Conditions For Embedding Research Articles

Anisotropic stars in Brans-Dicke gravity

In the present work we show application of Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation, as an alternative to Einstein’s general relativity, in modeling anisotropic compact stellar objects. To make the field equations solvable we consider the space-time under Class 1 embedding condition. The numerical solution of wave equation for Brans-Dicke scalar field Φ has been well fitted with well known function proposed by Bruckman and Kazes (Phys.Rev.D 16:261,1977). The solutions set seems viable as far as observational data are concerned.

Об условиях вложения классов почти-периодических функций Безиковича

В работе установлен ряд условий вложения классов $B_q$-почти-периодических функций в классы $B_p$-почти-периодических в смысле Безиковича функций с произвольными показателями Фурье при $1\leq p<q<\infty$. Некоторые из этих условий являются аналогом известных результатов других авторов о вложении классов $L_p$ $(1\leq p<\infty)$ периодических функций. В качестве структурной характеристики таких функций используется модуль гладкости высшего порядка с наперед заданным шагом. Так как пространство почти-периодических функций Безиковича является полным нормированным пространством, то в качестве полиномов наилучшего приближения используются полиномы Бохнера~--- Фейера. Также в работе найдены условия принадлежности функций Безиковича к~классу целых функций ограниченной степени. Установлено, что если $B_p$-почти-периодическая функция имеет величину наилучшего приближения целыми функциями ограниченной степени, то для этой функции существует абсолютно непрерывная производная, которая также является $B_p$-почти-периодической.

Class I polytropes for anisotropic matter

In this work we study class I interior solutions supported by anisotropic polytropes. The generalized Lane–Emden equation compatible with the embedding condition is obtained and solved for a different set of parameters in both the isothermal and non-isothermal regimes. For completeness, the Tolman mass is computed and analysed to some extend. As a complementary study we consider the impact of the Karmarkar condition on the mass and the Tolman mass functions respectively. Comparison with other results in literature are discussed.

Preparing Paraffin Tissue Sections for Staining.

Most histological studies are performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Therefore, there is an extensive atlas of most tissues and organs prepared from these sources, and comparing the location of antigens to these data is immediately informative. Fixation and embedding procedures for preparation of paraffin tissue sections are described here. Because of the harsh fixation, embedding, and preparation conditions used in this procedure, many antigens are not well preserved. Thus, cell staining of paraffin-embedded tissue sections usually requires sensitive detection methods and may require amplification using multiple-layer techniques. The protein cross-linking associated with these fixation conditions can mask epitopes. To uncover them and thus improve antibody-antigen binding, the epitopes can be unmasked by reversing the protein cross-linking. One thermal method, heat-induced epitope retrieval, is presented here.

Approaching Sustainability in Local Spatial Planning Processes: A Case Study in the Stockholm Region, Sweden

The quest for cogent responses to sustainability goals challenges local spatial planning practices across growing metropolitan regions to develop planning approaches that enable transformative capacity in increasingly complex settings. Based on a case study conducted in the Stockholm region, this paper explores the design and organization of local planning processes to provide a basis for a discussion of alternative approaches that may enhance sustainability in plan and project development. More specifically, it aims to analyze the conditions for embedding and consolidating sustainability issues in local planning processes. The results show that the municipalities need to create conditions for an effective interplay between the planning work carried out in individual projects and the organization of resources, knowledge, and skills on which the projects depend to handle sustainability issues. This study contributes to the understanding of the challenges associated with putting sustainability into practice at the local level by identifying and conceptualizing three important barriers. By acknowledging the temporal, locational, and procedural dimensions of knowledge in local planning processes, planning practices may become better at knowing when, and in what ways, different forms of knowledge can become created, introduced, and used in a synergistic manner to aid the realization of sustainability goals.

Relativistic modeling of the neutron star in Vela X-1 via Bardeen space-time satisfying the embedding condition

In this paper, we present two new exact and analytic solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations describing compact anisotropic charged stars satisfying the Karmarkar condition in the background of Bardeen black hole geometry. The solutions are composed of two parts: The inner region of the star is described by class I Karmarkar space-time, while exterior of the star is characterized by both the Bardeen and the Reissner–Nordstrom space-times. Physical analysis of the matter and thermodynamical variables show that the models are well-behaved. For our parametric set of values, we conclude that the Bardeen black hole metric can be used as an alternate to the exterior Reissner–Nordstrom metric.

A Generic Embedding Class-I Model via Karmarkar Condition in f ℛ , T Gravity

In the present work, we investigate the existence of compact star model in the background of f ℛ , T gravity theory, where ℛ represents the Ricci scalar and T refers to the energy-momentum tensor trace. Here, we use Karmarkar condition for the interior stellar setup so that a complete and precise model following the embedding class-I strategy can be obtained. For this purpose, we assume anisotropic matter contents along with static and spherically symmetric geometry of compact star. As Karmarkar embedding condition yields a relationship of metric potentials, therefore we assume a suitable form for one of the metric components as e ϕ = a r 2 + b n − 1 r n + 1 , where a and b represent constants and n is a free parameter, and evaluate the other. We approximate the values of physical parameters like a , A , and B by utilizing the known values of mass and radius for the compact star Vela X-1. The validity of the acquired model is then explored for different values of coupling parameter λ graphically. It is found that the resulting solution is physically interesting and well-behaved.

Prosody as a recursive embedding tool in production and perception of karajá

Hierarchical or indirect recursion can be found in different domains of human language and thus, it has been claimed to be the only part of language that is specific to humans (Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch 2002). However, in the past decade, both the claims that, recursion is the central component of the “narrow faculty of language” and that, it should be present in all languages have been the object of intense debate (cf. Pinker & Jackendoff, 2005; Everett, 2005). This debate triggered the exploration of new frontiers in the examination of embedded structures, which have been examined in acquisition and in processing and have been shown to be implemented through a wide array of linguistic resources in different languages. This paper presents an acoustic description and a neuro-psycholinguistic analysis (ERP/EEG) of an uncommon cognitive device to embed relative clauses. It is implemented in Karajá, a Macro-Je language spoken in Central Brazil, which uses pitch accent to signal relativization: (i) [tori do‟rode] „the white man arrived‟ versus (ii) [tori doro‟de] „the white man who arrived‟, first described in Ribeiro as stress shift (2006). The major interest in studying this phenomenon is because in Karajá, more than structuring envelopes for acts of speech, prosody codes directly onto the central syntactic algorithm of recursion. We found evidence in favor of a stronger facilitation to process a coordinated structure than a recursive structure. We found smaller RTs and amplitudes in the EEG related to the coordinated conditions versus the embedding conditions. Also, it seems that even though embedding is harder to launch, hierarchical structuring makes it easier to process in the third embedding, when comprehenders learn they are in an embedding mode. Coordination, on the other hand, being a default, is easier to launch, but it seems to become progressively harder as it does not benefit from hierarchical structuring.

Method for Protection of Copyright on Vector Data

The paper proposes a method of copyright protection for vector maps, based on the embedding of raster digital watermarks. The method combines original ideas, namely, a vector data watermarking approach that does not distort the coordinate information of vector objects and embedding of noise-like images that encode a binary sequence. The use of noise-like carrier allows to simplify the verification procedure, and also to ensure the resistance of the hidden bit sequence to distortions, including interpolation errors. In comparison with previous investigations made by the authors when solving problems of vector data protection, the robustness of the embedded noise-like digital watermarks has been significantly increased by developing a new algorithm for detection of the binary sequence hidden in the spectrum of a noise-like image. The purpose of the experimental studies was to assess the attainable probability of correct sequence extraction for various parameters and embedding conditions. The study of information capacity showed that the potential amount of information embedded in each polygon without distorting the watermark sequence depends on the type of a map, namely on the number of vertices that make up each polygon. An experimental study on robustness against potentially possible transformations aimed at maliciously deleting the digital watermark from the vector map is performed. The developed method demonstrates resistance to affine transformations, cropping, addition, removal and reordering of vertices / objects, and, thus, seems to be the optimal solution to the problem of copyright protection for vector data. The analysis of the method quality according to the criteria of accuracy, durability, information capacity, and computational complexity is performed. The results of all conducted studies confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed method for vector map protection, as well as its distinct advantage over the prior art.

An analytical anisotropic compact stellar model of embedding class I

A class of solutions of Einstein field equations satisfying Karmarkar embedding condition is presented which could describe static, spherical fluid configurations, and could serve as models for compact stars. The fluid under consideration has unequal principal stresses i.e. fluid is locally anisotropic. A certain physically motivated geometry of metric potential has been chosen and codependency of the metric potentials outlines the formation of the model. The exterior spacetime is assumed as described by the exterior Schwarzschild solution. The smooth matching of the interior to the exterior Schwarzschild spacetime metric across the boundary and the condition that radial pressure is zero across the boundary lead us to determine the model parameters. Physical requirements and stability analysis of the model demanded for a physically realistic star are satisfied. The developed model has been investigated graphically by exploring data from some of the known compact objects. The mass-radius (M-R) relationship that shows the maximum mass admissible for observed pulsars for a given surface density has also been investigated. Moreover, the physical profile of the moment of inertia (I) thus obtained from the solutions is confirmed by the Bejger–Haensel concept.

Embeddability of real and positive operators

Embedding discrete Markov chains into continuous ones is a famous open problem in probability theory with many applications. Inspired by recent progress, we study the closely related questions of embeddability of real and positive operators into real or positive -semigroups, respectively, on finite and infinite-dimensional separable sequence spaces. For the real case we give both sufficient and necessary conditions for embeddability. For positive operators we present necessary conditions for positive embeddability including a full description for the -case. Moreover, we show that real embeddability is topologically typical for real contractions on .

Anisotropic compact stellar model of embedding class-I satisfying Karmarkar’s condition in Vaidya and Tikekar spheroidal geometry

We present a class of solutions for a spherically symmetric anisotropic matter distribution in Vaidya and Tikekar spheroidal geometry. Making use of the Vaidya and Tikekar (VT) metric ansatz (J Astrophys Astron 3:325, 1982) for one of the metric functions $$g_{rr}$$ , we obtain the unknown metric function $$g_{tt}$$ by utilizing the Karmakar’s embedding condition which makes the master equation tractable. The model parameters are fixed by utilizing the matching conditions of the interior spacetime and the exterior Schwarzschild solution at the boundary of the star where the radial pressure vanishes. The closed-form interior solution of the Einstein field equations thus obtained is shown to be capable of describing ultra-compact stellar objects where anisotropy might develop. The current estimated masses and radii of some other pulsars are utilized to show that the developed model meets all the requirements of a realistic star. The stability of the model is analyzed. The dependence of the curvature parameter K of the VT model, which characterizes a departure from homogeneous spherical distribution, is also investigated.

Shift-Invariant Measures on Hilbert and Related Function Spaces

We consider function spaces by analogy to Sobolev spaces and spaces of smooth functions on a finite-dimensional Euclidean space. For a real separable Hilbert space E we introduce the Hilbert space of complex-valued functions on E that are square integrable with respect to some measure λ invariant under shifts and orthogonal transformations of E. For one-parameter semigroups of selfadjoint contractions in H we obtain the strong continuity criterion and study properties of their generators. For counterparts of Sobolev spaces and spaces of smooth functions we find necessary and sufficient embedding conditions and obtain the existence conditions for traces of functions in the Sobolev spaces on hyperplanes of codimension 1 in the space E. Bibliography: 13 titles.

Structural evaluation of invert-cut circular and arch shape corrugated steel pipes through laboratory testing

Culverts are important components of highway infrastructure. They are structurally designed to support earth and live traffic loads. Corrugated steel pipes (CSPs) are widely used as culverts in North America in different geometries. However, due to the corrosive nature of the stormwater passing through the culverts, it is common to find CSPs with partially or entirely lost inverts. Dependent on site, depth of cover and embedment conditions, invert deterioration would not necessarily result in culvert failure. This paper presents the results of a laboratory testing campaign that evaluates the structural capacity of two circular CSPs and their equivalent arch CSP through the application of a vertical static loading. The circular pipe samples had a length of 6 ft (1.82 m) and a diameter of 60 in. (1.52 m). The same length arch pipe sample had a span of 71 in. (1.8 m) and a rise of 47 in. (1.19 m). The invert of the arch and one of the circular CSPs were cut to simulate heavily corroded culverts in service. The pipe samples were embedded under two feet (0.6 m) of cover using one foot (0.3 m) of sand and one foot (0.3 m) of coarse aggregates on top, simulating a base course layer of pavement. The results of testing showed that the invert-cut circular CSP was highly dependent on its ring stiffness. While, the invert-cut arch CSP took advantage of its arch geometry and was able to resist the applied load without significant loss in the sample pipe’s horizontal dimension.

A High-Resolution Method for Quantitative Molecular Analysis of Functionally Characterized Individual Synapses

SummaryElucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of synapses requires a high-resolution, sensitive, diffusion-free, quantitative localization method that allows the determination of many proteins in functionally characterized individual synapses. Array tomography permits the quantitative analysis of single synapses but has limited sensitivity, and its application to functionally characterized synapses is challenging. Here, we aim to overcome these limitations by searching the parameter space of different fixation, resin, embedding, etching, retrieval, and elution conditions. Our optimizations reveal that etching epoxy-resin-embedded ultrathin sections with Na-ethanolate and treating them with SDS dramatically increase the labeling efficiency of synaptic proteins. We also demonstrate that this method is ideal for the molecular characterization of individual synapses following paired recordings, two-photon [Ca2+] or glutamate-sensor (iGluSnFR) imaging. This method fills a missing gap in the toolbox of molecular and cellular neuroscience, helping us to reveal how molecular heterogeneity leads to diversity in function.

Compact embeddings of weighted variable exponent Sobolev spaces and existence of solutions for weighted p (·)-Laplacian

In this study, we define double weighted variable exponent Sobolev spaces with respect to two different weight functions. Also, we investigate the basic properties of this spaces. Moreover, we discuss the existence of weak solutions for weighted Dirichlet problem of -Laplacian equation under some conditions of compact embedding involving the double weighted variable exponent Sobolev spaces.

A dynamic model of evaluating differential automatic method for solving plane problems based on BP neural network algorithm

Aiming at solving differential equations of plane problems, the algorithm of difference equation is established, and the corresponding program is compiled on BP neural network. The correctness and practicability of the difference equation algorithm are verified. A dynamic model of the parallel difference equation is constructed according to the characteristics of the parallel structure of BP neural network. By calculating examples, the continuity condition under the condition of modulus abruption is further discussed. The study shows that the two groups of differential equations are used to identify and verify the model, and the energy function satisfies both the linear embedding condition and the correct wiring. Furthermore, BP neural network is used to realize the search and routing of the maximum plane. The results show that difference equation calculations have the ability to help BP networks get rid of local minima and get better results.

The post-installation consolidation settlement of jack-up spudcan foundations in clayey seabed soils

The post-installation consolidation settlement of spudcan foundations is an issue of concern for the offshore jack-up industry, especially when jack-up rigs operate for long periods. Although there are field records of excessive spudcan settlement during the rig operation, there are no guidelines available for operators to assess and project the consolidation settlement development. This paper reports a study dedicated to this specific subject. The spudcan installation and consolidation under operational load were continually modelled using an effective-stress large deformation finite element technique. The feasibility and reliability of the numerical calculation were first verified by comparison with centrifuge experiments. Parametric studies were then undertaken for spudcans under various soil, loading, embedment and geometrical conditions, so as to identify appropriate forms of dimensionless settlement and time which can unify the settlement time histories of different scenarios. Particular attention was paid to the development of the dimensionless time, which can reflect the drainage effect of the seabed and hence the influence of embedment depth. The unified settlement development curve may be helpful for operators to assess the consolidation degree, project the final settlement and even back-calculate the operative coefficient of consolidation.

Research on Denitrification Performance of Enhanced Secondary Effluent by Embedded Denitrification Filler and Pilot Application

The use of an embedded broad-spectrum high-efficiency denitrification filler to treat secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants can effectively reduce total nitrogen (TN) concentration of the effluent. This study consists of two parts. The D1 stage studies the adaptability of the secondary effluent based on the embedded denitrification, removal effect of total nitrogen, stable working conditions, and backwashing conditions; In the D2 stage, the change in the nitrogen removal performance of the filler under the condition of a year-long stable operation was studied. The variation in the microbial population before and after the operation of the embedded packing was studied by high-throughput sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR detecting system real-time (qPCR). In this research, the embedded denitrification filler had a water temperature of (24±1)℃, pH:7.1, hydraulic retention time (HRT):1 h, and filling rate:10%. Sodium acetate was added to ensure stable operation for seven days. Under adequate carbon source conditions, the filler can adapt to the quality of secondary effluent water and achieve effluent TN<5mg·L-1. By comparing and studying the effect of different HRT on the removal of filler TN, it is concluded that HRT is 30 min and the filling rate is 10%. After a year of stable operation under 7.2 m3·d-1influent conditions, the TN removal rate can reach 90.42%, and the total nitrogen in the effluent can be stabilized below 5 mg·L-1. In comparison with the backwashing effect, the backwashing strength was 5.2 L·(m2·s)-1, and the cycle is three days long. High-throughput sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR analysis results show that the abundance and copy number of denitrifying functional genus in the filler before and after the operation exhibited significant changes, which indicated that the bacteria could achieve good self-growth under embedding conditions.

Embedding Theorems for Hölder Classes Defined on p-Adic Linear Spaces

We prove analogues of P. L. Ul’yanov and V. A. Andrienko results concerning embeddings of Lq Holder spaces into Lebesgue spaces Lr or Lr Holder spaces in the case 1 ≤ q < r ≤ 2 for functions defined on p-adic linear spaces. The conditions presented in these theorems are sharp. Also we give necessary and sufficient conditions for such embeddings in the case 1 ≤ q < r < ∞ that generalize recent results of S. S. Platonov.