specific role of THBS1 in myopia development remains unclear.MethodWe employed the HumanNet database to predict genes related to myopic sclera remodeling, followed by screening and visualization of the predicted genes using bioinformatics tools. To investigate the potential target gene Thbs1, we utilized lens-induced myopia models in male C57BL/6J mice and performed Western blot analysis to detect the expression level of scleral THBS1 during myopia development. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of scleral THBS1 knockdown on myopia development through AAV sub-Tenon’s injection. The refractive status and axial length were measured using a refractometer and SD-OCT system.ResultsDuring lens-induced myopia, THBS1 protein expression in the sclera was downregulated, particularly in the early stages of myopia induction. Moreover, the mice in the THBS1 knockdown group exhibited alterations in myopia development in both refraction and axial length changed compared to the control group. Western blotting analysis confirmed the effectiveness of AAV-mediated knockdown, demonstrating a decrease in COLA1 expression and an increase in MMP9 levels in the sclera.ConclusionOur findings indicate that sclera THBS1 levels decreased during myopia development and subsequent THBS1 knockdown showed a decrease in scleral COLA1 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that THBS1 plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of scleral extracellular matrix, and the reduction of THBS1 may promote the remodeling process and then affect ocular axial elongation during myopia progression.

Insights into the rotational stability of toric intraocular lens implantation: diagnostic approaches, influencing factors and intervention strategies.

Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) have been developed to enhance visual acuity impaired by cataracts and correct corneal astigmatism. However, residual astigmatism caused by postoperative rotation of the toric IOL is an important factor affecting visual quality after implantation. To decrease the rotation of the toric IOL, significant advancements have been made in understanding the characteristics of toric IOL rotation, the factors influencing its postoperative rotation, as well as the development of various measurement techniques and interventions to address this issue. It has been established that factors such as the patient's preoperative refractive status, biological parameters, surgical techniques, postoperative care, and long-term management significantly impact the rotational stability of the toric IOL. Clinicians should adopt a personalized approach that considers these factors to minimize the risk of toric IOL rotation and ensure optimal outcomes for each patient. This article reviews the influence of various factors on toric IOL rotational stability. It discusses new challenges that may be encountered to reduce and intervene with rotation after toric IOL implantation in the foreseeable future.

CAN RIGID GAS PERMEABLE (RGP) CONTACT LENS BE THE BEST OPTION FOR A KERATOCONUS PATIENT?

Introduction : Keratoconus is a condition of cone-shaped cornea caused by stromal thinning. This disorder leads to visual disturbance due to irregular astigmatism, myopia, and corneal protrusion. A severe irregular astigmatism must be corrected by rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses.&#x0D; Case Illustration : A 29 y.o female visited Ophthalmologist Clinic Subdivision of Refraction, Contact Lens, and Low Vision in RSKMM Provinsi Sumsel, complaining of discomfort while using her current glasses. Anamnesis, physical examination, and ophthalmologic examination were carried out. The patient then was maximally corrected of her refractive status, followed by contact lenses fitting and post- fitting evaluation.&#x0D; Discussion : Early ophthalmologic examination showed visual acuity of 6/60 ph 6/9 on both eyes. Corneal topography evaluation confirmed pattern of bilateral keratoconus, each 78% on right eye and 87% of left eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 using S-3.50 C-7.00 180? (right eye) and S-4.00 C-6.00 170? (left eye). RGP fitting test was carried with trial lenses of S-4.00 D for both eyes with both base curve of 7.2 mm and diameter of 9.2 mm. Over-refraction showed result of S-3.50 D (right eye) and S-3.75 D (left eye) for both eyes to reach visual acuity of 6/6 and for patient to feel comfortable.&#x0D; Conclusion : While some period of adaptation was needed, severe keratoconus should be treated using RGP contact lenses to achieve a better prognosis. Accurate fitting test of RGP resulting in comfortable and satisfied outcome of patient.

Anatomical and Functional Outcomes of Management Pediatric Retinal Detachment with High Myopia and History of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Case Report

Introduction : To report the anatomical and functional outcomes of management of pediatric retinal detachment in children with high myopia and a history of retinopathy of prematurity.&#x0D; Case Illustration : A 9-year-old boy had a sudden visual loss two months ago. The complaint is accompanied by photopsia and floaters. No history of trauma or infection. He had a history of myopia (S-6.00) and ROP in both eyes. The VA of the right eye was no light perception, and the left eye was 1/60. A retinal detachment with the macula off was discovered in the posterior examination. The axial length was 21 mm. He underwent a scleral buckle with vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for his left eye. After surgery, the visual acuity was 3/60 with the retina attached. Re- detachment was found three weeks after surgery. The patient was scheduled for a second phacoemulsification and vitrectomy surgery. One month later, the best visual acuity reaches 6/48 with S -8.00 D on his left eye. The complication of high intraocular pressure (IOP) after surgery was managed successfully.&#x0D; Discussion :&#x0D; Conclusion : Management of retinal detachment cases in children is challenging. Hence, a thorough understanding is crucial in order to achieve anatomical and functional success. Myopia in ROP eyes was mainly lenticular, with an alteration in the anterior chamber that contributed to the patient's refractive status change. We encourage preterm patients to have regular follow-up not only for refractive status but also for structural changes in the anterior segment until adolescence.

Temporal trend of anisometropia incidence in Chinese school-aged children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To analyze and compare the temporal trends in the incidence of anisometropia among Chinese school-aged children both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the incidence of anisometropia. We conducted a retrospective study comprising six distinct and independent longitudinal cohorts, each including children aged 6 to 13 years who visited the Joint Shantou International Eye Center between January 2010 and December 2021. Children were grouped into cohorts based on the year of their first eye clinic visit: 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, or 2020. Only children without anisometropia at initial visits, followed for 18 ± 6 months, were included. The cumulative incidence and risk factors of anisometropia were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on sex, age groups, initial refractive error status, and initial interocular SE difference. Anisometropic children were further categorized into myopic and non-myopic, with subsequent subgroup analyses conducted. Of 11,235 children were recruited from six cohorts (2010: n = 1,366; 2012: n = 1,708; 2014: n = 1,896; 2016: n = 2,354; 2018: n = 2,514; 2020: n = 1,397), 869 children developed anisometropia during a mean follow-up of 17.5 ± 3.7 months. After adjustment of confounding factors, we found that the risk of anisometropia remained relatively stable before 2020 but significantly increased in the 2020 cohort (adjusted HR 2.93, 95% CI 2.23 to 3.86; p < 0.001). This trend persisted in studies of spherical anisometropia (adjusted HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.60 to 3.97; p < 0.001) and cylindrical anisometropia (adjusted HR 2.91, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.62; p < 0.001). Older age and a greater initial difference in SE between the two eyes were also significantly associated with a higher risk of developing anisometropia (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses consistently showed increased risk in the 2020 cohort. This study reveals a concerning rise in anisometropia incidence among Chinese school-aged children during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the worrisome rise in anisometropia risk during the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasize the importance of early detection and management to safeguard children's visual health.

Proptosis in Adult Onset of Unilateral High Myopia Patient : A Case Report

Introduction : Unilateral high myopia is an uncommon refractive condition, because two eyes typically grow bilaterally by the same amount and resulting in symmetric myopia. Proptosis can appeared due to high axial length in myopia.&#x0D; Case Illustration : A 41-year-old female patient complain protruding eyeball in her left eye, gradually decrease vision, eye discomfort, and headache in her left eye since last year. There was no family history of eye disease, trauma or mass. On examination, her left eye was proptotic 3mm, best corrected visual acquity (BCVA) was 6/21 with -10.00 Sphere, and high intraocular pressure 23 mmhg. Her right eye BCVA 6/6 with -2.75 Sphere, other within normal limits. Her fundus examination showed features of high myopia and B-scan ultrasonographic showed different in axial lengths in both eyes. Orbita computerized tomography non contrast confirmed enlarge globe to posterior and proptotic in left eye.&#x0D; Discussion : Unilateral high myopia developing in adult onset is a rare case. It appears to be a progressive condition that have a variable age of onset. Amblyopic eye, high intraocular pressure and proptosis demonstrated as the symptoms of unilateral high myopia in this patient. Left eye proptosis confirmed by CT orbita appears secondary due to elongation anteroposterior of the globe / changesin axial components of the eye.&#x0D; Conclusion : High myopia can be a consideration of proptotic eye beside of mass/ tumor. Several studies to investigate patients with unilateral high myopia should be done to know the etiology and progression of the disease, thus can achieve good treatment and visual outcomes for patient.

Amblyogenic risk factors and validity of vision screening using spot-screener among kindergarten children in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.

The purpose of the study was to present the outcomes of vision and amblyogenic risk factor (ARF) screening in kindergarten children in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. In this cross-sectional study, an optometrist conducted first-level screening in a kindergarten using a spot screener (Welch Allyn) in 2023. Refractive status and ocular alignment were evaluated. The visual acuity of each eye was measured. Those who failed the first screening or had impaired vision were re-evaluated at the second level of screening by an optometrist and pediatric ophthalmologist. Those who failed the screening in Kindergarten were referred to a pediatric ophthalmology clinic for confirmation and management (third level of screening). We screened 222 children (mean age: 5.9 ± 0.4 years, 111 boys). A total of 59 (26.6%) children failed the spot vision screening test. A vision screening test by an optometrist identified 58 (26.1%) children with impaired vision. Refractive errors (REs) for children who failed the spot screener included hyperopia in 4 (6.7%) children, high myopia (>6.00 D) in 2 (3.4%) children, and astigmatism in 53 (89.83%) children. Compared to the evaluation by optometrists and pediatric ophthalmologists at KGs, spot screening had 0.845 sensitivity and 0.939 specificity. Validity parameters differed for RE, vision impairment, amblyopia, and strabismus. Seventy-one (31.98%) children were referred for third-level screening, but only 32 (44.4%) children attended, and among them, the prevalence of amblyopia was 25%. The high prevalence of amblyopia and undetected ARFs necessitate establishing annual vision screening among 3- to 5-year-old children in the study area.

Refractive status of patients attending the eye clinic at Fallujah Teaching Hospital in Iraq

Refractive status of patients attending the eye clinic at Fallujah Teaching Hospital in Iraq

Associations between Ocular Biometry, Refractive Error, and Body Characteristics

Myopia is a refractive error widely spread throughout the world, usually related to excessive axial length (AL) of the eye. This elongation could have severe consequences, even leading to blindness. However, AL varies among subjects, and it may be correlated with other anthropometric parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between AL, body height, refractive error, and sex. A total of 72 eyes of 36 myopic participants with a mean age of 11.1 ± 1.42 years (ranging from 8 to 14 years) were included in the study. Participants underwent objective refraction by NVision-K5001, AL measurement by Topcon MYAH biometer, and body height measurement. Significant correlations were observed between AL, body height, and spherical equivalent (SE) (Spearman’s correlation, all p ≤ 0.016). When participants were grouped by AL, significant differences were observed for body height and SE, and when grouped by height percentile, significant differences were observed for AL and SE (Kruskal–Wallis test, all p ≤ 0.006). There was a significant difference in SE, AL, and body height between genders (Mann–Whitney U test, all p ≤ 0.038). AL relates to the refractive state of the eye and is also influenced by individual anatomical characteristics.

Krótkowzroczność i zez u dzieci

Myopia is the refractive state of the eye when light rays are focused in front of the retina and is typically associated with axial elongation. Myopia in children can coexist with disorders of alignment and mobility of the eyeballs, with strabismus. The study discusses the aetiology of both diseases, symptoms, diagnostics and management. Diagnosis of myopia and strabismus requires a specialized panel of various tests, taking into account the state of the vision organ condition in child, the age of the patient and the possibility of cooperation with him. Strabismus associated with myopia is often a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge for the ophthalmologist. The treatment of myopia and strabismus includes conservative, pharmacological and surgical management. Strabismus surgery includes classical methods, their modifications and new surgical techniques, introduced in the recent years. Children treated for myopia and strabismus require systematic ophthalmological/ strabological control.

Effects of brightness variations on a smartphone-based version of Radner reading charts.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the equivalence of smartphone-based measurements of near visual acuity under different screen brightness conditions with a standard near visual acuity test. On a sample of 85 participants, we have evaluated near visual acuity with a smartphone-based version of the Radner reading chart at three distinct screen brightness levels. Results have been compared with those obtained with classical Radner paper charts. We have found that, when a sufficient screen brightness is employed, the smartphone-based version of the Radner reading chart produces results that are in line with the paper Radner charts while low brightness levels lead to a significant underestimation of reading acuities. This result was consistent across different refractive conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that handheld devices, such as smartphones, can be potentially exploited for remote measurements of near visual acuity provided a correct control of brightness screen is employed.

The impact of light properties on ocular growth and myopia development.

The objective of this article is to comprehensively review the effect of environmental lighting on ocular growth and refractive status in both animal and clinical studies, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. This review was performed by searching research articles and reviews utilizing the terms "myopia," "light therapy," "axial length," "refractive error," and "emmetropization" in PubMed datasets. The review was finalized in December 2023. In the animal studies, high lighting brightness, illumination periods aligning with circadian rhythm, and color contrast signals including multiple wavelengths all help regulate ocular growth against myopia. Long wavelengths have been found to induce myopia in chicks, mice, fish, and guinea pigs, whereas shorter wavelengths lead to hyperopia. In contrast, red light has been observed to have a protective effect against myopia in tree shrews and rhesus monkeys. Apart from wavelength, flicker status also showed inconsistent effects on ocular growth, which could be attributed to differences in ocular refractive status, evolutionary disparities in retinal cone cells across species, and the selection of myopia induction models in experiments. In the clinical studies, current evidence suggests a control effect with red light therapy. Although the lighting conditions diverge from those in animal experiments, further reports are needed to assess the long-term effects. In conclusion, this review encompasses research related to the impact of light exposure on myopia and further explores the retinoscleral signaling pathway in refractive development. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for optimizing environmental factors in lighting design to address the epidemic of childhood myopia.

Refractive status seen amongst school pupils with vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Jos East Local Government Area of Plateau State, North - Central Nigeria [Letter

Refractive status seen amongst school pupils with vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Jos East Local Government Area of Plateau State, North - Central Nigeria [Letter

Perfect adjustable absorber based on Dirac semi-metal high sensitivity four-band high frequency detection

In this paper, we propose a highly sensitive, four-band, high-frequency detector with a perfectly tunable absorber based on Dirac semimetals. The design architecture relies on a simple rectangular shape, with absorption rates approaching 100 % at f1 = 9.644 THz, f2 = 9.964 THz, f3 = 11.12 THz, and f4 = 12.432 THz. The symmetric structure exhibits polarization incoherence. Impedance calculations through parameter inversion confirm the occurrence of perfect absorption in the resonance region. By adjusting key parameters of the absorber and modifying the Fermi level of BDS, we demonstrate the absorber's excellent tunability and manufacturing tolerance. Lastly, exploring its sensitivity by altering the external refractive index reveals a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 560 GHz/RIU. Under changing refractive index conditions, the overall absorption rate of the absorber remains above 0.94. In light of these findings, the absorber holds significant reference value in the fields of communication, sensing, and optoelectronic devices.