Condition Of Grain Research Articles

STUDY OF GRAIN THERMOMETRY DURING STORAGE

Grain thermometry is a process of measuring the temperature of grain masses during their storage. Key aspects that emphasize the importance of temperature control to ensure quality preservation: Prevention of self-ignition: prevention of fungal and bacterial growth, maintenance of moisture stability, reduction of nutrient loss, preservation of color and flavor, minimization of insect and pest growth. Overall, temperature control in grain storage is an important strategy for maintaining product quality, reducing losses, and ensuring storage safety. Modern monitoring and automation technologies allow for effective temperature control in storage facilities. The temperature of the grain in the storage can depend on a number of weather conditions and factors. Key factors that can affect grain temperature: air temperature, air humidity, solar heat, technical equipment of storage, natural conditions of grain, day and night temperature fluctuations. The temperature of the air around the storage has a significant effect on the temperature of the grain. In winter, cold weather can lead to a decrease in the temperature of grain masses, while in summer, high temperature can contribute to its increase. Air humidity is also important. High humidity can lead to condensation of moisture in storage, which in turn can increase the temperature of the grain through chemical processes such as decomposition. Solar heat can directly or indirectly affect the grain temperature, especially if the storage is located under direct sunlight. Storage efficiency and technical equipment, such as ventilation and air conditioning systems, can affect the distribution and retention of heat in the storage. The grain itself can affect its temperature through chemical and biological processes such as respiration and heat generation. Day and night temperature fluctuations can contribute to the distribution of heat in the storage. We conducted a study of grain temperature changes during storage at an enterprise in the Odesa region and established the influence of various factors on grain temperature changes.

Assessment of adaptive capacity and genotype-environment interactions of promising spring durum wheat lines under the conditions of the Omsk region

The stability of grain production largely depends on prevailing weather conditions and cultivation technology. It also depends on the ability of the variety to maintain a high-level yield and grain quality under adverse environmental conditions. The study aims to determine the adaptive properties and genotype-medium interactions in yield formation in spring durum wheat lines. The authors conducted field research in 2019-2021 based on the breeding rotation of the durum wheat breeding laboratory of the FSBSI Omsk Research Center. The authors also conducted research at a seed production site in the steppe zone in the village of Novouralskiy, Tavrinsky district, Omsk region. Competitive varietal trials were laid on the pure pairing of 40 numbers and three registry varieties. The area of the plots was ten m², the repetition was double, and the placement was randomized. Weather conditions were contrasting both in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. Atypical meteorological conditions prevailed in 2019: favorable in the first vegetation period and drought conditions in the second (Volga type of drought). Drought conditions were observed throughout the summer of 2020. The most unfavorable conditions for grain filling and ripening occurred in 2021. Ecological plasticity parameters were calculated according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russel. AMMI-analysis (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) were determined according to R.W Zobel et al. The analysis showed the effectiveness of differentiation of genotype response to the environment by AMMI-analysis and the model of S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. At the same time, AMMI analysis with graphs was more informative. The varieties Gordeiforme 11-70-7-7, Gordeiforme 11-47-1, and Gordeiforme 11-49-1-1 proved to be most responsive to changing growing conditions. The genotypes Gordeiforme 14-83-1, Gordeiforme 13-18-3, and Gordeiforme 13-37-2 stably form high productivity. The line of the variety Gordeiforme 12-11-7 has the least interaction between genotype and environment.

Influence of grains postharvest conditions on mycotoxins occurrence in milk and dairy products

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxic effects in humans and animals. The purpose of the study was to report the influence of postharvest conditions of grains and animal feed on the occurrence of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products which are widely consumed worldwide and have several health benefits for consumers. Among the most toxic mycotoxins are aflatoxins (AFs), with AFB1 being the most toxic and present in grains and cereals used in the feeding of dairy cows. After ingestion, AFB1 is converted to AFM1, which is excreted in milk, being a source of direct contamination to consumers of this product and dairy products. Thus, knowledge about this substance and the care that can be taken to reduce the consumption of contaminated food is a matter of great importance concerning public health and food safety. This review reports that the temperature and humidity at which the grains are stored, are the main conditions that can be controlled during storage, aiming to reduce the growth of fungi and the production of mycotoxins. This work reinforces that the continuous control of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products is of vital importance to obtain a safe product. Besides, strategies to mitigate the development of fungal contamination have been carefully revised to prevent the formation of these toxic substances.

A new green insecticide for stored wheat grains: Efficiency against Rhyzopertha dominica and risk assessment

This work evidenced the insecticidal activity of encapsulated Mentha spicata essential oil (EO) against Rhyzopertha dominica in presence of stored wheat grain and evaluated the residual EO amount in wheat grains after treatment. EO distribution in the different fractions recovered after grain milling was also determined. The mortality rate against R. dominica reached more than 90% and was dependent on the amount of EO released from the encapsulation matrix. The quantification of the two major compounds of EO, (R)-limonene and (R)-carvone, showed that wheat grains contained different amount depending on the storage conditions. When wheat grains were stored in open jars, the EO residual amount in grains was especially low (1.98 mg/kg) compared to amount in closed jar (51.6 mg/kg). The flour resulting from milling contained lower amount of EO compounds in comparison with the bran fractions. The contact of wheat grains with EO clearly modified the native aromatic profile of the wheat flour as the most represented compounds were those belonging to the EO. In the native flour, ten volatile compounds, mainly alcohols and aldehydes due to oxidation of lipids were identified, which represented only 14% of the aromatic profile when the wheat grains were treated by EO. However, when the storage condition of grains mimics the silos conditions, the level of (R)-carvone, the major component of spearmint EO is found around 3 mg/kg of flour which was far below its currently use in bakery products.

Diversifying cropping systems enhances productivity, stability, and nitrogen use efficiency

AbstractLong‐term field experiments are useful for determining cropping system productivity, stability, and resource use efficiency. With 12 yr (2004–2015) of data from five cropping systems on a long‐term experiment (> 30 yr) under semiarid conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada, a systems‐approach was used to compare grain and protein yield, stability, nitrogen (N) dynamics, N fertilizer (FUEG,P), and available N use efficiency (NUEG,P) for grain and protein. Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola (Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea (Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha−1, respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W). Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted. The ContW had below‐average stability and was better suited to high‐yielding conditions for grain. The W‐C‐W‐P consistently produced above‐average yields, and was best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and protein. The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUEG (26.4 g kg−1) and NUEP (4.1 g kg−1), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg−1); FUE was the reverse of NUE. This long‐term study showed that diversified cropping systems that include pulses can more consistently produce higher grain and protein yields, regardless of growing conditions, than most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputs, thereby potentially reducing the negative environmental consequences associated with N fertilizer application.

Wireless system for remote monitoring of temperature and humidity in the grain storage and grain dryer

Monitoring the temperature and humidity of the air in the premises of granaries and in containers with grain allows you to create automatic systems to maintain the storage conditions of grain, which is necessary to preserve its grade. This article proposes a system for wireless monitoring of temperature and humidity, reducing the cost of laying and operating cable thermometers in the infrastructure of the storage facilities, monitoring the temperature and humidity of air at different levels of grain mounds, and monitoring the temperature and moisture of the spent drying agent in silage.

Real Time Monitoring and Control of Inventory Storage Conditions for Grains

Objectives: The aim is to design and monitor the system for better performance, clear structure and scalability. Methods: PIC16F877A, ZigBee wireless communication and sensor technology were used in this project. ZigBee is used to transfer data. The collected data is transmitted to user, real-time behaviour and to make perfect decisions. The sensors convert the physical parameters into electrical signals and the input is given to the processor. Then checking of temperature along with humidity values against predefined threshold value is carried out. If the temperature increases the fan is switched ON. Heater is switched ON if the humidity increases. When the values again reach their normal value again the fan and heater are switched OFF. The data are transmitted to the control room using ZigBee architecture. A database is maintained for further reference. For accurate monitoring it is important to know the behavior of each grain under different climatic conditions. A database is made for minimum and maximum storage conditions for grains. Temperature ranges are specified in Celsius and Relative Humidity is specified in gm/cm3 . Findings: Grains can be stored in different atmospheric conditions with real time monitoring. Different conditions such as temperature and humidity are monitored and controlled for various type of grains. This system not only saves the wastage of grains but also reduces human resources to monitor them physically in warehouse. Keywords: Humidity, PIC16F877A, Temperature, ZigBee

Техніко-технологічна ефективність начіпної сівалки для посів кукурудзи

Grain production is the main task of agrarian production. In solving this problem a significant place belongs to corn. Corn is a culture unlimited possibilities in productivity and in use. The aim of our research is to create a universal unit for planting crops in different ways and with different technological requirements. The question changing the market conditions for grain and niche production is constantly relevant. And under each culture there is a set of technics. Buying technics for all crops is economically unprofitable. It is a big expense. Also, the issue of loading technics is relevant - increasing the coefficient of time use change. To create a prototype corn sowing machine, we converted the sowing machine SZ-3.6 from the trailer to the haul, using a 100/100 square profile pipe for the frame, a hub from the cultivator KRN-5,4, which has mounted stars for the drive of the seeding machines and wheels radius 16 with KPS-4. In order to ensure the appropriate width of the row spacing, the number of shoots was changed from 24 to 15 and the width of the row spacing from 15 cm to 17.5 cm was changed, which enabled the unit to be used for sowing both corn and corn with an intermediate row of 70 cm. Also, for four cultivators on distance of 70 cm, closers and crochet wheels are installed [1, 3]. During the research it was found that the corn sowing rate for grain in the range of 65-75 thousand seeds per hectare per stem develops and a half corncobs. This leads to poor harvest quality and negatively affects its quantitative indices - yield. At the expense of increasing the seed rate to 85 thousand seeds per hectare, one stalk develops on one stalk, which is filled with quality seeds and yields from such a stem increases by 8-12%.

Near-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid method for evaluation physicochemical changes of stored soybeans

Storage conditions of grains affect compositional characteristics. Determination of these characteristics is time-demanding and requires analytical methods. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technique as a process analytical technology (PAT) for quality assessment of soybeans (BRS 284 cultivar) stored under different conditions (25 and 35 °C) for 9 months. In addition, NIR spectral information of BRS 284 was compared with other cultivar (BRS 232) in order to verify its potential to discriminate these samples. Chemical composition, pH, free fatty acid content and color were determined by traditional methods. NIR spectral information in the wavelength range of 400–2500 nm were obtained from the stored soybean. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied as an exploratory tool of spectral data. Loadings of the first 3 principal components were used to identify most important wavelengths influencing the spectra. At 25 °C, soybeans exhibited little or no significant changes in physicochemical properties; on the other hand, at 35 °C, there was a reduction on color and pH and increase on acidity. PCA scores of first 2 principal components showed that none of the spectral pre-processing treatment (SNV, 1st and 2nd derivative) provided discrimination between soybeans cultivars and detection of physicochemical changes of stored soybean. Results have shown the potential application of NIR spectroscopy as a PAT for rapid assessment of quality changes of stored soybean.

Effect of application of growth regulators on the physiological and yield parameters of winter wheat under water deficit

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth regulator applications on yield and physiological parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water deficit. Water deficit was induced artificially by using rain-out shelters in period between booting and late milk ripeness. The effect of growth regulators was evaluated in two contrast years in terms of yield formation (2014-2015). In both years the water deficit caused a significant reduction of grain yield. The negative effect of water deficit was partly alleviated by application of growth regulators. However, the effect of individual growth regulators varied depending on year. In favourable conditions for grain filling (2014) the alleviating effect was more pronounced in application of azoxystrobin which slows down the leaf senescence. On the contrary, in the year with suitable conditions for tillering (2015), the alleviating effect was most apparent in application of chlormequate-chloride. The applications of trinexapac-ethyl and ethephon showed small reduction of negative effect of water deficit consistently in both years. The CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were recovered particularly by applications of chlormequate-chloride and azoxystrobin. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more affected by water deficit in 2014, and the alleviating effect of growth regulators corresponded with yield response.

Modelling and simulation of heat exchange and moisture content in a cereal storage silo

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a mathematical model is developed based on the heat transfer of stored grains aerated in a cylindrical silo. This work is a part of study that aims to model the whole process of cereal storage system including a dehumidifier. The use of dehumidifier is intended to remove excess moisture from the airflow injected by the ventilator system in the silo filled with wheat, and to keep hygroscopic properties of grain in safe level during the storage period. Temperature and humidity are the two important variables coupled to control the process and to preserve grain quality. The laboratory device permitted us to achieve several tests for different conditions of grain stored in silo without aeration. A simulation of the airflow through the thermal space of the silo and grain parameters has been carried out. The results are reasonably in agreement with experiments and other published data. The system performance is evaluated at critical conditions of storage boundaries.

Technology evaluation of grain varieties soft wheat

The task of modern plant breeding - a rise in productivity of existing and new promising varieties adapted to the conditions of modern automated agriculture and industry. Consequently, there is the possibility of solving important issue - ensuring maximum food production at minimal costs.The aim and tasks of the study. The aim of our study was to establish the technological properties of soft wheat varieties Snigurka, Yatran 60, Artemida, Dobirna, Natalka, Kompliment, Favoritka, Misya Odes’ka, Actor and Shestopalivka.Materials and methods. Research conducted during the 2013-2014 in the laboratories of storage technology and pererabki grains in Uman NOUS. To determine the quality of grain and cereals used generally accepted methods according to GOST and DSTU.Results and discussion. Effectiveness depends on the production of bread grain quality, perfection of technological processes and equipment, training of service personnel. Almost all of these factors in the corn processing industry in Ukraine are at an adequate level, but because of the difficult climatic conditions in certain periods of grain shortage of high quality. The quality of the raw materials for food products is of paramount importance. Technological properties play an important role in determining the quality of cereals and determine the possibility of obtaining the finished product at the lowest permissible or production costs, which is important and is of practical importance.The overall condition of grain all winter wheat cultivars studied meets the requirements of effective standards. The taste is fresh, free from foreign smell, color-typical class. Response at germination and germination energy at the level of 95-100 %, weed and grain impurities content does not exceed the permissible norms, water content of the grain somewhat below optimum. All varieties are characterized by test weight 775-820 g/l, grain vitreous 72-78 %, weight 1000 grains 32.7-38.2 g.Conclusions. The research results of technological properties of wheat grain varieties Snigurka, Yatran 60, Atremida, Dobirna, Natalka, Kompliment, Favoritka, Misya Odes’ka, Actor and Shestopalivka. Established that the general condition of the grain of all varieties of winter wheat , which investigated meets the current standard. With the technological properties selected the best varieties Favoritka, Natalka and Yatran-60.

Carotenoid evolution during postharvest storage of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum conv. durum) and tritordeum (×Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) grains

The process of in vivo esterification of xanthophylls has proven to be an important part of the post-carotenogenesis metabolism which mediates their accumulation in plants. The biochemical characterization of this process is therefore necessary for obtaining new and improved crop varieties with higher carotenoid contents. This study investigates the impact of postharvest storage conditions on carotenoid composition, with special attention to the esterified pigments (monoesters, diesters and their regioisomers), in durum wheat and tritordeum, a novel cereal with remarkable carotenoid content. For tritordeum grains, the total carotenoid content decreased during the storage period in a clear temperature-dependent manner. On the contrary, carotenoid metabolism in durum wheat was very much dependent on the physiological adaptation of the grains to the imposed conditions. Interestingly, when thermal conditions were more intense (37 °C), a higher carotenoid retention was observed for tritordeum, and was directly related to the de novo esterification of the lutein induced by temperature. The profile of lutein monoester regioisomers was constant during storage, indicating that the regioisomeric selectivity of the XAT enzymes was not altered by temperature. These data can be useful for optimizing the storage conditions of grains favoring a greater contribution of carotenoids from these staple foods.

The Development of Dislodgement Free Diamond Electroplated Wheel for Engineering Ceramic Grinding Processes

The engineering ceramic grinding process with an electroplated diamond wheel is significantly influenced by the detrimental effect of the grain dislodgement which causes surface roughness degradation and tool life decrease. Therefore, the thickness of the electroplated bond layer must be large enough to provide sufficient micro-bonding force to overcome the single grain micro-cutting force during grinding. However, large electroplated bond layer thickness hampers the protrusion condition of the grains, and causes insufficient active grains. The conventional „trial and error‟ method based on heuristic knowledge currently appears to be the only way in developing electroplated diamond wheels. The difficulty of a deterministic wheel design lies in the lack of an integrated model to predict micro-bonding force and the protrusion conditions of all diamond grains on the wheel surface for given a grain size, dimensional distribution, and bond layer thickness. In this paper, the digital grinding wheel model is developed for single layer electroplated diamond wheels by simulating each wheel fabrication procedure numerically. The model provides a 3D view of the wheel surface condition and micro-bonding force, protrusion information in correlation with the wheel design parameters, e.g. grain size, dimensional distribution and bond layer thickness. Based on the analysis of the micro-cutting force on a single grain during grinding, the optimal electroplated bond layer thickness can be determined. Finally, a grinding experiment for an alumina engineering ceramic is carried out to verify the efficacy of the model in the development of dislodgement free diamond wheels.

Experimental alluvial fan evolution: Channel dynamics, slope controls, and shoreline growth

River deltas and alluvial fans have channelization and deposition dynamics that are not entirely understood, but which dictate the evolution of landscapes of great social, economic, and ecologic value. Our lack of a process‐based understanding of fan dynamics hampers our ability to construct accurate prediction and hazard models, leaving these regions vulnerable. Here we describe the growth of a series of experimental alluvial fans composed of a noncohesive grain mixture bimodal in size and density. We impose conditions that simulate a gravel/sand fan prograding into a static basin with constant water and sediment influx, and the resulting fans display realistic channelization and avulsion dynamics. We find that we can describe the dynamics of our fans in terms of a few processes: (1) an avulsion sequence with a timescale dictated by mass conservation between incoming flux and deposit volume; (2) a tendency for flow to reoccupy former channel paths; and (3) bistable slopes corresponding to separate entrainment and deposition conditions for grains. Several important observations related to these processes are: an avulsion timescale that increases with time and decreases with sediment feed rate; fan lobes that grow in a self‐similar, quasi‐radial pattern; and channel geometry that is adjusted to the threshold entrainment stress. We propose that the formation of well‐defined channels in noncohesive fans is a transient phenomenon resulting from incision following avulsion, and can be directly described with dual transport thresholds. We present a fairly complete, process‐based description of the mechanics of avulsion and its resulting timescale on our fans. Because the relevant dynamics depend only on threshold transport conditions and conservation of mass, we show how results may be directly applied to field‐scale systems.

Quality and condition of wheat grain (Triticum spp.) during storage

The effect of storage on quality and condition of grain of three wheat cultivars (Ljiljana, Dragana and Simonida) selected in Serbia, was studied. Freshly harvested wheat was stored at 25?C for 12 and 20 months. Decreasing of the volume from 812.3 to 727.7 kgm-3 and absolute mass from 38.5 to 33.0% of wheat grain during storage was recorded. Grain germination in interaction of storage duration and temperature remained at the level above 95%. The interaction of studied factors exhibited no statistically significant effect on the changes in the degree of germination of wheat grain. The changes of the acid degree value (2.0- 2.4 ml 1(NaO)/100 g) were at the level of statistical significance. pH value of fresh samples of grain was 6.5 and after 20 months 5.5. The samples tested from the aspect of their glassiness were homogenous, the value of the coefficient of variation for storage duration was CV<10%, and for genotypes CV<18%. The storage duration of wheat grain mostly contributed to the increase of the acid degree value, and slightly less the genotype, as well as the interaction of these factors.

907 CMPコンデイショナの砥粒状態とパッド表面解析(CMP加工2)

907 CMPコンデイショナの砥粒状態とパッド表面解析(CMP加工2)

Non-Uniform Strain Hardening of Crystallites within Different Regions of Texture Maxima: Evidences and Mechanisms

Abstract. Experimental evidences of regular differences in the substructure condition of grains depending on their position within texture maxima are demonstrated. Analysis of generalized pole figures (GPF) for rolled metal materials shows that the strain hardening intensifies as an angular distance of grains from the texture maximum centre increases. The mechanisms of this phenomenon are considered using the concepts of the texture formation theory.

방사선조사된 채소류 및 곡물류의 DNA Comet Assay 특성 연구

국내에서 주로 소비되는 채소류와 곡물류의 방사선조사 여부를 신속하게 검지하기 위하여 DNA comet assay의 활용 가능성을 조사하였다. 식품의 종류에 따라 세포용출시간, 세포현탁액의 정치시간 및 세포용해시간 등의 DNA comet assay 조건을 달리하여야 DNA comet이 관찰되는 것으로 나타났다. 전반적으로 방사선조사선량에 따라 comet assay 값이 증가하였는데 유의적 차이는 식품의 종류에 따라 달리 나타났다. 즉, 파는 2 kGy, 마늘은 3 kGy, 토마토는 1 kGy, 쌀가루는 9 kGy, 그리고 서리태는 3 kGy에서 방사선조사 여부에 대한 검지가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 식물세포는 동물세포에 비해 외부의 영향에 민감하게 작용하기 때문에 DNA도 쉽게 손상되어 크기뿐만 아니라 핵의 모양도 다양하게 나타나는 것으로 보고된 바와 같이 DNA comet assay를 다양한 식품의 방사선조사 신속검지법으로 활용하기 위해서는 식품의 종류에 따른 표준화된 comet 분석조건 및 통계분석법에 대한 가이드라인 설정이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

General Principles of Substructure Inhomogeneity, Arising in Metal Materials under Plastic Deformation

The substructure inhomogeneity of real textured metal materials was studied by use of the X-ray method of Generalized Pole Figures. Main regularities of substructure inhomogeneity were revealed for the first time. Substructure conditions of grains in rolled material form an extremely wide spectrum and vary by passing from texture maxima to texture minima, where residual deformation effects are most significant. The distribution of residual elastic microstrains in the orientational space of rolled material shows the distinct cross-wise system, consisting in alternation of quadrants with predominant microstrains of opposite signes.