Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Conditions Research Articles

RSM- and ANN-Based Multifrequency Ultrasonic Extraction of Polyphenol-Rich Sargassum horneri Extracts Exerting Antioxidative Activity via the Regulation of MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Machinery.

Sargassum horneri (SH) is widely consumed as a healthy seaweed food in the Asia-Pacific region. However, the bioactive components contributing to its biological activity remain unknown. Herein, we optimized multifrequency ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions to achieve higher antioxidant activity using a response surface methodology and an artificial neural network. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS; negative mode) was used to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites in the optimized SH extract, which were further tested against oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the identified compounds were analyzed in silico to determine their binding energies with the Keap1 protein (4L7B). We identified 89 compounds using HRMS, among which 19 metabolites (8 polyphenolics, 2 flavonoids, 2 lignans, 2 terpenes, 2 tannins, 2 sulfolipids, and 1 phospholipid) were putatively reported for the first time in SH. The in vitro results revealed that optimized SH extract inhibited oxidative stress via the Nrf2/MAPKs/HO-1 pathway in a dose-dependent manner. This result was validated by performing in silico simulation, indicating that sargaquinoic acid and glycitein-7-O-glucuronide had the highest binding energies (-9.20 and -9.52 Kcal/mol, respectively) toward Keap1 (4L7B). This study offers a unique approach for the scientific community to identify potential bioactive compounds by optimizing the multivariant extraction processing conditions, which could be used to develop functional and nutraceutical foods.

Extracting bioactive compounds and proteins from Bacopa monnieri using natural deep eutectic solvents.

This study employed novel extraction methods with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to extract bioactive compounds and proteins from Bacopa monnieri leaves. The conditional influence of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) on the recovery efficiency of phenolics, proteins, flavonoids, and terpenoids was evaluated. The conditions of UAE were 50 mL/g LSR, 600W of ultrasonic power, and 30% water content with 40°C for 1 min to obtain the highest bioactive compounds and protein contents. The conditions of MAE were 40 mL/g LSR, 400W of microwave power with 30% water content for 3 min to reach the highest contents of biological compounds. The conditions of EAE were 30 mL/g of LSR, 20 U/g of enzyme concentration with L-Gly-Na molar ratio at 2:4:1, and 40% water content for 60 min to acquire the highest bioactive compound contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to analyze the surface of Bacopa monnieri leaves before and after extraction. Comparing seven extraction methods was conducted to find the most favorable ones. The result showed that the UMEAE method was the most effective way to exploit the compounds. The study suggested that UMEAE effectively extracts phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and protein from DBMP.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction to attain tannins and flavonoids from spent tea leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents

This research targeted recovering tannins and flavonoids from spent tea leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). NADES were produced by organic acids with choline chloride, polyols, and sugars, then the extraction performance of NADES was investigated. NADES from acetic acid-glycerol (NADES3) expressed the highest extraction efficiency of flavonoids and tannins. The single-factor experiments played a role in investigating the influence of UAE conditions on the extraction efficiency of tannins and flavonoids before the Box-Behnken design model was utilized to optimize the UAE processes. The optimum extraction efficiency of flavonoids and tannins was 20.4 mg RE/g db and 185.9 mg CE/g db, respectively, at 900 W of ultrasonic power, 41 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratios, 69 °C, 20 min, and 10% of water content in NADES. After that, the biological activity of extracts acquired at optimal conditions was quantified. This research illustrates that NADES-based UAE is a green and sustainable method for efficiently recovering tannins and flavonoids from spent tea leaves.

Green extraction of phenolics and terpenoids from passion fruit peels using natural deep eutectic solvents

AbstractThis work aimed to optimize the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolics and terpenoids from passion fruit peels using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). NADES formulated with choline chloride and polyols with organic acids were used to investigate the solubility of phenolics and flavonoids in the solvent. Among these formulations, those derived from lactic acid‐glycerine (LGLY) and citric acid‐glucose (CGLU) exhibited the highest efficiency in extracting phenolics and terpenoids, respectively, when combined with UAE. Then one‐factor experiments were conducted to examine the influence of the UAE conditions (liquid‐to‐solid ratios [LSR], water content in NADES, ultrasonic power, time, and temperature) and MAE conditions (LSR, water content in NADES, ultrasonic power, and time) on the extraction yield of phenolics and terpenoids. The Box‐Behnken design (BBD) model was employed to optimize the extraction conditions with conditional ranges determined based on the results of the one‐factor experiments. The optimal conditions for the CGLU‐based MAE of terpenoids were 387 W of microwave power, 30% water content, 2.4 min, and 20 mL/g of LSR. The optimized conditions for LGLY‐based MAE of phenolics were 299 W, 18.7%, 1.3 min, and 10 mL/g. Total terpenoid content acquired from NADES‐based UAE was higher than NADES‐based MAE, while total phenolic content obtained at the optimal conditions of NADES‐based UAE and MAE was statistically insignificant. The efficiency of the two extraction ways was compared to selecting the favorable extraction method for acquiring phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels. The research proposed that NADES‐based UAE was a green and effective method for attaining phenolics and terpenoids from passion fruit peel.Practical applicationPassion fruit peels are a by‐product of beverage production, which causes environmental pollution and increases treatment costs in the factory. These peels contain various bioactive compounds which benefit human health. The traditional extraction method shows low efficiency and high energy consumption. Thus, the appropriate extraction method and green solvents are needed to improve the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds and can be directly applied to food products. Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvents can enhance the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. However, the detailed conditions of UAE and MAE are necessary to compare the performance of the two methods. In addition to showing the significant superiority of UAE with MAE, the research showed the optimized conditions of the UAE process, which can be applied on the industrial scale to extract bioactive compounds and directly add them to food products.

RSM and ANN approach for optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction of pumpkin seed oil and their quality assessment

The current study focuses on optimization of process parameters for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Three parameters of UAE process, amplitude, time and solvent to seed (S:S) ratio were selected in the range of 20–40 %, 15–45 min and 2–6 mL/g respectively and optimized on the basis of responses viz. yield, total phenolic compounds (TPC), squalene content and induction time of oil. The optimum process conditions of UAE were obtained as amplitude- 34.76 %, time- 34.37 min and the S:S ratio 6 mL/g. Under these optimum conditions, the oil showed good yield 39.05 %, TPC 45.02 mg GAE/g, squalene content 447.4 mg/100 g and induction time 5.27 h. The ANN model was developed using multilayer perceptron (MLP) and trained with back propagation algorithm utilizing training data set. The results indicate that the predicted values of responses by ANN model were in good agreement with the experimental values than the RSM model. The UAE-PSO showed better retention of bioactive compounds along with far better oil stability as compared to SE-PSO. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the random porous pores and rupture cell wall matrix in UAE treated seed powder.

Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted hot-water extraction conditions of soluble dietary fibre from Lentinula edodes and analysis of its hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory properties in STZ-induced diabetic mice

AbstractSoluble dietary fibre (SDF) is well recognised for its remarkable effectiveness in promoting human health. This study utilised response surface methodology to evaluate the optimal conditions required to extract SDF (U-SDF) from Lentinula edodes via the ultrasonic-assisted hot-water method, and evaluated the hypolipidemic effects and anti-inflammatory effects of U-SDF. The optimal extraction conditions for U-SDF were ultrasonic power of 182 W, extraction time of 2 h, extraction temperature of 81 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:24 (g mL−1). Under these conditions, the extraction rate of U-SDF reached 8.08%. U-SDF treatment significantly improved liver and kidney indices in diabetic mice, markedly reduced the levels of plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and significantly increased the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner. U-SDF also improved adipose tissue injury in diabetic mice, significantly decreased the levels of cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and alleviated inflammation of the abdominal aorta. In conclusion, U-SDF from L. edodes is an excellent source of dietary fibres, which exhibit good hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting potential applications as a functional additive in diverse food products.

Target-Guided Isolation and Purification of Antioxidants from Urtica laetevirens Maxim. by HSCCC Combined with Online DPPH-HPLC Analysis

Urtica laetevirens Maxim. is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for its potent antioxidative properties. In this study, three antioxidants were purified from U. laetevirens. using HSCCC guided by online DPPH-HPLC analysis. Firstly, the online DPPH-HPLC analysis was performed to profile out the antioxidant active molecules in U. laetevirens. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the targeted antioxidant active molecules could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then, the antioxidant active molecules were separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (2:3:5, v/v/v) as the solvent system. Finally, the three targets including 16.8 mg of Isovitexin, 9.8 mg of Isoorientin, and 26.7 mg of Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-d-glucopyranoside were obtained from 100 mg of sample. Their structures were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavor compounds from shrimp by-products and characterization of flavor profile of the extract

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of flavor compounds from white shrimp heads (WSHs). The effects of sonication amplitude, sonication time, and solvent-to-solid ratio on the extraction yield (EY) of flavor compounds and the degree of protein modification (DPM) were evaluated by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum EY (40.87 %) and DPM (26.28 %) were obtained at amplitude, time, and solvent-to-solid ratios of 63.2 %, 20.5 min, and 20.8 mL/g, respectively. The optimum DPM value indicates that sonication markedly influenced the protein denaturation, as evidenced by the higher TCA soluble protein content. Further, we also investigated the taste active composition of ultrasonic extract of shrimp head (USH). Results show that the equivalent umami concentration (EUC) value was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the ultrasonic extract of shrimp head (USH) (55.44 ± 3.25 g MSG/100 g) compared to the control shrimp head extract (CSH) (8.32 ± 1.07 g MSG/100 g). This study also deals with the development of shrimp flavor concentrate (SFC) using USH by the conventional heating process. Sensory evaluation of SFC revealed that the shrimp-like aroma and umami taste characteristics were predominant. Thus, USH's improved umami taste composition demonstrates its potential utilization for producing SFC with higher EUC.

Extraction and Emulsification of Carotenoids from Carrot Pomaces Using Oleic Acid.

This study aimed to use oleic acid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) to recover carotenoids from carrot pomace and emulsify the enriched-carotenoid oleic acid using spontaneous and ultrasonic-assisted emulsification. The extraction performance of oleic acid was compared with traditional organic solvents, including hexane, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The one-factor experiments were employed to examine the impact of UAE conditions, including liquid-to-solid ratios, temperature, ultrasonic power, and time, on the extraction yield of carotenoids and to find the conditional ranges for the optimization process. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the UAE process. The second-order extraction kinetic model was used to find the mechanism of oleic acid-based UAE. After that, the enriched-carotenoid oleic acid obtained at the optimal conditions of UAE was used to fabricate nanoemulsions using spontaneous emulsification (SE), ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (UE), and SE-UE. The effect of SE and UE conditions on the turbidity of nanoemulsion was determined. Then, the physiochemical attributes of the nanoemulsion from SE, UE, and spontaneous ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (SE-UE) were determined using the dynamic light scattering method. The extraction yield of carotenoids from carrot pomace by using sonication was the highest. The adjusted optimal conditions were 39 mL/g of LSR, 50 °C, 12.5 min, and 350 W of ultrasonic power. Under optimal conditions, the carotenoid content attained was approximately 163.43 ± 1.83 μg/g, with the anticipated value (166 μg/g). The particle sizes of nanoemulsion fabricated at the proper conditions of SE, UE, and SE-UE were 31.2 ± 0.83, 33.8 ± 0.52, and 109.7 ± 8.24 nm, respectively. The results showed that SE and UE are suitable methods for fabricating nanoemulsions. The research provided a green approach for extracting and emulsifying carotenoids from carrot pomace.

Green extraction of phenolics and flavonoids from black mulberry fruit using natural deep eutectic solvents: optimization and surface morphology

This study deployed ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), to extract phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit, and the antioxidant activity was examined. The extraction yields of NADES-based UAE were assessed based on the yields of phenolics and flavonoids extracted from the black mulberry fruit. This study selected the molar ratios of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors HBD at 1:2 from previous studies. Choline chloride-lactic acid showed the highest solubility with phenolics and flavonoids among NADES systems. One-factor experiments evaluated the effect of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), water content in NADES, temperature, and time) on TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The suitable NADES-based UAE conditions for extracting phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit were 60 ml/g of LSR, 40% water content, 70 °C, and 15 min. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model optimized the NADES-based UAE process based on response (TPC, TFC, ABTS, OH, and DPPH). The optimal conditions for the NADES-based UAE process were 70 ml/g of LSR, 38.9% water content in NADES, 67.9 °C, and 24.2 min of extraction time. The predicted values of the Box-Behnken design were compatible with the experimental results. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to survey the surface of black mulberry fruit with and without sonication. SEM can assist in demonstrating the destructive effect of NADES and ultrasonic waves on material surfaces. SEM findings indicated the high surface destruction capacity of NADES, which partially contributed to a superior extraction yield of NADES than conventional organic solvents. The study proposes an efficient and green method for extracting bioactive compounds from black mulberry fruits. The black mulberry fruit extracts can be applied to meat preservation and beverages with high antioxidants.

Ultrasonic/cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Garcinia mangostana rinds and its carboxymethylated derivative

Response surface methodology was selected to explore the ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction conditions of Garcinia mangostana rind polysaccharides (GMRPs), and the optimum values of each condition were as follows: ratio of raw material to liquid of 1:50 g/mL, ultrasonic time of 40 min, enzyme concentration of 4 %, and ultrasonic power of 179 W. Based on the above conditions, the average extraction rate of GMRPs was 15.56 %. GMRPs were modified by carboxymethylation, and the relationship between the amount of chloroacetic acid and the substitution degree of carboxymethylated derivative was compared. Based on the results of single factor experiment, it was shown that the amount of chloroacetic acid significantly affected the degree of substitution of derivative products. The above research provides some valuable theoretical references for the preparation of GMRPs and its carboxymethylation products.

Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels.

This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) processes to acquire phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels using a mixture of ethanol, acetone, and water. An augmented simplex-centroid design was employed to find the suitable volume ratio among solvent ingredients to attain the highest extraction yield of phenolics and flavonoids. One-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of UAE and MAE parameters on the recovery yield of phenolics and flavonoids before the two processes were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) models. The optimal UAE conditions for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peel powder (PFP) were 28 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), 608 W of ultrasonic power, and 63 °C for 20 min to acquire total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 39.38 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg GAE/g db) and 25.79 mg of rutin equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg RE/g db), respectively. MAE conditions for attaining phenolics and flavonoids from PFP were 26 mL/g of LSR and 606 W of microwave power for 2 min to recover TPC and TFC at 17.74 mg GAE/g db and 8.11 mg RE/g db, respectively. The second-order kinetic model was employed to determine the UAE and MAE mechanism of TPC and TFC and the thermodynamic parameters of the extraction processes. The antioxidant activities of passion fruit peel extracts at optimal conditions were examined to compare the efficiency of UAE and MAE. This study establishes an effective approach for obtaining phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels.

Extraction, Purification, and Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus vaninii with Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

In order to obtain homogeneous Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, a response surface method (RSM) was used to compare the polysaccharide extraction rate of hot water extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction from Sanghuangporus vaninii. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 60 min, a solid-liquid ratio of 40 g/mL, and an ultrasonic power of 70 W. An SVP (Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides) extraction rate of 1.41% was achieved. Five homogeneous monosaccharides were obtained by gradient ethanol precipitation with diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE) and SephadexG-100 separation and purification. The five polysaccharides were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography, the ultraviolet spectrum, the Fourier transform infrared spectrum, TG (thermogravimetric analysis), the Zeta potential, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The five polysaccharides had certain levels of antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition, we the investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides derived from Sanghuangporus vaninii on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and Kupffer cells. Further, we found that SVP-60 significantly inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and promoted the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Our study provides theoretical support for the potential application of Sanghuangporus vaninii in the field of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

An efficient strategy for large-scale preparation of low polarity gingerols directly from ginger crude extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography with different rotation mode.

This study presents an efficient strategy for large-scale preparation of low polarity gingerols directly from ginger crude extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography with different rotation mode. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the major low polarity gingerols could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then the crude extract without any pretreatment was directly separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography with different rotation mode using n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (6:4:6:4, v/v/v/v) as the solvent system. In about 400min, five major gingerols including 150mg of [6]-gingerol, 50mg of [8]-gingerol, 20mg of [6]-shogaol, 43mg of [6]-dehydrogingerdione, and 40mg of [10]-gingerol were obtained from 1.2g of crude extract in a single run with repeated injection. Their structures were identified by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy.

Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and Terpenoids from Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr Roots Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

This research extracted phenolics and terpenoids from Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr roots using natural deep eutectic solvent-based novel extraction techniques. Twelve natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were produced for recovering phenolics and terpenoids. Citric acid/glucose and lactic acid/glucose, with a molar ratio of 2:1, were determined as the most appropriate NADESs for extracting phenolics and terpenoids, respectively. Afterward, the proper conditions for NADES-based ultrasonic-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction were investigated. Then, the time and liquid-to-solid ratios of ultrasonic- and microwave-combined extraction methods and the sequence of ultrasound and microwave treatments were examined. The conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were 40 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 40% water content, 30°C, 5 min, and 600 W ultrasonic power for the highest terpenoid recovery at 69 ± 2 mg UA/g dw, while 150 W ultrasonic power was suitable for phenolic recovery at 9.56 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g dw. The conditions of microwave-assisted extraction were 50 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 20% water content, 400 W microwave power, and 2 min to acquire the highest phenolics and terpenoids at 22.13 ± 0.75 mg GAE/g dw and 90 ± 1 mg UA/g dw, respectively. Under appropriate conditions, the biological activities, phenolic content, and terpenoid content of obtained extracts from four extraction methods, including ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-microwave-assisted, and microwave-ultrasonic-assisted extraction, were compared to select the most proper method. The conditions of ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction were 40 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 5 min sonication, and 1 min microwave irradiation to obtain the highest phenolic and terpenoid contents (27.07 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g dw and 111 ± 3 mg UA/g dw, respectively). Ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction showed the highest phenolic content, terpenoid content, and biological activities among the four extraction techniques. The changes in the surface morphology were determined using scanning electron microscopy. This study demonstrated that ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction was an effective and sustainable method in food and pharmaceutical industries for recovering phenolics and terpenoids from Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, analysis and properties of mung bean peel polysaccharide

In order to improve the yield of mung bean peel polysaccharide, on the basis of single-factor experiments, the ultrasonic assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that under the conditions of material-liquid ratio of 1: 40, temperature 77 °C, ultrasonic power 216 W and extraction time 47 min, the extraction rate of mung bean peel polysaccharide was the best, which was 2.55 %. The extracted polysaccharide was phosphorylated and its antioxidant activity in vitro was studied. The results suggested that the modified polysaccharide had a significant scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals and enhanced the ability of anti-lipid peroxidation, which offered ideas and methods for the development and application of mung bean peel polysaccharide.

Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and biological activity of total flavonoids from leaves of Murrayae exotica using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT Murrayae exotica is a traditional Chinese medicine widely grown in southeast China. A Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to further optimise ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions for M. exotica leaves total flavonoids (MELTF). The results showed that the optimised extraction conditions were an ultrasonic power of 240 W, an ultrasonic temperature of 60 °C, a solvent concentration of 76%, an ultrasonic time of 55 min and a liquid–solid ratio of 22 mL · g−1. Under these conditions, 8.59 ± 0.34 mg · g−1 was achieved as the mean experimental value of extraction yield, which amounts to 2.56 times that of ethanol leaching extraction. As compared to MELTF, MELTF after purification (MELPTF) had a higher purity of 9.96%, which was nearly nine times higher than that of MELTF (1.26%). As compared to MELTF, MELPTF had higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities as well as DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activities with IC50 values of 0.021, 0.094, 0.245 and 0.113 mg · mL−1, which are 1.33, 2.12, 3.17 and 1.78 times higher than those of MELTF (0.028, 0.199, 0.777 and 0.201 mg · mL−1). The study thus demonstrates the eligibility of MELPTF to be considered as a multifunctional bioactive ingredient having potential applications in anti-hyperglycaemic pharmaceutical formulation and as an antioxidant in functional foods.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted hot acidic solvent extraction of ulvan from Ulva intestinalis of the Persian Gulf: Evaluation of structural, techno-functional, and bioactivity properties

This study was aimed at the optimization of extraction, structure characterizing and determination of the techno-functional and bioactivity properties of ulvan from Ulva intestinalis. At first, six extraction techniques including hot water, hot acidic and hot alkaline solvent extraction, as well as microwave, autoclave and ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction were investigated, and the methods of acidic and ultrasonic were selected for further optimization. Optimal conditions of ultrasonic-assisted hot acidic solvent extraction with a maximum efficiency of ∼26.77% were determined as follows: 86 °C, 34 ml g−1, pH 4.5 and 200 W. According to the structure characterizing examinations, ulvan predominantly consisted of carbohydrates, sulfates, and proteins. As expected, the main monomers were rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose and xylose respectively. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed that ulvan was composed of acidic and neutral sugars containing α-configuration in pyranose form. The average molecular weight of ulvan was calculated to be around 1200 kDa. According to TGA, the main stage of polysaccharide degradation commenced at about 210 °C. Ulvan had satisfactory performance in techno-functional analyses, which indicates its applicability in food and cosmetic systems. In bioactivity assays: this polysaccharide had a remarkable scavenging activity on DPPH (up to 73.24%) and ABTS+ (up to 94.94%) radicals and showed good inhibition effects on three bacterial strains including E. coli, S. typhimurium and B. subtilis. Finally, its impressive and satisfactory antiproliferative effects towards Cell lines of HDFn and SK-MES-1 were evidenced. The overall findings indicated the great potency of ulvan for pharmaceutical and food applications.

Green extraction of total phenolic and flavonoid contents from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) rind using natural deep eutectic solvents

This research combined ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to recover phenolic and flavonoid components from mangosteen rind. The antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl assays. NADES prepared from lactic and 1,2–propanediol had the highest extraction efficiency based on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic contents (TPC). Single-factor experiments were employed to assess the influence of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, water content in NADES, and time) on TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activities. NADES-based UAE conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model on five dependent responses (TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and OH). The optimal conditions for the lactic-1,2–Propanediol-based UAE process were 76.7 ml liquid/g solid with 30.3% of water content at 57.5 °C for 9.1 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to examine the surface morphology of mangosteen rind before and after sonication. This study proposes an efficient, green, and practical approach for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from mangosteen rinds.

Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic improvement of polyphenol content, antioxidant potential, and in vitro inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes of Miang extracts

The aims of this research were to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polyphenols under Miang and tannase treatment conditions for the improvement of antioxidant activity of Miang extracts via response surface methodology. Miang extracts treated with and without tannase were investigated for their inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of the highest total polyphenol (TP) (136.91 mg GAE/g dw) and total flavonoid (TF) (5.38 mg QE/g dw) contents were as follows: 1 U/g cellulase, 1 U/g xylanase, 1 U/g pectinase, temperature (74 °C), and time (45 min). The antioxidant activity of this extract was enhanced by the addition of tannase obtained from Sporidiobolus ruineniae A45.2 undergoing ultrasonic treatment and under optimal conditions (360 mU/g dw, 51 °C for 25 min). The ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction selectively promoted the extraction of gallated catechins from Miang. Tannase treatment improved the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of untreated Miang extracts by 1.3 times. The treated Miang extracts possessed higher IC50 values for porcine pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory activity than those that were untreated. However, it expressed approximately 3 times lower IC50 values for porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) inhibitory activity indicating a marked improvement in inhibitory activity. The molecular docking results support the contention that epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and catechin obtained via the biotransformation of the Miang extracts played a crucial role in the inhibitory activity of PPL. Overall, the tannase treated Miang extract could serve as a functional food and beneficial ingredient in medicinal products developed for obesity prevention.