Conditions Of Anthropogenic Impact Research Articles

ESTIMATION OF RECREATIONAL LOAD OF ORYOL CITY URBAN PARK «KUL'TURY I OTDYKHA»

The article considers the impact of recreational load on the natural-anthropogenic region — Central park «Kul'tury I Otdykha» in the city of Oryol. To ensure the sustainable development of natural areas, the ability of components of the environment to heal itself in the conditions of anthropogenic impact is of particu-lar importance. Most of the anthropogenic load in a large city is the recreational load, which significantly affects the natural frame of urban areas. Recreational load causes a significant degradation of the natural complex of the city, and its value is determined by the planning structure of urban development, which deter-mines the distribution of population density and transport accessibility of recreation facilities. Calculated data revealed the recreational load from the planning structure of the residential area located within walking distance from the coastal recreational zone. Ensuring the safety of urban parks, it is necessary to work with complete and reliable information that can only be obtained through regular monitoring studies. The spatial organization of coastal recreational zones should meet the objectives of maintaining and improving the eco-logical balance of recreational areas, as well as the formation of a comfortable architectural and planning structure of recreational zones and the selection of the most significant recreational formations based on the ecological and recreational capabilities of natural areas and the needs of the population. In this regard, it is necessary to develop functional zoning of natural-anthropogenic regions to regulate the level of recreational impact, and ensure the sustainability of ecological systems of the city. To monitor the level of anthropogenic impacts, the definition is used — the ecological capacity, which is determined by the limiting values of an-thropogenic loads determined on the basis of field observations.

The criteria of increasing of quality of medical care of population in conditions of anthropogenic impact

The assessment of medical care quality of different strata and groups of population is a priority direction of preventive medicine and public health. Nowadays, application of the riskometry theory considering external modifying factors is relevant. The registration of risk indices in the process of development of model of health preservation can be considered as a criterion of medical care quality. The purpose а study was to optimize managerial decisions in the area of increasing medical care quality related to special contingent on the basis of evaluation of carcinogenic danger and reproductive risk in conditions of anthropogenic impact. The study applied such modern research methods as social hygienic, biochemical and statistical techniques. The methodological basis of assessing reproductive risk for population in conditions of anthropogenic impact can serve as a criterion of assessing level of impact and developing management decisions in area of improving health care quality. The public health and health care organization are the fields of application of study results.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЗАПАСОВ ПРОМЫСЛОВЫХ ГИДРОБИОНТОВ КИЕВСКОГО И КАНЕВСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩ

The article analyzes the data of monitoring control catches in the Kiev and Kanev reservoirs, which are a part of the Dnieper cascade of hydroelectric stations. The analysis results allow to assess the current ecological and biological status of the populations of the main fish species in the conditions of anthropogenic impact. The analysis is based on the data of spring control catches carried out by the researchers of Institute of Hydrobiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine in 2015. It has been stated that generally stocks of valuable commercial fish in the Kiev and Kanev reservoirs can be characterized as stable. Bream and silver bream populations of the Kanev reservoir are in good conditions in terms of reasonable exploitation of commercial core. Conditions for fattening and forming commercial core are estimated as favorable. There has been stated an increase of crucian population due to the low catches and few number of predatory fishes. Dominating commercial species in 2015 in the Kanev reservoir there were roach, bream, crucian, pike perch. There has been registered growing population of cat fish, dynamic recruit-stock of asp, and commercially abundant population of perch. To restore the commercial size of ide population it has been suggested to artificially stock the water reservoir with fish in terms of the state demand. The results of the conducted research help to predict the dynamics of fishing, to scientifically justify the ways of preserving the gene pool of natural fish populations, to take timely measures to limit the catch and further rationalization of the fishery use of the Kiev and Kanev reservoirs in order to develop the concept of stable operation of large fishery reservoirs

Spatial organization of <i>Cyclachaena xanthiifolia</i> (Nutt.) Fresen. populations on the railway line

The spatial structure of populations under the conditions of anthropogenic impact is a very important indicator that reflects the behavioral patterns of the species, such as changes in the structure and aggregation of individuals. Quarantine weeds are the object of ecologists close attention, as these weeds carry the greatest danger to the population, since they most often cause pollinosis and a significant deterioration in the quality of life during seasonal outbreaks of the disease. That is why they should be investigated by methods of analyzing the spatial structure of their populations. Railways are considered to be corridors along which quarantine weeds and other alien and invasive species are able to spread to new territories. Spatial behavior of species, formation of aggregations and large clusters, or a uniform distribution of individuals can reveal a fundamental relationship between the conditions of anthropogenic impact along the right-of-way and the spatial structure of populations. Along the Kinel-Bezenchuk Kuybyshev railroad in the spatial structure of the population of Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. there is a group and uniform distribution of individuals. Aggregation of individuals in clusters (group distribution) are found in the places with the highest anthropogenic load.

The Active Immunity of the Person in Conditions of Anthropogenic Impact

The Active Immunity of the Person in Conditions of Anthropogenic Impact

Analysis of Causes of Major Environmental Issues Occurring on Sea Coastlines of the Peter the Great Bay

The geoecological assessment of any territory or aquatic area is based on the evaluation of the natural resource potential, conditions and factors influencing its development as well as the analysis of major environmental issues that characterize the current regional state. The monitoring of water ecosystems under the conditions of anthropogenic impact on coastal areas is of significant importance within the study of the conservation and restoration of biodiversity, in the assessment of the dynamics of various environmental factors and their effects on ecosystems and on the bioresources management planning.

Seasonal variation of limnological features and trophic state index of two oligotrophic reservoirs of southeast Brazil.

Limnological features of two reservoirs were studied in dry (August 2013) and rainy (January 2014) periods to evaluate the water quality that supply the city of Guarulhos, southeast Brazil. Water samples were collected in three depths and the following characteristics were measured: alkalinity, dissolved O2, free and total CO2, HCO3, soluble reactive silica, dissolved and total nitrogen and phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a. Water transparency was also measured and temperature, pH and electric conductivity profiles were obtained. Great seasonal and low spatial variability of the water characteristics occurred in the reservoirs. High values of water transparency, free CO2 availability, and low of pH, soluble reactive silica and total and dissolved nutrients values were recorded at the dry period, and different conditions were found at the rainy season. The two reservoirs were characterized by low nutrients, chlorophyll-a and turbidity, and high transparency, these features being typical of oligotrophic systems. The two reservoirs still remain under low anthropogenic impact conditions, and are presently considered reference systems for the SPMR, São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The need for actions that will reduce the input of nutrients from the neighboring cities and the main tributaries of the hydrographic basin is emphasized to maintain the ecological quality of the reservoirs and their reference conditions among the SPRM reservoirs.

Morphological polymorphism in an urban population of <em>Pterostichus melanarius</em> (Illiger, 1798) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

We examined polymorphism in an urban population of the ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger, 1798) in forest plantations on the outskirts of Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine). We took measurements for 130 males and 95 females according to 14 metric, 10 non-metric parameters and 10 indices. According to 13 out of the 14 metric parameters (except for the length of the flight wings) P. melanarius showed a significant sexual dimorphism. The female specimens showed a normal distribution in body length and the males showed a significant positive excess. The 10 most significant body proportions of the ground beetles showed much lower sexual differences (0.26±0.86%) compared to linear measurements (6.56±0.96%). Females and males are practically isomorphic: when one metric parameter decreases, another decreases proportionally. Statistically significant differences between males and females were registered only for the ratio of elytra to length of prothorax, width of elytra to maximum width of prothorax and length of elytra to their width. A highly significant excess was registered in 6 out of 10 assessments of body proportions for females and 5 out of 10 for males. The coefficient of variation is minimal for body proportions and is maximal for metric parameters, which proves the existence of isomorphic differences between P. melanarius males and females. Out of 10 non-metric parameters a statistically significant sexual dimorphism (P=0.01) was registered only for the shape of the front edge of the labrum (males mostly have a slightly concave, and females a strongly concave front edge of the labrum). Using PCA analysis it was established that 45.2% of the morphological variability of the studied population depends upon the individuals’ sex: the whole complex of metric parameters (length and width of head, prothorax, elytra and parts of head, body height) taken together synchronically varies among individuals of different sex. More or less defined groups (morphotypes) were not found among the studied population of P. melanarius. The normal distribution of individuals in the studied population for a range of characteristics was altered by the impact of significant asymmetry or excess in certain features or ratios of metric characteristics. The data obtained can form the basis for monitoring the condition of P. melanarius populations, the individuals of which accumulate a large amount of toxins in conditions of anthropogenic impact.

FACTORS FORMING OF UNDERGROUND WATERS REGIME ON THE ZMIINYI ISLAND

Study of underground water regime is one of components in the general hydrogeological researches. Aim of the work has been to define the main regime-forming factors of underground water in the Zmiinyi Island. Study object is underground water; subject of the work is the main features of the underground waters regime and the factors of its formation. Methodology. It was comparing hydrogeological and meteorological characteristics (sea level, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric precipitation) with dynamic (level, pressure) and physicochemical (temperature, salinity) parameters of underground water for ascertainment of regularity formation of underground water regime. Date processing has being done with mathematical statistics methods. General characteristic of hydrogeological conditions on the Zmiinyi Island has been given. It has been analyzed temporal variability hydrodynamic and physicochemical elements of underground water under natural conditions and in conditions of anthropogenic impact on the results of underground water monitoring system introduction, as well as on the basis of longterm monitoring observations meteorological and hydrological parameters on the island. Results. It has been shown that the underground water regime is being formed on the Zmiinyi Island under natural conditions influenced by exogenous (meteorological, hydrological) and exogeodynamic (atmospheric pressure) groups factors, while water abstraction causes disturbed regime.

Methodology of environmental risk assessment management

Successful protection of environment is mostly based on high-quality assessment of potential and present risks. Environmental risk management is a complex process which includes: identification, assessment and control of risk, namely taking measures in order to minimize the risk to an acceptable level. Environmental risk management methodology: In addition to these phases in the management of environmental risk, appropriate measures that affect the reduction of risk occurrence should be implemented: - normative and legal regulations (laws and regulations), - appropriate organizational structures in society, and - establishing quality monitoring of environment. The emphasis is placed on the application of assessment methodologies (three-model concept), as the most important aspect of successful management of environmental risk. Risk assessment methodology - European concept: The first concept of ecological risk assessment methodology is based on the so-called European model-concept. In order to better understand this ecological risk assessment methodology, two concepts - hazard and risk - are introduced. The European concept of environmental risk assessment has the following phases in its implementation: identification of hazard (danger), identification of consequences (if there is hazard), estimate of the scale of consequences, estimate of consequence probability and risk assessment (also called risk characterization). The European concept is often used to assess risk in the environment as a model for addressing the distribution of stressors along the source - path - receptor line. Risk assessment methodology - Canadian concept: The second concept of the methodology of environmental risk assessment is based on the so-called Canadian model-concept. The assessment of ecological risk includes risk arising from natural events (floods, extreme weather conditions, etc.), technological processes and products, agents (chemical, biological, radiological, etc.) and industrial activities that may pose threats to ecosystems, flora, fauna and humans. This model-concept gives a three-phase assessment where the assessor tries to determine whether a specific place may be subject to assessment, to characterize the level of risk and to confirm or refute the findings of the first phase, collecting information and corrective measures, or to establish basic requirements for environment protection. Risk assessment methodology - American concept: The third methodological approach to environmental risk assessment is developed by the U.S. Agency for Environmental Protection, 'U.S. EPA'. This model primarily involves the implementation of environmental risk assessment under the conditions of anthropogenic impact on environment, without aiming at solving problems of natural environmental risks, although this methodology can be applied in this environment segment as well. The methodology gives a clear distinction between a scientific (phase of estimation) and a non-scientific (planning) part of assessment. The phases of estimation given by this model are: problem formulation, risk analysis and risk characterization. Conclusion: Concepts and methodologies of all three models-concepts of assessment are mostly reduced to a common goal: how to reduce existing or avoid potential risks. However, it should be noted that the implementation of appropriate management and ecological risk assessment does not guarantee that risks will be avoided or that the implementation of these processes will be successful.

The Kolyma River mouth area under present conditions of anthropogenic impact

The variability is under consideration of the hydrological and ecological state of the water environment of the Kolyma River mouth area. Its hydrological regime and variability of the component composition of the water environment are described. The anthropogenic load is estimated of the inflow of dissolved chemical substances to the Kolyma River mouth area. The hydrobiocenosis structure is studied from qualitative and quantitative indicators of the level of the phyto- and zooplankton development in the mouth area. The hydrobiocenosis state and structure indicate that the ecosystem of the Kolyma River mouth area is functioning under conditions of moderate pollution of the water environment and the depression effect of the biocenosis development is periodically pronounced.

Subtidal macrobenthos communities of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) under conditions of anthropogenic impact

Subtidal macrobenthos communities of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) under conditions of anthropogenic impact

Subtidal macrobenthos communities of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) under conditions of anthropogenic impact

Quantitative samples of the macrobenthos were collected in May, July, and October–November from 2000 to 2002 in Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. The main characteristics of the subtidal macrobenthos communities are described. The present study shows that the rocky bottom communities of Vostok Bay have changed little over the past 30 years. Changes have occurred in the structure of soft bottom communities and phytocenoses. Analysis of the macrophytes species composition and the value of the floristic coefficient suggest a currently moderate anthropogenic load on Vostok Bay.

Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact on Marine Ecosystems and Biological Resources in the Process of Oil and Gas Field Development in the Shelf Area

Current methodology of environmental impact assessment in connection with the environmental consequences of hydrocarbons production in the shelf area is analyzed. Basing on the ecosystem approach, a scheme of environmental impact estimates is suggested, envisaging the use of a set of gradations (scales) to characterize spatial and temporal scope of impacts and their consequences, as well as criteria (thresholds) of impact permissibility, taking into account the natural variability in the population and ecosystem parameters. Estimates of the environmental and fishery-related consequences of hydrocarbon production in the sea shelf area at different stages of the process are compared to the available measured and calculated data. The suggested scheme of environmental impact assessment and criteria of permissible impacts are recommended for expert analysis, forecasting, and monitoring of the environmental situation in the sea shelf areas of Russia under the conditions of anthropogenic impact.