Delay Conditions Research Articles

Simultaneous Prompting to Teach Initial Listener Responses to a Child with Down Syndrome.

Simultaneous prompting procedures are infrequently published in the behavior analytic literature yet represent a potential method for promoting nearly errorless learning. No research on simultaneous prompting has targeted early skill repertoires for young children with developmental disabilities. The current study compared simultaneous prompting and constant prompt delay procedures on the acquisition of simple listener responses for a 4-year-old male with Down syndrome. Simultaneous prompting produced responding at mastery levels in less than one third of the total sessions required in the prompt delay condition and substantially fewer errors.

Adaptive Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Discontinuous Input and Time-Varying Input Delay

In this note, we investigate the adaptive quantized or event-triggered control designs for strict-feedback nonlinear systems with time-varying input delay. Because the control signal is discontinuous in the quantized control and event-triggered control, many existing methods to deal with the input delay are no longer applicable. Through constructing an auxiliary tracking error and an auxiliary system, the input-quantized control is implemented for nonlinear systems with unknown control gain and unknown input delay. With the well-designed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals and the linear growth condition of input delay, the stability analysis is achieved. The studied method is also applicable to the event-triggered control for systems possessing unknown input delay. The stability analysis shows that all the signals are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). The use of dynamic surface control (DSC) effectively simplifies the controller structure. The quantized and event-triggered control simulations illustrate that the proposed schemes are effective.

How to activate intuitive and reflective thinking in behavior research? A comprehensive examination of experimental techniques.

Experiments comparing intuitive and reflective decisions provide insights into the cognitive foundations of human behavior. However, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the frequently used experimental techniques for activating intuition and reflection remain unknown. In a large-scale preregistered online experiment (N = 3667), we compared the effects of eight reflection, six intuition, and two within-subjects manipulations on actual and self-reported measures of cognitive performance. Compared to the overall control, the long debiasing training was the most effective technique for increasing actual reflection scores, and the emotion induction was the most effective technique for increasing actual intuition scores. In contrast, the reason and theintuition recall, the reason induction, and the brief time delay conditions failed to achieve the intended effects. We recommend using the debiasing training, thedecision justification, or themonetary incentives technique to activate reflection, and the emotion induction, thecognitive load, or thetime pressure technique to activate intuition.

Approximate controllability of non-instantaneous impulsive semi-linear neutral differential equations with non-local conditions and unbounded delay

In this work, we study the approximate controllability for retarded neutral differential equations with unbounded delay, non-instantaneous impulses, and non-local conditions. First, we set the problem in a natural Banach phase space satisfying Hale-Kato axiomatic Theory about the phase space for retarded ordinary equations with unbounded delay. Second, we assume some conditions on the nonlinear terms to achieve the approximate controllability using the technique developed by Bashirov and Ghahramanlou [6], which avoids the use of fixed point theorems.

Terminal Traffic Situation Prediction Model under the Influence of Weather Based on Deep Learning Approaches

In order to quantify the degree of influence of weather on traffic situations in real time, this paper proposes a terminal traffic situation prediction model under the influence of weather (TSPM-W) based on deep learning approaches. First, a feature set for predicting traffic situations is constructed based on data such as weather, traffic demand, delay conditions, and flow control strategies. When constructing weather data, a terminal area weather quantification method (TAWQM) is proposed to quantify various weather feature values. When constructing the traffic situation label, fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) is used to perform cluster analysis on the traffic situation, and the traffic situation is marked as bad, average, or good. Accordingly, the multi-source data is fused as the input vector, based on the combined prediction model of convolutional neural network (CNN) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), TSPM-W is constructed. Finally, based on the historical operation data of the Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport terminal area, the proposed data set is used to predict the traffic situation time series at intervals of 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h. The comparative experimental results show that the proposed time series prediction model has higher prediction accuracy than other existing prediction methods. The proposed dataset is able to more accurately predict the traffic situation in the terminal area.

Upaya Penurunan Prokrastinasi Akademik Siswa Melalui Pelatihan Time Management

The transition period of the online learning process from home creates an imbalance in school life and creates conditions of academic delay or procrastination among students. Based on previous research on 345 students at SMP Negeri 2 Jatisrono in February 2022, the results of student academic procrastination at the school were quite high. This community service activity aims to reduce the high level of student academic procrastination through time management training. The training was attended by 31 students at SMP Negeri 2 Jatisrono. The instrument used to measure the level of student academic procrastination is the academic procrastination scale. Measurements were carried out 2 times, namely before (pre test) and after (post test) training to determine the effectiveness of time management training in reducing the level of academic procrastination experienced by students. The results of data analysis using T-test showed a score of t = 40.83 with p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which means that there is a very significant decrease in academic procrastination after receiving time management training. In conclusion, time management training is very significantly effective in reducing academic procrastination in students at SMP Negeri 2 Jatisrono. Suggestions for further research is that this kind of training can be applied to other problems because it is able to reduce forms of negative behavior so that it can optimize learning outcomes and student achievement.

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on improving performance of delayed- reinforcement attentional set-shifting tasks in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder rat model

Behavioral flexibility (or set-shifting), which is regulated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is often impaired in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is characterized by poor inhibitory control and reinforcement learning. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed as a means of noninvasive brain stimulation and a potential therapeutic tool for modulating behavioral flexibility. Animal studies can pave the way to know if tDCS application can potentially benefit rule- and goal-based activities in ADHD. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and inbred Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as an animal model of ADHD and controls, respectively, and their strategy set-shifting abilities, including initial discrimination, set-shifting, and reversal learning tasks under 0-s or 15-s reinforcer delivery delay conditions, were evaluated. The tDCS treatment had a limited effect on the performance of the SHRs and WKY rats in initial discrimination task under 0-s delay condition. Under the 15-s delay condition, the SHRs had longer lever-press reaction times and/or more trial omissions than the WKY rats did when completing set-shifting and reversal-learning tasks. Among the SHRs, tDCS treatment improved the rats’ reaction times and/or reduced their trial omissions in the set-shifting and reversal-learning tasks. Although tDCS may improve delayed reinforcement learning set-shifting performance in SHRs, further studies are required to clarify the responsible mechanism.

Skin conductance during remote collaborative communication under noisy, reverberant and delayed communication transmission conditions

This study, which is part of a larger study, was designed to monitor skin conductance during remote collaborative communication. Ninety (45 men and 45 women) participants were divided into 30 teams with three members in each team. Each team built different LEGO models under three communication transmission delay conditions in the following order: No delay, 750 ms delay and 5000 ms delay. One individual served as the LEGO builder, who did not have the instruction manual. The remaining two team members provided instructions for building the models. Participants were in separate rooms and communicated via earphones. Background white noise (50 dB SPL) was introduced in the ear canals and reverberation was applied to the transmitted communication. Participants were fitted with Empatica E4 wristbands. The ANOVA revealed that the Sum of non-specific skin conductance response (NS-SCR) amplitude/minute was significantly reduced in the 5000 ms delay condition compared to the No delay and 750 ms delay conditions with a medium effect size. These results suggest that participants tend to adapt to the task yielding reduced stress in the last delay condition. Acknowledgement: Graduate students Sydney Osbarn and Melissa Reyes assisted in data collection. Sydney Osbarn also assisted in pre-processing the data.

Angle tracking control of integrated hydraulic transformer inner loop servo system

Integrated hydraulic transformer based on hydraulic common pressure rail system has significant energy saving effect. The control of the inner loop (i.e. valve-controlled hydraulic swing motor system) is closely bound up with the performance of the integrated hydraulic transformer. Considering the input delay, output constraints, and actual working conditions in the inner loop system, an extended state observer-based finite-time backstepping filter control strategy is designed to guarantee energy-saving performance. Firstly, an extended state observer is constructed to observe the state variables and acquire the estimated value of the unknown term. Secondly, the state equation of the system is transformed by the Pade approximation, and the robust controller is designed based on finite-time stability theory and backstepping algorithm to ensure the output of the system in the constraint set. Finally, the proposed control algorithm is compared with the traditional control algorithm through experiments, and the effectiveness is verified.

Positive Mild Solutions for Damped Elastic Systems with Delay and Nonlocal Conditions in Ordered Banach Space

Positive Mild Solutions for Damped Elastic Systems with Delay and Nonlocal Conditions in Ordered Banach Space

Multilevel development of cognitive abilities in an artificial neural network

Several neuronal mechanisms have been proposed to account for the formation of cognitive abilities through postnatal interactions with the physical and sociocultural environment. Here, we introduce a three-level computational model of information processing and acquisition of cognitive abilities. We propose minimal architectural requirements to build these levels, and how the parameters affect their performance and relationships. The first sensorimotor level handles local nonconscious processing, here during a visual classification task. The second level or cognitive level globally integrates the information from multiple local processors via long-ranged connections and synthesizes it in a global, but still nonconscious, manner. The third and cognitively highest level handles the information globally and consciously. It is based on the global neuronal workspace (GNW) theory and is referred to as the conscious level. We use the trace and delay conditioning tasks to, respectively, challenge the second and third levels. Results first highlight the necessity of epigenesis through the selection and stabilization of synapses at both local and global scales to allow the network to solve the first two tasks. At the global scale, dopamine appears necessary to properly provide credit assignment despite the temporal delay between perception and reward. At the third level, the presence of interneurons becomes necessary to maintain a self-sustained representation within the GNW in the absence of sensory input. Finally, while balanced spontaneous intrinsic activity facilitates epigenesis at both local and global scales, the balanced excitatory/inhibitory ratio increases performance. We discuss the plausibility of the model in both neurodevelopmental and artificial intelligence terms.

A distributed model predictive control method combined with delay compensator for multiple vehicle platoons

With an increasing number of vehicles on the road, multiple-vehicle platoons have become a new solution under communication constraints. However, the existing studies seldom consider the effect of the tail vehicle on the information transfer and platoon control over long distances, and thus the control performance under time-varying delays is unacceptable. In this study, a hierarchical multi-platoon control architecture considering the backbone platoon and sub-platoons is proposed under non-ideal communication conditions, where the backbone platoon layer communication topology is designed to achieve backbone platoon control and appropriate coordination among sub-platoons. Distributed model predictive controllers (DMPCs) for backbone- and sub-platoons that integrate delay compensation have been proposed. Buffers and delay compensators in the proposed DMPC are designed to reduce the interference caused by non-ideal communications. The asymptotic stability is analyzed at the sub- and multi-platoon levels. The results show that compared with traditional DMPC without a compensator, the proposed DMPC can eliminate the velocity lag and steady-state spacing errors and maintain the maximum velocity and spacing errors within 0.11 m/s and 0.17 m, respectively, under certain operating conditions. Thus, the proposed method guarantees the stability of multiple platoons under both the constant and time-varying delay conditions.

Hyperperfusion in the cerebellum lobule VIIb in patients with epileptic seizures

BackgroundThe cerebellum plays an important role in motor control, however, its involvement in epilepsy has not been fully understood. Arterial spin labelling perfusion magnetic resonance image (ASL) is a noninvasive method to evaluate cerebral and cerebellar blood flow. We investigated cerebellar perfusion in patients with epileptic seizures using ASL.MethodsAdult patients with epileptic seizures who underwent ASL in three post labeling delay (PLD) conditions (1525, 1800, and 2500 msec) and conventional electroencephalography (EEG) on the same day were investigated. Clinical and EEG characteristics of them were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsSix patients (6 women, age; 36.2 ± 17.9 years (mean ± SD)) showed hyperperfusion in selective areas in the cerebellar paravermis of lobule VIIb. One patient with generalized epilepsy (tentative diagnosis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy or epilepsy with myoclonic absences) showed unilateral hypoperfusion in PLD 1525 msec and hyperperfusion in PLD 1800 and 2500 msec at the area while EEG showed generalized spike-wave complexes. After successful treatment, these perfusion abnormalities disappeared. In two patients with focal epilepsy manifesting with asymmetrical motor symptoms, cerebellar hyperperfusion was found on the opposite side to the seizure focus estimated by seizure semiology. Besides hyperperfusion of the VIIb lobule, hypoperfusion at the same area was detected in shorter PLD condition in four patients and in longer PLD condition in one patient.ConclusionThe cerebellar paravermis of lobule VIIb can be a component of motor circuit and participate in epileptic network in humans. Cerebellar perfusion abnormalities can be associated with neurovascular coupling via capillary bed.

Temporal sexual discounting in risk behavior in young people

The purpose of this research is analyzing the sexual discount in risky sexual behavior among young men and women. A condom sexual discounting task was administered with three hypothetical assumptions, as well as a questionnaire to identify your risky sexual behavior in 360 youths, men and women between 16 and 33 years old from Mexico. Men have a shorter delay in hours, days and months to have sexual activity without the use of a condom compared with women. For men sexual discount is indifferent to their risky sexual behavior. The women showed differences in condom use and the number of sexual partners, in two of the three delay conditions. These results may contribute to the understanding of sexual discount for interventions that promote an increase in condom use in young people.

Kinetics of Degenerate Electron–Positron Plasmas

Relativistic plasma can be formed in strong electromagnetic or gravitational fields. Such conditions exist in compact astrophysical objects, such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, as well as in accretion discs around neutron stars and black holes. Relativistic plasma may also be produced in the laboratory during interactions of ultra-intense lasers with solid targets or laser beams between themselves. The process of thermalization in relativistic plasma can be affected by quantum degeneracy, as reaction rates are either suppressed by Pauli blocking or intensified by Bose enhancement. In addition, specific quantum phenomena, such as Bose–Einstein condensation, may occur in such a plasma. In this review, the process of plasma thermalization is discussed and illustrated with several examples. The conditions for quantum condensation of photons are formulated. Similarly, the conditions for thermalization delay due to the quantum degeneracy of fermions are analyzed. Finally, the process of formation of such relativistic plasma originating from an overcritical electric field is discussed. All these results are relevant for relativistic astrophysics as well as for laboratory experiments with ultra-intense lasers.

A uniformly convergent difference method for singularly perturbed parabolic partial differential equations with large delay and integral boundary condition

A uniformly convergent difference method for singularly perturbed parabolic partial differential equations with large delay and integral boundary condition

Trace classical conditioning impairment after lesion of the lateral part of the goldfish telencephalic pallium suggests a long ancestry of the episodic memory function of the vertebrate hippocampus.

There is an ongoing debate on the evolutionary origin of the episodic memory function of the hippocampus. A widely accepted hypothesis claims that the hippocampus first evolved as a dedicated system for spatial navigation in ancestral vertebrates, being transformed later in phylogeny to support a broader role in episodic memory with the emergence of mammals. On the contrary, an alternative hypothesis holds that the hippocampus of ancestral vertebrates originally encoded both the spatial and temporal dimensions of relational memories since its evolutionary appearance, thus suggesting that the episodic-like memory function of the hippocampus could be the primitive condition in vertebrate forebrain evolution. The present experiment was aimed at scrutinizing these opposing hypotheses by investigating whether the hippocampal pallium of teleost fish, a vertebrate group that shares with mammals a common ancestor that lived about 400 Mya, is, like the hippocampus of mammals, essential to associate time-discontiguous events. Thus, goldfish with lesions in the ventral part of the dorsolateral pallium (Dlv), a telencephalic region considered homologous to the hippocampal pallium of land vertebrates, were trained in trace versus delay eyeblink-like classical conditioning, two learning procedures that differ only in the temporal relationships between the stimuli to be associated in memory. The results showed that hippocampal pallium lesion in goldfish severely impairs trace conditioning, but spares delay conditioning. This finding challenges the idea that navigation preceded relational memory in evolutionary appearance and suggests the possibility that a relational memory function that associates the experienced events in both the spatial and temporal dimensions could be a primitive feature of the hippocampus that pre-existed in the common ancestor of vertebrates.

Facilitated extinction of conditioned fear responses by delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol in humans: a pilot study.

We sought to determine whether acute delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol (THC) administration would facilitate fear extinction in young occasional cannabis users, given that animal models indicate THC facilitates extinction learning, and recent studies indicate THC administration may also enhance threat memory extinction in humans. On each of the 2days, 24+hour THC-deprived participants were conditioned to fear visual stimuli in a delay conditioning and extinction paradigm. Both CS+ and CS- were faces of negative emotional valence, with the CS+ paired with mild electric shock. Throughout both conditioning and extinction paradigms, EEG was measured to quantify event-related potentials for these learning processes. Following conditioning, individuals, in a randomized and counter-balanced order, smoked either an active THC cigarette (26.25mg/2.7% THC) or a placebo marijuana cigarette (0.002% THC) on 1day and the opposite cigarette on the second day. After smoking, CS+ and CS- were presented without shock, resulting in extinction of conditioned fear. Relative to placebo, THC facilitated extinction of the conditioned response to the CS+, as reflected by reductions in late positive potential amplitude during extinction learning. The results indicate that acute THC administration may facilitate extinction of the conditioned fear response in humans.

Secure key distribution based on hybrid chaos synchronization between semiconductor lasers subject to dual injections.

We propose and numerically demonstrate a novel secure key distribution (SKD) scheme by using dynamically synchronized semiconductor lasers (SLs) subject to common dual injections from two mutually coupled SLs. The performance of hybrid chaos synchronization, complexity of chaotic signals, chaos-based key distribution, and the privacy of SKD scheme are systematically discussed. It is shown that high-quality hybrid chaos synchronization of zero lag and lead lag can be both achieved between two local lasers under different injection delay conditions, whereas low cross correlations are observed among the driving lasers and the local lasers. By randomly perturbing the injection delays with four independent random sequences, the outputs of local SLs can be dynamically synchronized. Extracting the outputs in the synchronization time slots of zero lag and lead lag, synchronous entropy sources are obtained and used to generate keys with high consistency at local ends of Alice and Bob, which are robust to the parameter mismatches of local lasers to some extent. Moreover, large BER is calculated in two types of typical illegal attacks, which demonstrates the security of the proposed scheme. This work proposed a high-level secure key distribution solution to one-time pad communication.

Adolescent-specific memory effects: evidence from working memory, immediate and long-term recognition memory performance in 8-30 yr olds.

Working memory and recognition memory develop across adolescence, but the relationship between them is not fully understood. We investigated associations between n-back task performance and subsequent recognition memory in a community sample (8-30 yr, n = 150) using tasks from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study) to cross-sectionally assess memory in an age range that will be sampled longitudinally. We added a 24-h delay condition to assess long-term recognition. Overall working memory, immediate and long-term recognition performance peaked in adolescence. Age effects in recognition memory varied by items (old targets, old distractors, and new items) and delay (0 and 24 h). For immediate recognition, accuracy was higher for targets and new items than for distractors, with accuracy for targets peaking in adulthood and accuracy for new items peaking during adolescence. For long-term recognition, adolescents' accuracy was higher for targets than distractors, while adults showed similarly high accuracy for targets and distractors and children showed low accuracy for both. This pattern appeared to be specific to recognition of items from the high working memory load condition. The results suggest that working memory may facilitate long-term recognition of task-relevant over irrelevant items and may benefit the detection of new information during adolescence.