Conditions Of Membership Research Articles

Ministration of Sacraments - Early Church

Like other societies, the Christian Society has always had its conditions of membership, its 'terms of communion,' corresponding to its presuppositions and its aims. In considering these 'terms,' as they were understood in the ante-Nicene period of the history of the Church, there are obviously three subjects to be handled. First, the terms of admission to the fellowship of the Church. And, since Baptism is the door of entrance to Christian life, we have to enquire what were the conditions on which Baptism was bestowed. Secondly, since what was required of candidates for Baptism was no passing disposition but the permanent attitude of the Christian life, and continuance in the Christian fellowship was, therefore, conditional upon the continued observance of the original terms of admission, and the grave violation of them involved the suspension of membership, in other words, excommunication; we have to consider the conditions under which excommunication was incurred.

Politics of peoplehood: The birth of a new nation?

The political legitimation of nation states traditionally tended to claim homogeneity requirements that often exclude large sections of population. Taking this account of the traditional correspondence between nationality and state as a backdrop, I will attempt to sketch a new conception of peoplehood not based on class, race or religious membership, but on the acceptance of manifold social differences and on the construction of new belonging models. Basically I will suggest the exploration of new avenues of political research about the future of the nation with the following main goals: a) to argue for the persistence of differences among the members of a society at a global scale as a positive feature able to remove deep prejudices and biased views about the others, b) to highlight the prejudices that the neoliberal frame of the EU has supposed in the West Balkans area and c) to criticize the ideological resistance stemming from the idea of a nation state that usually turns down the birth of new nations in history as the result of wrongly solved conflicts. My claim for a politics of peoplehood as a regular source of conflicts and demands, which shouldn?t be viewed as a civil failure or breakdown, will be especially inspired by some texts from Seyla Benhabib, Slavoj Zizek and Lea Ypi focusing on the necessary updates that the conditions of membership and political participation ought to include in our current times.

Earning Social Citizenship in the European Union: Free Movement and Access to Social Assistance Benefits Reconstructed

AbstractWhile ideas on ‘earned citizenship’ have been around in discussions on the coexistence of freedom of movement and nationally-bounded welfare states in the European Union, both the concept and the process it entails have hardly been explored in connection to EU (case) law. This contribution identifies earned citizenship as a technique of government in the broader political strategy of neoliberal communitarianism, requiring Union citizens to ‘earn’ access to the welfare system through an emphasis on their individual responsibility to fulfil the economic, social and cultural conditions of membership. Analysing economically inactive Union citizens’ access to social assistance benefits, it argues that earned citizenship has been visible since the Court’s early citizenship jurisprudence, but has been reconstructed with the recentDano-line of case law.

PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE WTO MECHANISMS APPLICATION TO PROTECT THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the issue of applying by Ukraine of mechanisms developed in the legal framework by the World Trade Organization to protect the internal market in order to prepare appropriate recommendations to state power authorities empowered to carry out trade policy. Methodology. The study is based on studying the experience of Ukraine to revise its commitments on tariff lines for the first three-year period after the accession to the WTO, as well as on the analysis of the most resonant steps to protect the internal market taken by Ukraine and the consequences of these steps. Result. The issue of applying by Ukraine of tools developed by the World Trade Organization to protect the interests of national producers has been described in this article. The situation of the use by Ukraine of a right to review the conditions of membership in the WTO has been reviewed step by step starting from the studying of this issue within the country and to the statements by the Government not to use this feature. All the stages of the process of using the possibility to revise the conditions of membership in the WTO have been analyzed as well as the mistakes that led to the absence of the desired result in the end. Also, the basic tools of protection of the domestic market in the WTO system, such as anti-dumping investigation and the investigation concerning the subsidized imports has been considered The dynamics of the use of such investigations by all WTO member countries since the establishment of the WTO, with particular emphasis on the period of the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 has been reviewed. The number of successful investigations led to the application of certain protective measures also has been determined. The risks that arise in the absence of the Government of Ukraine steps to improve the efficiency of representation of interests in the WTO have been analyzed. Recommendations improving the use of WTO mechanisms to protect domestic producers have been offered. Changes in the legislative framework of Ukraine, which will help to improve the practice of defending the interests of national producers in compliance with WTO rules, have been proposed. Special attention is paid to the issues under discussion by WTO committees and the impact that will have the decisions taken in these committees on the WTO member countries. The main objectives of participation of WTO member countries in the work of these committees have been systemized and the main benefits of active participation in their work have been indicated. The practical significance. The data obtained can be used by public authorities of both Ukraine and other countries that have recently acceded to the WTO in order to improve the use of institutions and mechanisms created by this organization for the realization of their national economic interests. The same analysis of the experience of the first attempts to revise by Ukraine of its commitments to the WTO will be useful during the second revision of the conditions which, according to the rules of the WTO, occurs every three years.

BUSINESS REPUTATION AS A NEW COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF RUSSIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES IN FOREIGN MARKETS

The latest tendencies in the development of the global and Russian metals sectors are identified under the new eco­nomic conditions of Russian membership in WTO. The positive and negative impact of Russia’s accession into the WTO on the Russian metals sector are analyzed. The importance of forming and utilizing the new competitive advantages for the Russian metals sector is discussed given the fact that the cost of production of the Russian metals products is increasing and the traditional competitive advantages of this sector are diminished. A new competitive advantage is suggested (enter­prise reputation and goodwill) for effective management which would lead to sustaining the long term competitiveness of the Russian metals products.

„Nie taka Unia straszna, jak ją malują”?

‘The Union’s not so black as it’s painted’? The state of the European integration and the future of the European Union in the eyes of Poles. The qualitative analysis Debate on Polish membership in the European Union has started almost immediately after 1989. Closer to the membership negotiations and enlargement – it became more concrete even though concentrated predominantly on the conditions of membership. Even after the membership the debate on the European integration concentrated on the benefits and costs of membership. Secondly, the impact of the integration on functioning of Polish – still young and fragile – democracy in Poland was debated. Thirdly, the axiological dimension of the debate focuses on how the European integration will impact the value system in Poland. There was only little interest of the future of integration, and the debate rather focused on what would be the benefits for the country. The main aim of this article is to present how today – ten years after the enlargement – issues connected with the European integration are debated by the ordinary citizens. The special focus will be put on how they perceive the future of the European integration in the context of economic crisis in Europe.

The Key Factors, Determining the Industrial Development of Russia under the Conditions of Membership in the WTO

Abstract The modern economy is developing under the influence of a number of trends. One of the key trends is globalization. It is not only essential content. It consists in the formation of a single world economic space. Globalization also has the legal consolidation. In the framework of international organizations is the formation of a unified global institutional rules regulating economic activity. One such organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). Russia is a member of this organization. Accession to the WTO changed the composition of the factors influencing the development of Russian industry. The article analyzes the impact of the fact of WTO membership on the industry in Russia. Consider these areas influence the WTO industrial production, as a change in the competitive situation in the market, restrictions in the use of previously used instruments of state support of the industry, the liberalization of cross-border movement of financial resources, the availability of credit for industry and others. It is concluded that the need to adjust strategies for the development of industrial enterprises and state industrial policy in Russia. In the new environment industry in Russia on world markets should move from competition through lower prices to compete by introducing new technologies and improving product quality.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE DEMOKRASİ: HALK GÖRÜŞLERİ ANALİZLERİ

Democracy, which is considered as the most advanced form of governance, is conceived as a harmonisation effort in reconciling of unity and diversity, freedom and solidarity in administration. Democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights have been designated as primary aims of European integration from the very beginning. To be a European state and to be a democratic state are the two main conditions of membership since the early days of the integration. The Union, established by states considered as most advanced with respect to democratic administration, has nevertheless started to be questioned due to the lack of democracy. Eurobarometer investigations of the Commission serve to eliminate this deficit and to bring the EU closer to its aim of making decisions in harmony with the choices of EU citizens. Steps towards a democratic Europe, better harmonised and united, can only be successful with the approval and confidence of EU citizens. Although there are economic and social criticisms, European citizens still have a positive image about the EU. This study analyses the public opinion on EU's democracy. Keywords: Democracy, EU Democratic deficit, European citizenship, Public opinion

Toleration and Democratic Membership

This essay examines John Locke’s engagement with monsters as a question of toleration in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Recounting a monster’s birth as a case of uncertain identity, Locke endorses a provisional form of judgment. I compare this response with Michel de Montaigne’s treatment of monsters in his Essays in order to highlight a politics of imagination and reason relevant to political judgment and toleration. Montaigne alerts us to significant silences in Locke’s treatment of monsters that reveal unrecognized dimensions of his tolerationist position in the Essay. The provisional judgment forwarded by each thinker resituates toleration from epistemological questions of identity toward various practices of acknowledgment as theorized by Stanley Cavell. Some of these practices of acknowledgement, I contend, are better suited to the conditions of democratic membership.

Dynamic heterogeneous team formation for robotic urban search and rescue

Much work on coalition formation and maintenance exists from the standpoint of abstract agents. This has not yet translated well to robot teams, however: most multi-robot research has focused on pre-formed teams, with little attention to team formation and maintenance. This means solutions fail in challenging environments where equipment is easily lost, such as urban search and rescue. This paper describes a framework for coordinating a changing collection of heterogeneous robots in complex and dynamic environments such as disaster zones. The framework allows a team to reshape to compensate for lost or failed robots, including adding newly-encountered robots or additions from other teams, and also allows new teams to be formed dynamically. The framework also includes provisions for task discovery and assignment, under the conditions of changing team membership. We evaluate this framework through an implementation where robots perform exploration in order to locate victims in a simulated disaster environment.

Development of Russian copper industry under the conditions of the World Trade Organization membership

The article concerns the influence of the obligations undertaken by Russian Federation upon the World Trade Organization accession, on the development of the national copper industry. The main aim of the research is to evaluate if the overall concepts of positive influence of the WTO accession on Russian metallurgy are true for the copper industry. The article reveals the analysis of the factors that determine the development of the stated industry as well as the risks that come from the changes of the business environment. The overall influence of the market drivers on the industry is considered in order to support the assumption that the factors specific for the copper industry can significantly compensate the forecasted general positive influence of the WTO accession on nonferrous metallurgy and moreover: the associated risks will lead to unbalancing of the industry development in the middle and long term perspective. In this regard, as the results of the research the authors expect that the industry development will depend on the world copper market situation even to a greater degree. The copper market in its turn has been following the downwards trend in the last years. The results of this work can be applied to the production strategy development by the companies of the industry as well as become a basis of the analysis of regional economic systems stability.

The Effectiveness of European Union Enlargement Policy and its Limitations: the Case of Serbia

Euroscepticism prevalent in the Member states is also discovered among the candidate countries. Serbia is one of the biggest eurosceptic countries where public support for EU membership has radically dropped over the recent years. Although the process of joining the EU is not called into question by itself, the conditions of membership are not seen as legitimate among majority of citizens. In the light of these facts, the article examines factors, which explain the success of Europeanization. The article indicates that legitimacy of the EU, identification with EU’s values and resonance between the normative approach of the EU and the domestic institutional design in candidate country are essential mechanisms of Europeanization. However, these conditions in Serbia are not dominant due to inconsistency of the EU’s enlargement policy in Serbia. The changing nature of the EU‘s enlargement policy and new requirements have contributed to increasing scepticism among the Serbian public about the worthiness of the EU membership. Moreover, the EU’s conditions contradict with Serbia’s long-term political tradition and institutional practice. In this way, the EU faces with incompatibility of accession conditions and political culture in Serbia. For this reason conditionality is no longer a viable strategy that impacts the attitudes of Serbian society towards the EU. In order to increase the legitimacy of European integration process the EU should embrace and invest more in socialisation measures targeted at the public. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.12.3.5154

Technical regulation at construction of sports complexes in the conditions of membership of Russia in the World Trade Organization

Аннотация В преддверии Зимних Олимпийских игр 2014 года в г. Сочи встала серьезная проблема строительства спортивных сооружений, в том числе спортивно-оздоровительных комплексов с учетом Федерального закона «О техническом регулировании», предписывающего использование технических регламентов. Целью работы является анализ вопросов подготовки и внедрения техни-ческих регламентов при строительстве спортивно-оздоровительных комплексов в условиях вступ-ления России во Всемирную Торговую организацию, требования которой в отношении спортивных сооружений несколько отличаются от принятых СНиПов и ГОСТов. Рассмотрены информацион-ные базы стандартов, обеспечивающих безопасность спортивно-оздоровительных комплексов. Проанализированы проблемы переходного периода от существующей технической документации к техническим регламентам в процессе действия государственных инспектирующих организаций. Внесены предложения по требованиям, включаемым в технические регламенты на строительство спортивно-оздоровительных комплексов по различным видам спорта с учетом особенностей нор-мативов ВТО. Предложена процедура оценивания соответствия спортивных зданий и сооружений конкретным требованиям в условиях функционирования России в ВТО [1]. Ключевые слова

“Partitioning the Sensible” at Park 51: Rancière, Islamophobia, and Common Politics

Abstract: This paper uses Jacques Rancière's conception of the partition of the sensible to interrogate the aesthetic regimes and spatial coordinates that animated public debate about Park 51—the Islamic community center near the World Trade Center site in Manhattan. Understanding conflicts over mosques as potential struggles over the conditions of membership in a community, I suggest that many of the arguments in favor of Park 51 reinforced a partition of the sensible in which Islamophobia could resonate. At stake in these debates—which turned on different understandings of the distance that separated the proposed center from the WTC site—is the relationship between American Muslims and the narratives of trauma constructed around the September 11th attacks. I conclude by exploring the projects proposed by Park 51 organizers as potential sites of everyday micropolitics that could subtly “jolt” existing orders in the interest of reconfiguring the “common sense” of a community.

Nation‐freezing: images of the nation and the migrant in citizenship packages

ABSTRACT.New nationalism differs from classical nationalism in terms of its content and focus. Whereas classical nationalism distinguishes itself from other nation‐states in defining its national identity, new nationalism distinguishes the ‘native’ national identity from that of its current and prospective citizens of migrant origin. The terms of integration thus become conditions of membership in the national community. Citizenship and integration policies emerge as central arenas where the discourse of new nationalism unfolds. This study looks into the discourses of cultural citizenship by studying the content of the official ‘citizenship packages’ – materials designed to welcome newcomers and assist them in their integration – in three Western European countries: The Netherlands, France and the UK. What images are depicted of the nation‐state and the migrant in citizenship packages, and (how) do these images freeze the nation?

A Critique of Late Prehistoric Systematics in the Middle Ohio River Valley

Most extant classification schemes for the Late Prehistoric period (LP) in the Middle Ohio River Valley (MORV) are typological and extensionally derived. Typological schemes create artificially sharp breaks among types. Implicitly constructed types rely on an essentialist ontology and a belief in a discoverable, emic reality. Most LP classificatory units in the MORV are inherited from James B. Griffin's early Culture-History work. These units, and others similarly based on the Southwestern Type-Variety system, are not designed for any particular purpose yielding unknowable relations among classes and to proposed explanations. Further, absence of explicit conditions of class membership and conflation of description of empirical groups with definition of ideological classes hampers comparisons and the study of change. Review of extant type descriptions illustrates these and other failings. Classification is necessary, but each class needs an explicit definition and purpose. We suggest that explicit, paradigmatic classes (sensu Dunnell, 1971b) need to replace types, phases, and other units that have been the norm.

Группа органов банковского надзора по оффшорам как механизм международно-правового регулирования деятельности оффшорных финансовых центров

This article discusses the conditions of membership and participation in The Offshore Group of Banking Supervisors (OGBS), its activities and objectives, as well as cooperation in international initiatives in the area of legal regulation of offshore financial centers.

Conditions of Membership How India Could Appoint a Judge to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Conditions of Membership How India Could Appoint a Judge to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Becoming a baker in the Ottoman town of Rodosçuk (1546-1552): A textual analysis of the records of designation

AbstractIn the history of Ottoman institutions, their roots in a “timeless Islamic culture and mentality” have been emphasized to such an extent that Ottoman state institutions appear as perfectly defined and applied ideals and myths rather than real entities. The myth of Ottoman guilds controlling all of the empires economic activities is one of these. As court records, which show the details of the guilds' functioning, as well as other relevant records have been examined more often after the 1980s, a new image of institutional change has emerged, and the myth of continuity has been challenged. For the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, numerous sources demonstrate transformations in various local guilds; however, for the first half of the sixteenth century, from which scarcer records have survived, it is more difficult to disprove the myth of the guilds' static nature. In this study, I analyze the court records of Rodosçuk in order to explicate the type of changes that occurred in craft organizations between 1546 and 1552. The textual analysis of the designation records of bakers and other documents concerning the crafts help to bring to light modifications to the conditions of membership of the bakers' guild by 1551, challenging the assumed myth of the monopoly over membership, or the professional restrictions on crafts.

Toward a political conception of human rights

Human rights have become a wider and more visible feature of our political discourse, yet many have also noted the great discrepancy between the human rights invoked in this discourse and traditional philosophical accounts that conceive of human rights as natural rights. This article explores an alternative approach in which human rights are conceived primarily as international norms aimed at securing the basic conditions of membership or inclusion in a political society. Central to this `political conception' of human rights is the idea of human rights as special (in contrast to general) rights that individuals possess in virtue of specific associative relations they stand in to one another. This view is explored and defended through a critical review of four recent political conceptions — Michael Ignatieff, John Rawls, Thomas Pogge and Joshua Cohen.