Conditions Of Exclusion Research Articles

Enduring the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Imperatives in the Defense of Black Lives in Brazil

For the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil and the United States were both under the rule of right-wing conservatives who focused on the pandemic’s impact on the economy, pushing for a reopening of “business as usual” while disregarding the deadly impact of COVID-19 on those considered essential workers. In light of racialized colonial legacies, the large majority of this labor force are people of color, who belong to the most vulnerable sectors of the population. In both countries, Black and Indigenous peoples have been disproportionally bearing the brunt of this pandemic in comparison to whites. This article illustrates how Black communities in Brazil have crafted strategies and created alliances in order to overcome the challenges posed by the pandemic. Afro-Brazilians resist and provide alternative responses to the barriers posed by decades of colonial violence and state negligence, which set up complex and layered preexisting structural conditions of socioeconomic exclusion and disenfranchisement. Moreover, this article provides a critical framework for understanding the pedagogies of everyday resistance and the multifaceted strategies communities have forged in order to survive and respond to the social and racial impact of the pandemic.

Gel-permeation chromatography as a method for monitoring transformations of heavy petroleum fractions during secondary oil refining

A rapid and easy to use method for monitoring transformations of heavy oil fractions during secondary processes of oil refining is proposed. The method is based on the study of changes in the molecular weight characteristics by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) using a refractometric detector. Optimal conditions for registration of the chromatograms (temperature, eluent consumption and its composition) were specified. Heptane, toluene, and toluene added with 1% and 5% of methanol were studied as eluents, the polarity indices being arranged in a series 0.2; 2.4; 2.43; 2.54. The effect of the nature of the solvent on the type of the product chromatogram is determined. It is shown that addition of a polar solvent to a nonpolar one increases the polarity index, reduces both the degree of association of petroleum molecules and adsorption on the gel. The most available toluene which meets the GPC requirements is chosen as an eluent. Addition of 1% CH3OH to the eluent promotes suppression of polyelectrolyte effects and adsorption. The revealed absence of the dependence of the retained volume and the type of chromatograms on the eluent flow rate and temperature indicates that separation is carried out under conditions of exclusion and completely obeys the theory of exclusive liquid chromatography. The transformation of raw materials during a technological process of oil production at the JSC «ANKhK» was studied using the GPC method under above-mentioned chromatographic conditions. We have studied vacuum distillate of the primary oil refining unit ELOU+AVT-6 (VD) and the product of hydrocracking of the vacuum distillate of the 123PM unit (HVD). It is shown that determination of the molecular weight characteristics provides an important information about the behavior of technological processes. The HVD meets the requirements for hydrocracking products. A decrease in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in comparison with the raw feedstock is proved by the data of thin layer chromatography (TLC).

Using the capability approach to evaluate energy vulnerability policies and initiatives in Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT Energy vulnerability is a multi-dimensional, dynamic and context-specific phenomenon that poses a challenge for equity in energy transition policies. The Capability Approach (CA) is a normative framework focused on people’s opportunities and freedoms, used to address dimensions of social justice. Whereas the CA has been used to assess and measure conditions of poverty, exclusion and inequality, its application to evaluate policies is rare. Building on work that establishes being able to heat the home adequately as a secondary capability towards being able to lead a healthy life, this narrative review maps the conditions and processes that shape this secondary capability in Victoria, Australia. It also evaluates local policies and initiatives aimed at addressing energy vulnerability. The map identifies structural, geographical and cultural phenomena and feed-back loops and exposes a hierarchy of capabilities for vulnerable households that need to be satisfied. The policy review finds that current efforts focus on mitigating inequalities in resources with little evidence for outcomes in security or transformative agency. Future initiatives may give more attention to the satisfaction of the tertiary capability of being able to live in an energy efficient dwelling, customise solutions to the multitude and range of conditions and acknowledge the need of warmth throughout the home.

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Children's shyness and neural responses to social exclusion: Patterns of midfrontal theta power usually not observed until adolescence.

Adverse peer experiences, such as social exclusion, are known risks for socioemotional problems among shy youth. Yet, little is known about how shy children and adolescents process social exclusion in the brain and whether these responses are amplified in adolescence. Using the Cyberball task, we examined mediofrontal theta (4-7 Hz) event-related EEG spectral power during conditions of fair play and social exclusion in 122 participants (58 children, ages 10-12 years, and 64 adolescents, ages 14-17 years). Age effectsof the task showed that adolescents displayed heightened theta power to both outright rejection and baseline "not my turn" events, whereas children showed higher theta power to rejection compared with "not my turn" events. Further results on individual differences showed that children with relatively higher levels of shyness displayed enhanced theta power to both rejection and "not my turn" events-a pattern that also was observed in adolescents. These findings suggest that a pattern of heightened neural sensitivity to both outright social exclusion and threats of exclusion, which is the norm by adolescence, also is observed in children with higher levels of shyness. The similar neural response pattern might be driven by salient social motivations that similarly modify the social cognition and behaviors of these groups and might reflect neural antecedents of rejection sensitivity.

Precarious Citizens: Iraqi Jews and the Politics of Belonging

AbstractThis article examines the politics and practices of citizenship among Iraqi Jews, using one woman's life history to explore the dynamics of exile and belonging. In 1950–1951, the Iraqi government issued a law that stripped Iraqi Jews who had migrated to Israel of their citizenship. Iraqi citizenship laws and directives did not only define citizens and noncitizens but also emerged as a venue of internal differentiation. Ruling elites facilitated political closures and constructed internal others within the very category of the Iraqi citizen, whereby practices of denaturalization and deportation of citizens became forms of state and colonial governmentality. In Israel, Iraqi Jews faced systems of racialization since their Arabness was associated with the enemy and racial inferiority. Iraqi Jews found themselves entangled in structures of power that rendered their Arab Jewishness an unintelligible category. However, Iraqi Jews resisted these conditions of dispossession and exclusion, and asserted a notion of Iraqi citizenship based on political activism with the aim of writing themselves onto the Iraqi social and political landscapes. Their political activism—whether in Iraq, Israel, or the diaspora—became sites of resistance that carved new ideas about community and undermined formal and legal definitions of citizenship. [citizenship laws, exclusion, legal violence, exile]

An Introduction to Cite Black Women

AbstractIn this introduction to the special issue on Cite Black Women, Christen Smith describes the conditions of invisibility, exclusion, and silencing of Black women scholars in anthropology. Charting genealogical and biographical confluences, she describes the formation of the Cite Black Women collective, and the interventions imagined by the contributors to this special issue.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

With the emergence of new paradigms in social and labor relations, before the property or assets of a company are valued. However, today, in addition, it is also considered that knowledge (in innovations, technology, experience, trade secrets, among others) adds value to an institution. Therefore, this research seeks to detail the phenomenon of the knowledge economy, in job prospects, education, environment and innovation, in addition to relating this concept to the collection of recyclable materials. The problem question developed to initiate the reflections was: How is the knowledge economy related and positively influences work activities such as the collection of recyclable materials? The general objective, on the other hand, is to understand how knowledge, experience and innovations are configured as fundamental for the improvement of processes and work in industries and organizations, here, specifically, the recycling industry. The specific objectives are focused on: detailing the emergence of the concept of the “Knowledge Economy”; understand how the knowledge economy relates to aspects of education, labor and the environment; understand the concept of social innovation and how it applies to third sector organizations; and learn about the “Steps of knowledge” applied to the activity of recycling materials. The methodology was an analysis of the recurring literature related to the topic of the knowledge economy and the recycling industry. It is concluded, therefore, that the workers of this branch make up the large group of Brazilians in conditions of informality and social exclusion and rights, and that is why the discussion addressed here is so important. for believing that the condition of these recyclers continues to be highly undervalued, despite being so important, both for society and for the environment.

The effects of service-learning on physical education teacher education: A case study on the border between Africa and Europe

Recent studies, supported by the European project Europe Engage – Developing a Culture of Civic Engagement through Service-Learning within Higher Education in Europe, suggest that service-learning (SL) is an effective approach to develop personal and social learning linked to real contexts. This particular case study analyses the perceived effects of an SL programme implemented in Melilla (on the border between Africa and Europe) by Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students. They offered a service focusing on promoting physical activity and sport among different vulnerable groups (unaccompanied foreign minors, migrants and refugees, adults with autism spectrum disorders, women in conditions of social exclusion, ex-drug addicts and vulnerable older people). This case study used a qualitative hermeneutic-phenomenological methodology. A total of 46 PETE students (36 male and 10 female) participated in one of the two editions of SL carried out in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Two focus groups and 46 personal reflective journals were analysed, and some interesting outcomes emerged from the thematic analysis, related to the four categories of Butin’s conceptual model, which was used as a benchmark. These findings reveal how SL can promote an inclusive Physical Education (PE) experience in such a multicultural setting. The positive results achieved are consistent with previous SL research and specifically support the applied intervention design based on the phases of Kolb’s experiential learning (1984). In conclusion, SL offers an empowering approach for multicultural education in PETE programmes, supporting the socially critical research developed in PE in recent decades.

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene Val158Met Polymorphism Moderates the Effect of Social Exclusion and Inclusion on Aggression in Men: Findings From a Mixed Experimental Design.

Accumulating research has identified the interactive effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene Val158Met polymorphism and environmental factors on aggression. However, available evidence was mainly based upon correlational design, which yields mixed findings concerning who (Val vs. Met carriers) are more affected by environmental conditions and has been challenged for the low power of analyses on gene–environment interaction. Drawing on a mixed design, we scrutinized how COMT Val158Met polymorphism (between-group variable) impacts on aggression, assessed by hostility, aggressive motivation, and aggressive behavior, under different social conditions (exclusion vs. inclusion, within-group variable) in a sample of 70 Chinese male undergraduate students. We found that both Val/Val homozygote and Met alleles carriers showed differences in the feelings of hostility and aggressive motivation under conditions of exclusion versus inclusion, but these differences were more pronounced for Met allele carriers. These findings implied that COMT Val158Met polymorphism did not respond to environmental stimuli in an all-or-none way and shed light on the importance of examining the gene–environment interaction using a mixed design.

Crítica de la legitimidad del Derecho en tiempos de exclusión social. Repensar la responsabilidad del Estado desde el vínculo social de la ciudadanía

Este ensayo realizará un análisis de las características estructurales que definen la sociedad de la Modernidad tardía, para entender como estos cambios en la configuración social determinan la manera de entender la política criminal y el Derecho penal frente a los procesos de exclusión. Analizaremos cómo en un contexto de profunda exclusión para determinadas personas y colectivos se desquebraja el necesario vínculo que tiene que darse entre Estado de Derecho y ciudadanía con derechos, fractura, que en la medida que es coadyuvada por el Estado en la producción de las condiciones materiales de exclusión, pondrían poner en tela de juicio la legitimidad de un Estado para castigar al excluido. Para entender todo ello, daremos medida de cuáles podrían ser las condiciones para la configuración de un Estado decente que no humille a sus ciudadanos.

El orden moral del acto de matar

In this paper, we want to show how the act of killing, considered one of the crimes that offends collective morality to a greater degree, can nevertheless be considered a justified act of a moral nature by a group of subjects serving a sentence for murder. We propose the notion of “moral order” to understand the regime of justifications, practical rules that govern deadly violence, and underlying value conceptions that emerge from the narratives of our interviewees. This moral order, which would thrive in conditions of exclusion, would be sustained by social networks that tolerate, reinforce, and regulate the moral codes associated with criminal violence.

Resistencias desde la periferia: población Rrom en España

El artículo analiza, a partir del caso de estudio de asentamientos chabolistas en Madrid y Barcelona, la población Rrom que ubicándose en la periferia de dichas ciudades malvive en condiciones de pobreza y exclusión social. Basándose en una investigación de corte cualitativo donde se aprecian similitudes en cuanto a los medios de subsistencia empleados por el colectivo, así cómo la movilidad constante tanto en España como en Europa, el artículo se interroga el papel que tienen las administraciones públicas a nivel local y regional en la búsqueda de soluciones que permitan una mayor inclusión social y mejoras en la calidad de vida. Mediante una comparativa de los asentamientos, esta investigación presenta la experiencia profesional desarrollada en asentamientos con altos niveles de exclusión social donde se pone de relieve, la necesidad de intervenir socialmente desde el Trabajo Social y además, bajo una armonización de protocolos de atención social a la población Rrom desde una perspectiva igualitaria dentro de la Unión Europea, debido sobre todo a las prácticas similares de subsistencia de la población y por compartir procesos de exclusión y pobreza desde origen. The article analyzes, based on the case study of shanty towns in Madrid and Barcelona, the Rrom population, which is located on the periphery of these cities, lives in conditions of poverty and social exclusion. Based on qualitative research where similarities can be seen in terms of livelihoods used by the collective, as well as constant mobility both in Spain and in Europe, the article questions the role of public administrations at local and regional level in the search for solutions that allow greater social inclusion and improvements in the quality of life. Through a comparison of the settlements, this research presents the professional experience developed in settlements with high levels of social exclusion where it is highlighted, the need to intervene socially from Social Work and also, under a harmonization of social care protocols to the Rrom population from an egalitarian perspective within the European Union, mainly due to the similar practices of subsistence of the population and for sharing processes of exclusion and poverty from origin.

The Myth of Independence as Better: Transforming Curriculum Through Disability Studies and Decoloniality


 
 
 By situating this article within disability studies, decolonial studies and postcolonial studies, my purpose is to explore orientations towards independence within public school practices and show how this serves to reinforce hierarchies of exclusion. As feminist, queer and postcolonial scholar Ahmed (2006, p. 3) contends, “Orientations shape not only how we inhabit, but how we apprehend this world of shared inhabitance as well as ‘who’ or ‘what’ we direct our energy toward” (Ahmed, 2006, p. 3). I wonder how the policies and practices that I am oriented towards as a public school teacher limit the possibilities of encountering teaching and learning as a mode of reckoning and apprehending “this world of shared inhabitance?” I also wonder how remaining oriented towards independence as the goal of learning simultaneously sustains an adherence to colonial western logics under the current neoliberal ethos. Through Ahmed’s provocation I explore how the gaze of both teachers and students in public schools remains oriented towards independent learning in a manner that sustains conditions of exclusion, marginalization and oppression.
 
 

Tecnologia assistiva em dispositivos móveis: aplicativos baseados no TEACCH como auxílio no processo de alfabetização com crianças autistas

Progressivamente emerge a necessidade de redimensionar práticas pedagógicas que, para além do respeito às diferenças, ofereça acessibilidade de aprendizagem a todos os discentes. Uma escola com metodologias conservadoras, dificilmente conseguirá bons resultados diante da educação inclusiva, colocando os discentes com deficiências em condições de exclusão, dentro da própria escola. Percebe-se que no redimensionamento dessas práticas, a Tecnologia Assistiva (TA) assume papel primordial, pois visa a superação de barreiras para a aprendizagem e independência na vida social de indivíduos com deficiências ou outras condições que geram necessidades especiais. Isso fomentou a inquietação que deu origem a este estudo: de que forma a Tecnologia Assistiva associada à Tecnologia Móvel em smartphones e tablets pode contribuir com a aprendizagem, mais especificamente com a alfabetização de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) na escola regular? Para responder a essa inquietação, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico em autores como: bell hooks (2013), Reis et. al. (2017), Ferreira (2016), Cunha (2017), Furtado (2012), Fonseca e Ciola (2016), Mello (2007), Berch (2007), entre outros. Este artigo apresenta um dos principais métodos educacionais utilizado na educação de crianças autistas, o TEACCH, e faz um levantamento dos usos desse método em dispositivos móveis. Os resultados apontam para a contribuição de dois aplicativos (Lina Educa e ABC Autismo) que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas pedagógicas no processo de aprendizagem de crianças com TEA, auxiliando a inclusão dessas crianças, principalmente no tocante ao processo de alfabetização.

Heteronormatividad institucional en Enseñanza Media: La percepción de los adolescentes de Montevideo

En este artículo se presentan resultados del estudio “Bullying homofóbico y exclusión escolar en Ciclo Básico. Las experiencias de varones adolescentes de la ciudad de Montevideo”. El mismo se ejecutó entre 2016-2018. Este trabajo se centra en analizar a la heteronormatividad y a la homofobia institucional como condicionantes de la exclusión escolar de los adolescentes en Enseñanza Media. El diseño metodológico fue cualitativo de tipo exploratorio y se empleó el método de la Teoría Fundamentada. La muestra está compuesta por veinte adolescentes. Los resultados indican que existen niveles de heteronormatividad estructural en el sistema educativo formal, especialmente en el sector privado. Las trayectorias educativas de los adolescentes LGBTI están atravesadas por desigualdades, la exclusión escolar es promovida por los pares y por la propia institución.

“Me llaman el desaparecido”. coexistencia y continuidad entre la desaparición forzada y la desaparición social

En este trabajo analizo una de las formas del desborde contemporáneo de la categoría de “desaparición”, por la cual ésta pasa a designar formas de invisibilidad, exclusión y violencia muy diferentes a la que definía su marco originario. En particular, me detengo en el trazado de una relación de continuidad entre las formas de la desaparición forzada originaria –ejemplificada en el caso emblemático de la dictadura militar chilena– y las formas de “desaparición social” en las democracias liberales contemporáneas. A partir de la puesta en relación de conceptos políticos como campo, doctrina del shock o excepción, y del análisis de algunos productos culturales, exploramos la posibilidad de hablar de una desterritorialización del campo de concentración en las formas contemporáneas de la desaparición y planteamos la pregunta clave de si, en sus condiciones de exclusión radical, es posible algún modo de escucha a la palabra de los nuevos desaparecidos sociales.

Impacts of social distancing triggered by COVID-19 in the elderly residents from Long-Term Care Institutions of Brazil

Introduction: The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has a high lethality rate among the elderly people, who are more vulnerable to novel diseases, especially those kept in Long Term Care Institutions for the Elderly (LTCIs). Objective: To describe and discuss how the current social isolation imposed by the pandemic has impacted the senior citizens residing in Brazilian LTCIs. Methodology: Primary research was carried out employing the PubMed and SciELO databases, using the keywords “Coronavirus infection” and “Institutionalized elderly health” and with the keywords “COVID-19" and “Institutionalized elderly” and their respective correlatives in English to search for articles published until September 2020. Results and Discussion: Five Scientific Articles, one Research Note, one Epidemiological Bulletin, and one Technical Note were organized in a table to display their findings. Additionally, other applicable data was collated directly from the hands-on experience of one of the authors, who undertook preceptorship for Physiotherapy interns at a Brazilian LTCI. These institutions can possibly potentiate the propagation and dissemination of this viral disease, therefore, the presently enforced prophylactic strategies, (e.g. social distancing), are essential to help maintain the well-being of the population, even if this may be a detriment to their quality of life. Conclusion: The limitations imposed on social interactions by the pandemic have a negative impact on the cognitive and physical aspects of the elderly people at the LTCIs, who already experience conditions of exclusion and isolation.

City, Nation, Network: Shifting Territorialities of Sovereignty and Urban Violence in Latin America

Cities across the global south are seeing unprecedented levels of violence that generate intense risks and vulnerability. Such problems are often experienced most viscerally among poorer residents, thus reinforcing longstanding socio-spatial conditions of exclusion, inequality, and reduced quality of life for those most exposed to urban violence. Frequently, these problems are understood through the lens of poverty, informality, and limited employment opportunities. Yet an undertheorized and equally significant factor in the rise of urban violence derives from the shifting territorialities of governance and power, which are both cause and consequence of ongoing struggles within and between citizens and state authorities over the planning and control of urban space. This article suggests that a relatively underexplored but revealing way to understand these dynamics, and how they drive violence, is through the lens of sovereignty. Drawing on examples primarily from Mexico, and other parts of urban Latin America, I suggest that problems of urban violence derive from fragmented sovereignty, a condition built upon the emergence of alternative, competing, and at times overlapping networks of territorial authority at the scale of the city, nation, and globe. In addition to theorizing the shifting spatial correlates of sovereignty among state and non-state armed actors, and showing how these dynamics interact with urbanization patterns to produce violence, I argue that the spatial form of the city both produces and is produced by changing political and economic relations embedded in urban planning principles. That is, urban planning practices must be seen as the cause, and not merely the solution, to problems of urban violence and its deleterious effects. Using these claims to dialogue with urban planners, this essay calls for new efforts to redesign cities and urban spaces with a focus on territorial connectivities and socio-spatial integration, so as to push back against the limits of fragmented sovereignty arrangements, minimize violence, and foster inclusion and justice.

CHANGES IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION: THE EUROPEAN AND LITHUANIAN CONTEXT

Reviewing the significant changes that have taken place in the pre-school education sector in European countries and Lithuania in recent years, we notice that a lot has been achieved in implementing the goals and objectives set in the strategic education documents for the development of this sector. Of all levels of education, investment in education from birth to 5 years has been shown to provide the highest economic return. Pre-school education can also be defined as a professional institutional education and care service for a family raising a pre-school child. Pre-school education provides a basis for a child's early physical, social, cultural, emotional and cognitive abilities, increases social integration, and creates conditions for a child's successful education now and in the future. Pre-school education services are especially important for children growing up in conditions of social risk and social exclusion. European countries, including Lithuania, are intensively and purposefully striving to improve the quality of pre-school education. In Lithuania, pre-school education has been and is considered a priority area of education, and quality assurance of pre-school education is the most important strategic direction. There is also a need to place more emphasis on the role of parents as key partners in the context of quality pre-school education. Recently, the nature of the pre-school institution's relationship with the family has changed significantly. These two institutions become active participants in the pursuit of quality child education from an early age. Keywords: education policy, education quality, pre-school education.