Conditions In High Yields Research Articles

Siyez (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) Popülasyonlarının Biyoaktif, Antioksidan Özellikleri ve Organik Tarımda Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Derleme

Dünya‘da en fazla ekim alanı ve üretimine sahip olmasının yanında tahıllar, temel bir gıda maddesi olması özelliği ile de tarımda ve yaşantımızda yeri doldurulamaz bir konumdadır. Ekim alanı bakımından ilk sırada yer alan buğday aynı zamanda ülkemizin de anavatanı olduğu ve tarihin başlarından beri temel bir gıda hammaddesi olma özelliğine sahip bir bitkidir. Bunun yanında, buğday insan beslenmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olan nişasta, protein, fitokimyasal ve antioksidan maddeleri de bünyesinde bulundurmaktadır. Geleneksel tarımda kullanılan ticari gübreler, pestisitler ve herbisitlerin çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri görüldükçe, organik tarıma olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Pestisit, sentetik gübre ve büyümeyi düzenleyici madde kalıntılarının insanlarda kanser ve diğer sağlık sorunlarına yol açabileceği kuşkusu, araştırmacıların dikkatini bu olumsuzlukları önleyecek üretim metotlarını geliştirmeye yöneltmiştir. Araştırmalar, en güvenilir üretim metodunun “Organik veya Ekolojik ya da Biyolojik Tarım” olarak adlandırılan yöntem olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenlerle, Dünyada, son 15 yılda organik tarım uygulamaları giderek artış göstermiştir. Yüksek girdili geleneksel yetiştiricilik koşullarında seçilmiş yeni ıslah çeşitleri, organik tarım koşullarına yeterince uyum sağlayamamaktadır. Hali hazırda organik tarım koşulları için uygun yeni çeşit ıslahı yapılmamış olması sebebiyle eldeki mevcut çeşitler organik tarımda kullanıldığında sadece verim değil aynı zamanda içerdikleri protein ve diğer yararlı bileşenler ile vitamin miktarlarında da bir düşüş meydana gelmektedir. Bunun yerine zaten marjinal alanlarda ekimi yapılan ve verim değerleri oturmuş yerel çeşitlerin ekimi daha çekici hale gelmektedir. Bu amaçla ülkemizin kısıtlı bölgelerinde üretilen yerel çeşitler bulundukları bölgelere iyi adapte oldukları için hem ıslah çalışmaları hem de organik üretim için en uygun adaylar olmaktadırlar.

Analytical solution for a hybrid Logistic-Monod cell growth model in batch and continuous stirred tank reactor culture.

Monod and Logistic growth models have been widely used as basic equations to describe cell growth in bioprocess engineering. In the case of the Monod equation, the specific growth rate is governed by a limiting nutrient, with the mathematical form similar to the Michaelis–Menten equation. In the case of the Logistic equation, the specific growth rate is determined by the carrying capacity of the system, which could be growth‐inhibiting factors (i.e., toxic chemical accumulation) other than the nutrient level. Both equations have been found valuable to guide us build unstructured kinetic models to analyze the fermentation process and understand cell physiology. In this work, we present a hybrid Logistic‐Monod growth model, which accounts for multiple growth‐dependent factors including both the limiting nutrient and the carrying capacity of the system. Coupled with substrate consumption and yield coefficient, we present the analytical solutions for this hybrid Logistic‐Monod model in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) culture. Under high biomass yield (Y x/s) conditions, the analytical solution for this hybrid model is approaching to the Logistic equation; under low biomass yield condition, the analytical solution for this hybrid model converges to the Monod equation. This hybrid Logistic‐Monod equation represents the cell growth transition from substrate‐limiting condition to growth‐inhibiting condition, which could be adopted to accurately describe the multi‐phases of cell growth and may facilitate kinetic model construction, bioprocess optimization, and scale‐up in industrial biotechnology.

A Nano-sized Nd–Ag@polyoxometalate Catalyst for Catalyzing the Multicomponent Hantzsch and Biginelli Reactions

For the first time the catalytic activity of AgNdSiW11, was examined in two named reactions, namely Hantzsch and Biginelli reactions. A simple, eco-friendly and highly efficient one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives via Hantzsch multicomponent reactions (MCRs) involving cyclocondensation of differently-substituted aldehydes, β-ketoesters or dimedone, active methylene compounds, and ammonium acetate as a source of nitrogen, in the presence of AgNdSiW11 as a catalyst in EtOH/H2O under reflux conditions in high yields was successfully achieved. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of AgNdSiW11 was also successfully tested in the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones via Biginelli MCR involving cyclocondensation of differently-substituted aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and urea as source of nitrogen in the presence of AgNdSiW11 under reflux conditions in EtOH/H2O. This prolific combination of Ln and POMs inaugurates a powerful class of catalysts for the different chemical transformations, which overcomes key limitations of previously established salts and Lewis acidic metals-based catalysts under low catalyst loading, the use of water scavengers, dry solvents and additives for facilitating the specialized experimental setups commonly employed to the organic reactions.

Development of microporous activated Aloji clay for adsorption of lead (II) ions from aqueous solution

Aloji clay was activated with HCl at optimal conditions variables (acid concentration, activation temperature and time) using central composite design with yield (%) and Pb2+ uptake as responses targeted. The obtained optimum conditions for high yield (%) and Pb2+ uptake were at 0.5 M, 100 °C and 120 min. At these conditions, BET surface area of 214.80 m2/g of the microporous activated adsorbent gave a maximum monolayer of 333.33 mg/g for Pb2+. The effects of equilibrium time, initial Pb2+ concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage were examined. Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich models best described Pb2+ adsorption onto Aloji activated clay as compared to the other isotherms and kinetics models investigated. The adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic and physical as revealed by the nature of the thermodynamic studies. The study shows that the discharge of harmful substances posed by industrials into water bodies can be salvage by effective and efficient use of activated Aloji clay.

Synthesis and Activation of Bench-Stable 3a-Fluoropyrroloindolines as Latent Electrophiles for the Synthesis of C-2-Thiol-Substituted Tryptophans and C-3a-Substituted Pyrroloindolines.

Indole dearomatization of tryptophan represents a key approach in the synthesis of indole containing alkaloids. Although the reactivity of C-3a-bromo-, 3a-iodo-, and 3a-chloropyrroloindolines has been explored, the utility and reactivity of C-3a-fluoropyrroloindolines has remained untapped. Here we induce the C-F bond to undergo a Sn1-like reaction. We demonstrate the utility of 3a-fluoropyrroloindoline to access C-2-thiol-substituted tryptophans and C-3a-substituted pyrroloindolines under mild conditions in high yield. A range of Nα-protecting groups and free -COOH are well-tolerated.

Optimization and Isolation of 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide from Deinbollia pinnata

Manual agitation on ultrasonic assisted extraction process, fractionation, isolation and purification afforded 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide (1) along with 11 compounds 2-12 i.e., squalene (2), phytyl palmitate (3), lupeol (4), taraxasterol (5), myristic acid (6), palmitic acid (7), campesterol (8), stigmasterol (9), λ-sitosterol (10), stigmastan-3, 5-diene (11) and stigmasta-5,22-diene-3-ol acetate (12). Their structures were elucidated spectroscopically (2D NMR, IR, GC-MS and 1D NMR). The optimal conditions for high yield of extracts were obtained at 45 °C, after 35 min and solvent ratio 50:50 mL for 83.01 % yield; which was applied on agita-sonication process for bulk sample extraction of D. pinnata leaves with single solvent at a time. Thus, this work provides alternative method to overcome large sample extraction for phyto-constituents of isolation of 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide (1) with ten other compounds from this specie pinnata and genius Deinbollia except stigmasterol (9).

Genetic Advance of Durum Wheat Under High Yielding Conditions: The Case of Chile

In Chile, durum wheat is cultivated in high-yielding Mediterranean environments, therefore breeding programs have selected cultivars with high yield potential in addition to grain quality. The genetic progress in grain yield (GY) between 1964 and 2010 was 72.8 kg ha−1 per year. GY showed a positive and significant correlation with days to heading, kernels per unit ground area and thousand kernel weight. The gluten and protein content tended to decrease with the year of cultivar release. The correlation between the δ13C of kernels and GY was negative and significant (−0.62, p < 0.05, for all cultivars; and −0.97, p < 0.001, excluding the two oldest cultivars). The yield progress (genetic plus agronomic improvements) of a set of 40–46 advanced lines evaluated between 2006 and 2015 was 569 kg ha−1 per year. Unlike other Mediterranean agro-environments, a longer growing cycle together with taller plants seems to be related to the increase in the GY of Chilean durum wheat during recent decades.

Organocatalyzed Asymmetric α-Thiocyanation of Oxindoles: Synthesis of Chiral Tertiary 3-Thiocyanatoxindoles.

An enantioselective thiocyanation of oxindoles has been developed for the first time using a bifunctional cinchona-derived organo-catalyst and N-thiocyanatophthalimide as the electrophilic thiocyanation source in the presence of 2-naphthol as the additive. Various enantioenriched 3,3'-disubstituted oxindoles with SCN-containing quaternary carbon stereocenters were synthesized under mild conditions in high yields (up to 99%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 6:94 er).

Organocatalytic, Enantioselective, Polarity-Matched Ring-Reorganization Domino Sequence Based on the 3-Oxindole Scaffold.

A one-pot squaramide-catalyzed enantioselective ring-reorganization domino sequence (Michael addition/intramolecular ring-opening/lactamization) of 3-hydroxyoxindole and methyleneindolinone, which can be readily derived from 3-oxindole, has been established in this work. As a result, novel polycyclic quinolinone-spirooxindoles bearing three contiguous chiral centers were efficiently and step-economically assembled under mild conditions in high yields (up to 97%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) and moderate to good diastereoselectivities (up to >95:5 dr).

Genetic response of diverse sunflower genotypes in contrasting moisture regimes for various physiological and growth parameters at early developmental stage

Abstract Sunflower has great capacity for bridge the edible oil gap in Pakistan. It ranks second to soybean in worldwide vegetable oil production. A greenhouse experiment was performed in the research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Eleven (11) advanced lines along with Hysun-37 (Check) were evaluated under complete randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice for two water regimes and three harvestings at early developmental stage. Different morphological and physiological plant traits were recorded to find out genetic analysis of water stress tolerance in sunflower. Results for analysis of variance exhibited significantly differences among all sunflower genotypes for all the traits. Genotypes performed different under contrasting water regimes. Genotypes like A-25, A-50 and A-57 performed best under both normal and water stress condition due to increased shoot length, deep rooting pattern, increased number of root branches and possessing enormousmass of fresh and dry shoot and root traits. Presence of these enviable plant traits make them superior among all genotypes in comparison with hybrid variety. Correlation analysis indicated strong genotypic and phenotypic correlation between shoot length and shoot dry weight. Traits that possessed significant positive phenotypic correlation with shoot length were dry root weight and fresh root weight. Stress tolerant genotypes viz. A-25, A-50 and A-57 could be recommended for utilization in future sunflower breeding program and can be grown under water stress conditions for high yield. Keywords: Correlation; Genetic variability; Seedling traits; Sunflower http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80024

Cp*Co(III)/MPAA-Catalyzed Enantioselective Amidation of Ferrocenes Directed by Thioamides under Mild Conditions.

Cp*Cobalt(III)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H amidation of ferrocenes using monoprotected amino acids (MPAAs) as chiral ligands was developed. The reaction was performed under mild conditions in high yields (up to 97%) with moderate enantioselectivity (up to 77.5:22.5 er), providing a promising strategy to create planar chirality via base-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation.

A One-Pot Ring-Opening/Ring-Closure Sequence for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Spirooxindoles.

One-pot ring-opening/ring-closure process of combining methyleneindolinone with 3-aminooxindole has been developed in this work. Novel polycyclic spirooxindoles were efficiently assembled under mild conditions in high yields (up to 95 %) with moderate to good diastereoselectivities (up to >95:5 d.r.) through simple filtration.

Meglumine as a green, efficient and reusable catalyst for synthesis and molecular docking studies of bis(indolyl)methanes as antioxidant agents

An efficient and convenient Meglumine catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of bis(indolyl) methanes at ambient temperature under aqueous conditions in high yields. The catalytic reaction proceeds very smoothly. Clean reaction, ease of product isolation/purification, easily available reactants, metal free and environmentally friendly reaction conditions are the notable advantages of the present methodology. All the entitled compounds were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, mass spectra and evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH, H2O2 and NO scavenging methods). They exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant activity dose-dependently. The binding interactions and molecular docking studies for entitled compounds were studied against 3MNG protein. 4d exhibited marked binding affinity with excellent docking score of −7.6 K.cal/mol and emerged as a lead compound.

A novel pseudo six-component synthesis of functionalized pyrazoles in ethanol by cascade reaction

Novel-substituted pyrazoles were synthesized using an aminal-based approach. The key steps in the synthetic strategy involve the formation of 1,1-dihydrazino-2-nitroethylene from hydrazine hydrate with nitro ketene dithioacetal and its reaction with Knoevenagel adduct derived from the corresponding aldehyde and malononitrile in ethanol media. The formation of 5-membered pyrazole ring is confirmed based on the electrostatic surface potential computed by density functional theory. This strategy can provide a concise and eco-friendly route for easy access to the highly substituted pyrazoles derivatives in excellent yields using four simple and readily available building blocks under mild conditions and particularly attractive due to features such as atom economy, high yield and mild condition.

Catalytic Hydroboration of Organic Nitriles Promoted by Aluminum Complex

AbstractWe demonstrate an efficient protocol for the chemoselective hydroboration of organic nitriles with pinacolborane (HBpin) and catecholborane (HBcat) using aluminum alkyl complex [κ2‐{2‐F−C6H4NP(Se)Ph2}2Al−(Me)] as a pre‐catalyst to afford diboryl amines under solvent‐free and mild conditions (60 °C) in high yield. The aluminum complex was prepared by the reaction of [2‐F−C6H4NHP(Se)Ph2] and trimethylaluminum in toluene. The solid‐state structure of Al complex is established. Nitriles with a wide array of electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating functional groups were easily converted to the desired products through the formation of aluminum hydride as an active species. A kinetic study of the catalytic reaction is also reported.magnified image

Introduction of Poly(4-Vinylpyridine) as an Efficient Promotor for the Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3-d]Pyrimidinones and Pyrido[2,3-d]Pyrimidines

This article describes an efficient method for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinones and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines via promotion of the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and barbituric acid and/or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil in the presence of poly(4-vinylpyridine). All reactions are performed under mild conditions in high yields during short -reaction times. Simple procedure, use of green and nontoxic solvents, low cost, commercial availability and recyclability of the catalyst are the main advantages of this method.

Solvent‐free synthesis of propargylamines catalyzed by an efficient recyclable ZnO‐supported CuO/Al2O3 nanocatalyst

An efficient nanocatalyst of ZnO‐supported CuO/Al2O3 (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 nanocatalyst) was prepared by the co‐precipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 nanocatalyst proved to be a very efficient catalyst on the synthesis of propargylamines under solvent‐free conditions in high yields. Moreover, the catalyst can be recyclable without reducing catalytic activity up to five times.

Eco-friendly and simple synthesis of some non-natural flavones through chalcones

A distinctive feature of polyphenolics is the possession of biological properties such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Simple synthesis and study about such important class of compounds and their analogs are very important to enhance the understanding of their role in human health and diseases. Accordingly, a series of chalcones (2a-f) have been synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction with required acetophenones and aromatic aldehydes in high yields. The conversion of chalcones to the corresponding flavones (1a-g) taking minimal amount of dimethyl sulfoxide with iodine in presence of sulfuric acid was carried out under microwave conditions in high yields.

Convenient metal-free direct oxidative amidation of aldehyde using dibromoisocyanuric acid under mild conditions

A facile method for the direct synthesis of amides from aldehydes is described. Amide bonds were synthesized by an oxidative amidation in the presence of dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI). Treatment of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with dibromoisocyanuric acid generated acyl bromide intermediates, which were employed to react with a variety of secondary and primary amines to give amides. Through this reaction method, various amides were synthesized directly from aldehydes under mild conditions in high yields and short times. This facile and efficient procedure provides potential strategy for the direct synthesis of amides from aldehydes.

Rh(III)‐Catalyzed C‐H Amination of Azobenzenes with Anthranils

AbstractAn efficient Rh(III)‐catalyzed C−H amination of azobenzenes with anthranils was developed. A range of azobenzenes were aminated under mild conditions in high yields (up to 92%) with good regioselectivity and atomic economy. The formed ortho‐aminocarbonyl skeleton could be converted to a series of biologically interesting heterocyclic compounds including a dibenzodiazepine, an acridine and an N‐aryl indole.