Test Conditions Research Articles

Silicon-perovskite combinational solar cells degradation phenomena for futuristic IOTs powering

Internet of Things (IoTs) nodes are presently powered through primary and secondary batteries, which face the issue of recharging and replacing within a limited life span of a battery. Hence, scientists and researchers are searching for alternative powering sources or supporting powering by default battery power. Organic or perovskite solar cells (OSCs/PSCs) are presented as an alternative to powering the IoT nodes. Another option for powering IoT nodes may be based on silicon-perovskite combinational heterojunction solar cells, which may be better concerning OSCs/PSCs as the stability issue of OSCs/PSCs, which is hampering the commercialization as a powering source for IoT nodes. Herein, the case of degradation of the silicon-perovskite combinational heterojunction solar cells of structure Al/Si/MAPbI3/Ag having device parameters such as Voc ~ 0.41 ± 0.05, Jsc ~ 3.93 ± 0.05, FF ~ 66.56 ± 0.05 and efficiency ~ 1.08 ± 0.05 will be presented in an ambient environment and the sunshine in November 2021 for ~ 97 h in the capital city of India New Delhi. The T80 for the device tested in the background under sunlight exposure is ~ 4 h only, concerning five days in indoor testing conditions. The degradation observation of silicon-perovskite combinational heterojunction solar cells shows an all-characteristic parameter decay with respect to degradation in indoor lab conditions, which is only fill factor (FF) driven degradation. The degradation is analyzed through XRD, SEM, PL, and EDAX studies of degraded and fresh devices.

Basalt grid reinforcement of lightweight plywood

By using basalt fibre grids as a reinforcing material, lightweight plywood with improved bending properties could be produced by using low density hardwood veneers and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. The improvement in flexural strength would allow it to be used in a wider range of load-bearing applications. In this study, acrylate-coated basalt fibre grids with a grammage of 200g m-2 and uncoated basalt fibre grids with a grammage of 116g m-2 were inserted into the outer glue joints of five-layer lime (Tilia cordata) plywood as reinforcement. The plywood was bonded with two formulations of PF adhesive. The evaluation of the mechanical properties showed increases for the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE). The increase in MOR was up to 25% in the parallel direction of the top layers and up to 49% in the perpendicular direction of the top layers for plywood reinforced with the acrylate-coated basalt fibre grid compared to the unreinforced reference in a raw density-adjusted comparison. After treatment to evaluate moisture resistance under cyclic test conditions (MR), the reinforced plywoods exhibited similar bending strength to the unreinforced reference after standardised climate conditioning. At the same time, the addition of coated basalt fibre grid had no effect on surface soundness (SS). Therefore, the use of coated basalt grid as a reinforcing material could be a good way to produce high-strength plywood using low-density hardwood veneers.

The effectiveness of TRIS and ammonium buffers in glass dissolution studies: a comparative analysis

Selecting appropriate buffers is crucial for evaluating the chemical durability of glass under controlled conditions such as in the EPA 1313 test designed to measure elemental release as a function of pH. The efficacy of two alkali-metal free buffers, TRIS (NH2C(CH2OH)3) and ammonium chloride—ammonia (NH3/NH4Cl), was investigated during EPA 1313 testing of a simulated Hanford low-activity waste borosilicate glass in the alkaline regime (pH 8.5–10.5) at varying temperatures (RT, 40 °C, and 60 °C). While both buffers maintained the desired pH at room temperature, and up to 40 °C, the effectiveness of TRIS decreased at elevated temperatures, particularly at pH 10.5. Although 11B NMR showed evidence of TRIS-B complexation, its effect on the rate of elemental release was found to be negligible under the test conditions. With ammonium buffer, the release of alkali cations was slightly elevated when compared to the same conditions with TRIS at early time points.

Binaural speech intelligibility for combinations of noise, reverberation, and hearing-aid signal processing.

Binaural speech intelligibility in rooms is a complex process that is affected by many factors including room acoustics, hearing loss, and hearing aid (HA) signal processing. Intelligibility is evaluated in this paper for a simulated room combined with a simulated hearing aid. The test conditions comprise three spatial configurations of the speech and noise sources, simulated anechoic and concert hall acoustics, three amounts of multitalker babble interference, the hearing status of the listeners, and three degrees of simulated HA processing provided to compensate for the noise and/or hearing loss. The impact of these factors and their interactions is considered for normal-hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) listeners for sentence stimuli. Both listener groups showed a significant reduction in intelligibility as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreased, and showed a reduction in intelligibility in reverberation when compared to anechoic listening. There was no significant improvement in intelligibility for the NH group for the noise suppression algorithm used here, and no significant improvement in intelligibility for the HI group for more advanced HA processing algorithms as opposed to linear amplification in either of the two acoustic spaces or at any of the three SNRs.

Numerical testing method and mechanical property evaluation of large particle size asphalt mixture.

The large particle size asphalt mixture with nominal maximum aggregate size 53 mm(LSAM-50) has good technical and economic performance and will become an effective technical way to build a full-thick long-life asphalt pavement with Chinese characteristics. In order to reveal the mechanical properties and influencing factors of LSAM-50 in depth, a numerical test method for the mechanical properties of the large particle size LSAM-50 asphalt mixture was developed, and a reasonable specimen size for LSAM-50 performance test was proposed by combining the numerical test and the indoor test. The results show that: LSAM-50 numerical test conditions are the calculation time step 10-3 s/step, the loading rate is 2 mm/min (uniaxial compression numerical test) and 50 mm/min (splitting numerical test) when LSAM-50 numerical experiment calculation rate and numerical experiment accuracy are better; after the size of the specimen reaches 200×160mm, the influence of the size effect is eliminated. The reasonable specimen size of LSAM-50 is Φ200mm×h160mm; the LSAM-50 numerical test method and the indoor test have low error Less than 10%.

Study on the crack propagation morphology and initiation law of coal rock under the action of underwater electric pulse

Based on the symmetric initiation mechanism of double-wing cracks in coal rock mass induced by high-pressure electro-recoil water pressure, fracturing experiments have been performed on coal rock mass under different water pressures and discharge conditions using high-voltage electric pulse hydraulic fracturing devices. Combined with CT scans, the crack spatial distribution inside the post-break coal rock mass was analyzed and found that the edge of the water injection hole is prone to produce double-wing cracks along the drilling hole diameter. ABAQUS is used to verify the physical test and extend the test conditions, the geometric parameter change, morphological expansion rule and crack initiation mechanism of double-wing crack in coal rock mass under different discharge conditions and ground stress conditions are studied. The results show that the cracks around the borehole of coal rock mass crack symmetrically under the action of high-voltage electric pulse in water. When the impact load of the high-voltage electric pulse is small(3 MPa hydrostatic pressure, 7 kV discharge voltage), cracks crack symmetrically around the drilling hole, and when the impact load is large(3 MPa hydrostatic pressure, 13 kV discharge voltage), most of the cracks inside the specimen crack symmetrically along the radial or tangential wings of the drilling hole, and the cracks change from multiple pairs of double-wing cracks to a pair of double-wing cracks with the weakening of the shock wave energy until only one single wing crack remains. With the increase of discharge voltage, the length, width, area and complexity of the cracks in both wings will increase in different degrees. With the increase of in-situ stress difference, the crack is more inclined to the direction of the maximum principal stress and eventually expands along the direction of the maximum principal stress. The results further shed light on the initiation and propagation laws of double-wing crack during high-voltage electrical pulse fracturing of coal rock in water and provide theoretical support for efficient extraction of coalbed methane from high-voltage electrical pulse fracturing of coal rock mass in water in China.

Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on PMMA-Siloxane-Silica and Modified Silica Nanoparticles Deposited on AA2024-T3

The study aimed to develop a superhydrophobic coating on the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 surface. The desired surface roughness and low surface energy were achieved with SiO2 nanoparticles, synthesised via the Stöber method and modified with alkyl silane (AS) or perfluoroalkyl silane (FAS). To enhance particle adhesion to the alloy substrate, nanoparticles were incorporated into a hybrid sol–gel coating composed of tetraethyl orthosilicate, methyl methacrylate, and 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The coated substrates were characterised using field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy for surface topography, nanoparticle size distribution, composition, and coating thickness. The corrosion resistance of the coatings on AA2024-T3 was evaluated in a 0.1 M NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthesised SiO2 nanoparticles had an average size between 25 and 35 nm. The water contact angles on coated aluminium surfaces reached 135° for SiO2 + AS and 151° for SiO2 + FAS. SiO2 + FAS, indicating superhydrophobic properties, showed the most uniform surface with the most consistent size distribution of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Incorporation of nanoparticles into the hybrid sol–gel coating further improved particle adhesion. The ~2 µm-thick coating also demonstrated efficient barrier properties, significantly enhancing corrosion resistance for over two months under the test conditions.

Experimental Study on Tunnel Failure Mechanism and the Effect of Combined Anti-Dislocation Measures Under Fault Dislocation

Taking the tunnels crossing active faults in China’s Sichuan–Tibet Railway as the research background, experimental studies were conducted using a custom-developed split model box. The research focused on the cracking characteristics of the surrounding rock surface under the action of strike-slip faults, the progressive failure process of the tunnel model, and the mechanical response of the tunnel lining. In-depth analyses were performed on the tunnel damage mechanism under strike-slip fault action and the mitigation effects of combined anti-dislocation measures. The results indicate the following: Damage to the upper surface of the surrounding rock primarily occurs within the fault fracture zone. The split model box enables the graded transfer of fault displacement within this zone, improving the boundary conditions for the model test. Under a 50 mm fault displacement, the continuous tunnel experiences severe damage, leading to a complete loss of function. The damage is mainly characterized by circumferential shear and is concentrated within the fault fracture zone. The zone 20 cm to 30 cm on both sides of the fault plane is the primary area influenced by tunnel forces. The force distribution on the left and right sidewalls of the lining exhibits an anti-symmetric pattern across the fault plane. The left side wall is extruded by surrounding rock in the moving block, while the right side wall experiences extrusion from the surrounding rock in the fracture zone, and there is a phenomenon of dehollowing and loosening of the surrounding rock on both sides of the fault plane; the combination of anti-dislocation measures significantly enhances the tunnel’s stress state, reducing peak axial strain by 93% compared to a continuous tunnel. Furthermore, the extent and severity of tunnel damage are greatly diminished. The primary cause of lining segment damage is circumferential stress, with the main damage characterized by tensile cracking on both the inner and outer surfaces of the lining along the tunnel’s axial direction.

Study on improving tribological properties of brush/ring current carrying based on anodic oxidation

Abstract Surface corrosion of the collector ring is an important factor that affects the current-carrying characteristics of the brush/ring system. A suitable surface film can effectively enhance the corrosion resistance of the surface and improve the tribological characteristics of the current-carrying ring. This paper focuses on the collector ring in the brush/ring current-carrying system of a hydrogenerator as the research object. Under the conditions of an anodic oxidation test with a current density of 0.004A/cm², optimized as the anodic oxidation technology, a surface film was formed by selecting oxidation times of 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes (short duration, low current). The characteristics of the film were measured and analyzed using XPS, AFM, and SEM. Current-carrying tribological tests were conducted on a brush/ring current-carrying wear tester, and the relationship between surface film characteristics, polarization curves, and impedance spectra under different oxidation conditions was analyzed using an electrochemical device. The results show that, as oxidation time increases, the oxide film transitions from a dense barrier layer to a porous oxide film, with both the thickness of the oxide layer and the oxygen content in the film increasing. The wear mechanism evolves from "three-body" wear to "two-body" wear, and eventually to arc wear. An oxidation time of 10 minutes provides the best current-carrying performance, with a contact resistance of 1.118Ω and a friction coefficient of 0.2643. An oxidation time of 3 minutes offers the best corrosion resistance, with a maximum self-corrosion potential of -0.8784V and a minimum corrosion current density of 3.872×10⁻⁶A/cm². The anodic oxide film effectively protects the collector ring from external corrosive factors, extending its service life. Additionally, it reduces friction and contact resistance to some extent, ensuring the long-term stable operation of the equipment in harsh environments.

Comprehensive Analysis of Wear, Friction, and Thermal Resistance in PVDF/Nanoclay Composites Using Taguchi Methodology for Enhanced Tribological Performance

This study discusses the tribological characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/nanoclay composites, focusing on the effects of nanoclay content (0, 1, 2 and 3 wt.%), load, sliding speed, and sliding distance on the wear rate, friction coefficient, specific wear rate, and temperature. A Taguchi Design of Experiments technique was applied to optimize and assess these aspects. The results demonstrated that nanoclay addition considerably improved the wear resistance and frictional stability of the PVDF composites. Specifically, a nanoclay concentration of 3 wt.% gave the lowest wear rate (0.05 mg/m) with a 10 N load and 100 m sliding distance, lowering wear by roughly 23% compared to unreinforced PVDF. The friction coefficient was similarly lowered by 12% with 3 wt.% nanoclay, reaching a value of 0.38 at the highest load of 40 N. Interaction effects demonstrate that load and sliding distance are key elements impacting wear performance, with large loads and long distances virtually tripling the wear rate. ANOVA results quantify nanoclay’s contribution to a wear rate reduction of 51.29%, whereas load and sliding distance contributed 22.47% and 16.98%, respectively. Temperature increases due to frictional heating reached 10 °C under rigorous test conditions, although nanoclay treatment decreased this increase by an average of 15%. Characterization by XRD and FTIR verified the nanoclay dispersion inside the PVDF matrix, whereas the SEM images demonstrated smoother surfaces and fewer wear tracks in the nanoclay-reinforced samples. These findings illustrate the efficiency of nanoclay in increasing the wear resistance of PVDF, making these composites appropriate for high-performance applications. This research provides useful insights into enhancing PVDF/nanoclay composites, with possible uses in situations that demand endurance and thermal stability.

Consumer response to fuel economy in the face of global fuel crises

One crucial determinant of the overall cost of national fuel efficiency rules is how consumers evaluate trade-offs between the initial cost of vehicles with better fuel economy and the anticipated savings in fuel expenses. Vehicle selection modeling is a useful tool for evaluating variations in customer preferences when it comes to purchasing vehicles. Additionally, it explores the impact of these changes on consumer surplus and compliance costs. The study employs a particular selection test under comparison test conditions to investigate its impact on the visual representation of fuel economy data. The fuel economy data is displayed distinctly for each of the six factors: average monetary savings/spending over four years compared to a car in the same class, miles per gallon, fuel costs over six years, yearly fuel prices, the complete government-mandated fuel efficiency label, and the total fuel cost throughout the lifetime of the vehicle. A nationally representative sample of 950 prospective car purchasers in Ghana was randomly allocated to a single situation throughout the country. The study determined that the data presented had a direct impact on how consumers assess fuel efficiency. When comparing other criteria such as annual fuel cost, five-year fuel cost, and spending/saving comparisons, the study found a significantly higher willingness to pay value for participating in the scenario that included fuel economy labels. The value was adjusted based on participant statistics. Participants of advanced age and those who anticipated a somewhat reduced expenditure for their forthcoming automobile attributed greater significance to fuel efficiency. This research investigates potential reasons for the disparities between consumer willingness to pay for fuel efficiency and the offerings of automakers, despite the limited available data to assess the relative importance of these various theories.

Dataset of tensile properties for sub-sized specimens of nuclear structural materials

Mechanical testing with sub-sized specimens plays an important role in the nuclear industry, facilitating tests in confined experimental spaces with lower irradiation levels and accelerating the qualification of new materials. The reduced size of specimens results in different material behavior at the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale, in comparison to standard-sized specimens, which is referred to as the “specimen size effect.” Although analytical models have been proposed to correlate the properties of sub-sized specimens to standard-sized specimens, these models lack broad applicability across different materials and testing conditions. The objective of this study is to create the first large public dataset of tensile properties for sub-sized specimens used in nuclear structural materials. We performed an extensive literature review of relevant publications and extracted over 1,000 tensile testing records comprising 55 columns including material type and composition, manufacturing information, irradiation conditions, specimen dimensions, and tensile properties. The dataset can serve as a valuable resource to investigate the specimen size effect and develop computational methods to correlate the tensile properties of sub-sized specimens.

Evaluation of thinning behaviour under the influence of plastic hardening and surface friction during small punch test

Understanding the deformation response of the material involving thinning under small punch loading is vital to ensure structural integrity. This paper systematically investigates the effects of plastic hardening on the thinning process under different levels of surface friction between the punch, die and specimen. The small punch test conditions are modeled using Finite Element (FE) software of Abaqus. An axisymmetric model with a bi-linear constitutive material model incorporating different plastic hardening slopes is employed. Furthermore, the Coulomb’s friction coefficient between the disc-shaped specimen and the punch as well as the die varies between 0 (frictionless) to 0.7. The study found that the effect of plastic hardening on thinning process is negligible. On the other hand, the effect of thinning at the center of the specimen is significant under frictionless surface conditions. Thinning is observed to be dominant during the membrane stretching and plastic instability deformation stages. As the surface friction increases, the resistance to sliding deformation decreases. As a result, tensile instability is predicted at the location offset from the center of the specimen. Future efforts to model material behaviour and determine mechanical properties using small punch load conditions must consider the effects of friction.

Effect of Dynamic Corrosion and Degradation on Fatigue Life of an AA2024-T3 Aircraft Profile: Experimental, Statistical, and Numerical Analyses

The effect of parameters such as angle of attack, flow velocity, and electrolyte concentration (saline solution) on the extent of material degradation, as well as the morphology and depth of corrosion pits in an airfoil made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, was studied in detail. An orthogonal L9 design of experiments (Taguchi method) was applied to promote high pitting corrosion through the quality characteristic “the higher the better”. Potentiodynamic curves of the three experiments with low, medium, and high saline concentration were obtained through the CorrTest CS350 equipment. The above allowed the determination of the electrochemical corrosion parameters under static test conditions. The corroded airfoils were analyzed using light optical microscopy (LOM). In addition, the roughness measurements correlated with the extent of the degraded surface. A complete pit shape and depth characterization was obtained by applying mechanical ground, surface wear level monitoring (every 0.01 mm), and LOM observations. Pitting defects (depth and morphology) and mechanical strength reduction were considered by a finite element (FE) model to simulate the airfoil fatigue behavior. Numerical results helped to determine the contribution of pitting and the extent of degradation on sudden airfoil failure.

A Dual-Path Neural Network for High-Impedance Fault Detection

High-impedance fault detection poses significant challenges for distribution network maintenance and operation. We propose a dual-path neural network for high-impedance fault detection. To enhance feature extraction, we use a Gramian Angular Field algorithm to transform 1D zero-sequence voltage signals into 2D images. Our dual-branch network simultaneously processes both representations: the CNN extracts spatial features from the transformed images, while the GRU captures temporal features from the raw signals. To optimize model performance, we integrate the Crested Porcupine Optimizer (CPO) algorithm for the adaptive optimization of key network hyperparameters. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a 99.70% recognition accuracy on a dataset comprising high-impedance faults, capacitor switching, and load connections. Furthermore, it maintains robust performance under various test conditions, including different noise levels and network topology changes.

The Influence of Leather Type on Thermal and Smoke-Generating Properties

The main purpose of this article was to determine the smoke-generating and thermal properties of selected types of natural leather. Differences in the amount of smoke generated from the type of finish used in the technological processing of leather were observed. Research has shown that the burnt nubuck (367) sample with exposure at the heat flux intensity of 25 kW/m2 without the presence of a pilot burner flame achieved the highest value of the specific optical density Ds,max. Comparable values, 312 and 297, were recorded for grain bovine leather and velour bovine leather, respectively; on the other hand, the lowest value of the tested parameter amounting to 220 was recorded for lacquered bovine leather. Tests executed with the use of thermogravimetric analysis show that except for nubuck leather, the start of thermal decomposition for all types of samples appears to be fairly similar and was found to be within the range of 275–282 °C. The highest value of thermal decomposition onset, i.e., 302 °C, was recorded for nubuck leather. The highest percentile of residues from thermal decomposition, i.e., 9%, was obtained for grain bovine leather. This implies that the least gaseous phase during its thermal decomposition in test conditions was generated by this type of leather. The highest average Ds,max value was obtained for nubuck (367), and decreased as follows: grain bovine leather (312) > velour bovine leather (297) > lacquered bovine leather (220).

Influence of test conditions and soil properties on the geomechanical response of hydrate-bearing sands

Influence of test conditions and soil properties on the geomechanical response of hydrate-bearing sands

Exploring the Limits and Balancing Efficiency, Transparency, and Esthetics in Ultrathin a‐Si:H Transparent Photovoltaic Devices

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV) devices represent a promising advance in photovoltaic technologies, particularly in building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Unlike conventional photovoltaics, which primarily prioritize efficiency, TPV must balance between efficiency, transparency, and aesthetics. These additional dimensions introduce unique challenges on device architecture. This article reports the development of wide‐bandgap, inorganic‐based TPV devices integrating ultrathin hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) as a transparent absorber, with carrier selective contacts and transparent electrodes. The article analyzes how absorber thickness influences the electrical, optical, and aesthetic performance of devices, evaluating key parameters in TPV such as light utilization efficiency (LUE), average photopic transmittance (APT), color rendering index (CRI), and electrical properties such as power conversion efficiency (PCE). The device structure is SLG/FTO/AZO/a‐SiCx(n)/a‐Si:H/V2Ox/AZO. This approach results in PCE ranging from 1.7% with an APT of 60% to a PCE of 4.1% with an APT of 28%, yielding LUE values between 0.9% and 1.3%. Device characterization encompasses optical spectrophotometry, J–V measurements under standard test conditions, spectral response analysis, and variable illumination measurements (VIM). Additionally, color characterization is conducted using CIE 1931 color space maps to determine the chromaticity coordinates, CRI, and the variation of color as a function of absorber thickness.

Effect of post-processing on the surface, optical, mechanical, and dimensional properties of 3D-printed orthodontic clear retainers

ObjectivesTo address the high surface roughness and poor optical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed orthodontic clear retainers, an alternative post-processing protocol was investigated with the goal of achieving improved surface, optical, and mechanical properties while preserving dimensional accuracy.Materials and methodsSamples were prepared from two biocompatible methacrylate-based 3D-printing resins (Formlabs Dental LT Clear V2, NextDent OrthoFlex) and one thermoplastic material (Duran). For the 3D-printed resins, one group was post-processed by rinsing in isopropyl alcohol, while another group was centrifuged before post-curing in glycerine. Three different testing conditions were used: dry, wet (24-h water immersion), and aged (thermocycling for 10,000 cycles). Surface characteristics were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Optical properties were assessed for transparency and colour stability, while mechanical properties were elicited from tensile and microhardness tests. Water sorption and solubility were calculated. Samples mounted on a dental model were scanned by micro-computed tomography to measure thickness and gap width.Results3D-printed samples post-processed by centrifugation showed significantly decreased surface roughness and improved visible light transmission, colour stability, tensile strength, and hardness. The centrifuged samples showed significantly increased thickness, while designing an offset equal to this thickness improved the adaptation.ConclusionsPost-processing by centrifugation produces surface coating that enhances the surface and optical properties of the 3D-printed orthodontic retainers, while curing in an oxygen-free environment improves their mechanical properties. Design modifications may be necessary for this protocol to ensure proper adaptation to the dentition.Clinical relevanceProper design and post-processing protocols are necessary to achieve the desired properties of orthodontic clear retainers.

An Open-Source Algorithm for Correcting Stress Wave Dispersion in Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experiments.

Stress wave dispersion can result in the loss or distortion of critical high-frequency data during high-strain-rate material tests or blast loading experiments. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the benefits of correcting stress wave dispersion in split-Hopkinson pressure bar experiments under various testing situations. To do this, an innovative computational algorithm, SHPB_Processing.py, is created. Following the operational run through of SHPB_Processing.py's capabilities, it is used to process test data acquired from split-Hopkinson pressure bar tests on aluminium, sand and kaolin clay samples, under various testing conditions. When comparing dispersion corrected and simple time shifting data obtained from SHPB experiments, accounting for dispersion removes spurious oscillations and improves the inferred measurement at the front of the specimen. The precision of the stress and strain results gathered from its application emphasises its importance through the striking contrast between its application and omission. This has a significant impact on the validity, accuracy and quality of the results. As a result, in the future, this tool can be utilised for any strain rate testing situation with cylindrical bars that necessitates dispersion correction, confinement, or stress equilibrium analysis.