Conditioned Reflex Research Articles

Kontribusi Teori Pengondisian Klasik Terhadap Pengenalan Makharijul Huruf Hijaiyah Pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun

The Classical conditioning theory discovered by Petrovich Ivan Pavlov made an extraordinary contribution to the realm of early childhood education. This theory was discovered accidentally by Pavlov while conducting experiments to determine the digestive system of dogs. This theory is known for conditioned reflexes. This theory views that learning is a change in behavior. Classical conditioning theory is usually used in early childhood education, such as changes in behavior, attitudes, ethics and habits. Furthermore, this study will see how the contribution of classical conditioning theory to the introduction of hijaiyah letters in makharijul in children aged five to six years. The objects in this study were girls ages 5-6 years whose speech was unclear. Furthermore, this research will look at the contribution of classical conditioning theory to the introduction of makharijul hijaiyah letters. This research is a type of qualitative research in the from of research (field research), with a phenomenological approach using Creswell model. The results obtained, in children aged five to six years with cedal indications, that classical conditioning theory can contribute, children can recognize and pronounce hijaiyah letters correctly.

Global IR Research Programme: From Perplexities to Progressions

Our basic expectations vis-à-vis ‘the international’ have turned our phenomenal existence into two seemingly irreconcilable cognitive prisons: ‘one world’ with homogenizing propensities (dominated by the West) and ‘many worlds’ with heterogenizing predispositions (embodied by the non-West). Every so often, these cognitive prisons—oscillating between the extreme homogenizing propensities of the West and heterogenizing predispositions of the non-West— become obstacles in implementing effective global partnerships that are required to tackle the challenges thrown by global crisis-situations, e.g., the likelihoods of world war, financial crisis, climate change, pandemic, and the like. The agenda of the ‘Global IR research programme’ has emerged to demolish these cognitive prisons. To this end, this agenda finds rational support from multiple auxiliary theories that derive stimulus from hitherto denigrated knowledge-forms thriving in different corners of the world: e.g., Tianxia (all-under-heaven) from China, Advaita (non-duality) from India, and Mu No Basho (place of nothingness) from Japan. Nevertheless, the conditioned reflexes of many IR researchers compel them to receive the emergent knowledge-forms by correlating their ‘source’ and ‘scope’: generally, the knowledge-forms having their source in the West are granted a global scope, whereas the knowledge-forms having their source in the non-West are given a local scope; it is often suspected that the local non-Western knowledge-forms cannot grasp the larger global scenario. Philosophically, these conditioned reflexes emanate from Kantian dualism, which forms disconnected opposites of phenomena-noumena, science-metaphysics, West–non-West etc. This article reveals how the Global IR research programme—inspired by the Chinese, Indian and Japanese cosmovisions—strives to demolish the cognitive prisons of ‘one world versus many worlds’, thereby ensuring the prospective progressions of this research programme.

Design and Implementation of Pavlovian Associative Memory Based on DNA Neurons.

In the field of biocomputing and neural networks, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand displacement (DSD) technology performs well in computation, programming, and information processing. In this article, the multiplication gate, addition gate, and threshold gate based on DSD are used to cascade into a single DNA neuron. Multiple DNA neurons can be cascaded to form different neural networks. The DNA neural networks are designed to implement seven classical conditioned reflexes from Pavlovian associative memory experiments. A classical conditioned reflex is a combination of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and another un CS with a reward or punishment. So that the individual develops a conditioned reflex that is similar to an unconditioned reflex in the use of CS alone. The seven classical conditioned reflexes include acquisition and forgetting, interstimulus interval effect, blocking, conditioned inhibition, overshadowing, generation, and differentiation. The simulations are verified by the software visual DSD. This article provides a direction for the integration of biology and psychology.

Physiological and biochemical in vivo study of polyphenols and 20-hydroxyecdisone from quinoa grains effect on resistance to physical exercise in Wistar rats

Increasing the ability of the human body to adapt to physical stress is relevant from the standpoint of using foods for special uses containing functional food ingredients (FFI) with effectiveness proven in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of FFI from Chenopodium quinoa grains with a high content of polyphenols and phytoecdysteroids on the physical endurance of male Wistar rats. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out during 36 days using 50 weaned male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): Control, Run and Run-FFI. Rats of the Control and Run groups received a standard semisynthetic diet during the experiment. Rats of the Run-FFI group received a semi-synthetic diet with the addition of FFI in an amount of 0.055±0.003%, containing phytoecdysteroids (50.4±0.6 mg/g) and polyphenols (212.0±2.0 mg/g). During the experiment, the rats were assessed for their neuromotor function (grip strength of front paws), memory, and behavioral reactions in the "Elevated Plus Maze" (EPM), "Conditioned Passive Avoidance Reflex" (CPAR) and "Open Field" (OF) tests. Once a week, animals from the Run and Run-FFI groups were subjected to moderate physical load on a "Treadmill". On the 36th day of the experiment, the animals of these groups were subjected to exhausting physical load. Immediately after running, the animals were placed in metabolic cages to collect daily urine. At the end of the experiment, the content of corticosterone, the activity of catalase, indicators of protein, lipid and mineral metabolism, indexes of the liver functional state and antioxidant defense system parameters were analyzed in the blood serum; the level of prostaglandin E2 and dopamine were determined in daily urine. Results. Physiological tests (CRAR, OF) showed that weekly exercise increased anxiety in laboratory animals. The FFI introduction into the diet led to normalization of the assessed parameters (EPM). As a result of 36-day consumption of FFI against the background of physical loads, a significant decrease by 22% in the main stress marker, corticosterone, was revealed in the blood of rats, as well as significant increase by 23% in the stress inhibitor - prostaglandin E2 urinary excretion, compared with animals of the Run group to the level not differed from the indicators of the control animals. There were no differences in endurance performance between the Run and Run-FFI groups on the results of the exhaustive exercise. Consumption of FFI prevented the formation of excess ammonia, significantly reducing the level of urea in the blood and normalizing its excretion to control levels in the urine, which was increased in the Run group by 19%. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrated the adaptogenic properties of the developed FFI in response to stress caused by weekly moderate and acute exhaustive physical activity. The obtained data on the biological effect of the developed FPI on the adaptive potential of laboratory animals will serve as an experimental basis for its inclusion in the composition of specialized foods.

Optimizing assessment of low frequency H-reflex depression in persons with spinal cord injury.

Considering the growing interest in clinical applications of neuromodulation, assessing effects of various modulatory approaches is increasingly important. Monosynaptic spinal reflexes undergo depression following repeated activation, offering a means to quantify neuromodulatory influences. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), changes in reflex modulation are associated with spasticity and impaired motor control. To assess disrupted reflex modulation, low-frequency depression (LFD) of Hoffman (H)-reflex excitability is examined, wherein the amplitudes of conditioned reflexes are compared to an unconditioned control reflex. Alternatively, some studies utilize paired-pulse depression (PPD) in place of the extended LFD train. While both protocols induce similar amounts of H-reflex depression in neurologically intact individuals, this may not be the case for persons with neuropathology. We compared the H-reflex depression elicited by PPD and by trains of 3-10 pulses to an 11-pulse LFD protocol in persons with incomplete SCI. The amount of depression produced by PPD was less than an 11-pulse train (mean difference = 0.137). When compared to the 11-pulse train, the 5-pulse train had a Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) of 0.905 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.818. Therefore, a 5-pulse train for assessing LFD elicits modulation similar to the 11-pulse train and thus we recommend its use in lieu of longer trains.

Modular relaxed indistinguishability and the aggregation problem

<p>The notion of indistinguishability operator plays a central role in a large number of problems that arise naturally in decision-making, artificial intelligence, and computer science. Among the different issues studied for these operators, the aggregation problem has been thoroughly explored. In some cases, the notion of indistinguishability operator can be too narrow and, for this reason, we can find two different extensions of such notion in the literature. On the one hand, modular indistinguishability operators make it possible to measure the degree of similarity or indistinguishability with respect to a parameter. On the other hand, relaxed indistinguishability operators delete the reflexivity condition of classical indistinguishability operators. In this paper, we introduced the notion of modular relaxed indistinguishability operator unifying under the same framework all previous notions. We focused our efforts on the study of the associated aggregation problem. Thus, we introduced the notion of modular relaxed indistinguishability operator aggregation function for a family of t-norms extending the counterpart formulated for classical non-modular relaxed indistinguishability operators. We provided characterizations of such functions in terms of triangle triplets with respect to a family of t-norms. Moreover, we addressed special cases where the operators fulfill a kind of monotony and a condition called small-self indistinguishability. The differences between the modular and the non-modular aggregation problem were specified and illustrated by means of suitable examples.</p>

Psychiatric Casualties during the Korean War: Focusing on American and Common Wealth Soldiers.

A crucial gap in the medical history of the Korean War is the history of psychiatry during the Korean War. War puts those who participate in it through physical and mental extremes, inflicting not only physical injuries but also psychological trauma and damage. However, studies of the medical aspects of the Korean War have been limited to topics related to physical injuries and their treatment, and there are no studies that systematically summarize the traumatic effects on the human mind thrown into the midst of the war, the consequences of these effects, and the medical efforts made to deal with these problems. As the Korean War was fought only five years after the end of the Second World War, the experiences and achievements of the Second World War were used in the Korean War. In terms of personnel, many of the soldiers who fought in the Second World War also fought in the Korean War. This continuity with the Second World War had both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, treatment and transport systems were quickly put in place to respond to the large numbers of soldiers with psychiatric problems on the front lines early in the war. This is an example of a positive use of the legacy of the Second World War. On the other hand, the negative side of the coin was the much higher frequency of psychiatric symptoms among veterans of the Second World War. This could be explained by the fact that the psychological trauma experienced on the battlefield during the Second World War remained latent and was reactivated in the Korean War as a kind of conditioned reflex. In addition, the brainwashing of prisoners of war and their subsequent psychological problems are also characteristic of the Korean War in the context of the Cold War. These psychiatric features of the Korean War will provide a useful historical example for understanding and helping those who are inevitably involved in war and suffer from mental distress.

Toxicity of products of thermal oxidative degradation of nitrogen-containing building polymer materials

Introduction. In the event of fires in residential premises in which nitrogen-containing thermal insulation materials (foam rubber, polyisocyanurate foam) are used, the victims will be exposed to toxic thermal degradation products. Data on long-term disorders caused by intoxication by thermal degradation products of these materials could not be found in the available literature. The aim of the study was to assess the toxicity of the products of thermal oxidative degradation of nitrogen-containing thermal insulation materials, both in the early and long-term post-intoxication period. 
 Material and methods. Static inhalation intoxication of rats with products of thermooxidative destruction of polyfoam and polyisocyanurate foam (at a concentration of 0,8HLC50) was simulated. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of rats, indicators of vital functions were determined immediately before and on days 1, 7 and 28 after exposure. To assess learning disabilities in rats, a conditioned reflex of active avoidance by swimming was developed. To assess spatial memory in rats, the method of developing and reproducing the conditioned reflex of searching for food was used.
 Results and discussion. The intoxication of rats with products of thermooxidative destruction of the studied materials of moderate severity was simulated. Violations of the functions of the respiratory and cardiovascular system of rats in the early (7 days) and long-term (28 days) post-intoxication period were not detected. In the long-term (28 days) post-intoxication period, an increase in the duration of the latent period of active avoidance by swimming of rats was determined (compared with the control), an increase in the number of spatial memory errors in rats and the time of testing (compared with the control) was revealed.
 Limitation of the study. Limitations are due to the methodology of the research being conducted. A quantitative analysis of only some gaseous products of thermal oxidative destruction was perfomed.
 Conclusion. It was found that intoxication of rats with products of thermooxidative destruction of foam rubber and foam polyiysocyanurate (at a concentration of 0,8HLC50) led to impaired learning and spatial memory of rats in the long-term post-intoxication period.

From the history of semiotics in the USSR: Georgy Kh. Shingarov

Abstract Georgy Kh. Shingarov is one of the few philosophers of the Soviet period who studied the conditioned reflex as a sign system. The originality of his theory, created in accordance with the provisions of dialectical materialism, is shown. He considered the signal in the model of the conditioned reflex as a sign, explaining its formation by the process of dialectical ‘sublation’, i.e. the transformation of a material unconditioned stimulus into an idealized object, devoid of the properties of materiality, but which is the result of the manifestation of matter. The socio-political conditions that determined the features of this theory are described.

Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Effects of Shikonin-mediated Inhibition of NF-κB/Stat3 in Alcoholic Encephalopathy

Background: Targeting intracellular signaling molecules in nervous tissue progenitors is a promising basis for the development of novel neurodegenerative disease therapy approaches. Naphthoquinone shikonin from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is known to have inhibitory effects on NF-κB and STAT3. Objective: This study aimed to explore the influence of shikonin on the functioning of progenitors of nervous tissue and its neuroprotective properties in the modeling of alcoholic encephalopathy (AE). Methods: Experiments were performed on C57B1/6 male mice. AE was modeled by prolonged intragastric administration of ethanol. We studied the exploratory behavior and conditioned reflex activity in laboratory animals, as well as the functioning of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neuronal committed progenitors (NCPs) of the subventricular zone of the cerebral hemispheres. NCPs were obtained using the immunomagnetic separation method. The direct in vitro effects of the shikonin on the colony-forming capacity of progenitors, their proliferative activity, and intensity of specialization were compared with the effects of synthetic NF-κB and STAT3 inhibitors. Results: Results of in vitro experiments showed that the influence of phytochemicals was similar to the effects of synthetic NF-κB and STAT3 inhibitors. Shikonin stimulated the proliferation of NSCs and NCPs. In vivo shikonin administration caused the normalization of exploratory behavior and conditioned reflex activity of mice with AE. These effects developed after an increase in NSCs and NCPs content in the subventricular zone of the cerebral hemispheres due to an increase in their proliferative activity. The intensity of specialization of progenitors was also accelerated. Conclusion: The findings indicated the promise of developing a novel approach to the treatment of AE based on shikonin-mediated inhibiting of NF-κB/STAT3.

Secrets of memory. Biological and computer parallels

This article explores one of the most mysterious and multifaceted aspects of human nature - memory. Memory defines the system's ability to learn, adapt, and make informed decisions based on accumulated experience. It plays an important role in solving conceptual and theoretical problems in the field of artificial intelligence and modeling. Learning and adaptation is one of the key aspects where memory models allow AI systems to not only reproduce but also improve their performance based on experience. It is also important to consider memory modeling as preserving the context of past events, which is important for the correct understanding and interpretation of current situations. The article examines the issue of memory location, starting with classical theories explaining the mechanisms of memory location in the brain, including neurophysiology and the theory of conditioned reflexes. However, special attention is paid to alternative approaches, such as the theory of intracellular memory, which offers new ways of understanding memory. Finally, the work draws attention to the connection between learning and memory, especially in the context of the formation of conditioned reflexes. In the process of considering the neuron as a key element of the nervous system and studying protein synthesis and polyribosomes, a surprising similarity between the process of protein synthesis in neurons and the functioning of the Turing machine was revealed. In the context of this analogy, a neuron can be perceived as a molecular computer, providing a new level of understanding of memory formation and information processing in the brain. The author hopes that this research will help to better understand the nature of human memory and enrich our knowledge about how the brain works

Application and Influence of Conditioned Reflex Theory in Interactive Device

This paper discusses the application and influence of conditioned reflex theory in interactive devices from the perspective of cognitive psychology. The focus of this paper is to analyze the role of conditioning theory in interactive devices and its impact on user behavior and experience. Through reviewing previous research, this paper found that conditioning theory can explain users' reactions to associations between stimuli and responses and have an impact on their behavior. At the beginning of this review, the concrete application of the existing reflection theory to the interactive device is introduced. Then this review takes into account the current situation of the rise of the Internet and discusses the application of conditioning in social network design and the influence of current conditioning theory on user behavior and decision making. By utilizing reflective behavior, interactive devices can help users make more informed decisions by providing immediate feedback and directing their attention. This application can be achieved by designing the interface, providing visual data, setting reminders and alerts, etc. Specific impacts include increased user self-awareness, greater transparency in decision-making, reduced decision-making bias, and more conscious choice. To further expand understanding in this field, future research could employ more diverse approaches, focus on specific groups, delve deeper into behavioral motivation and goal setting, and strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration with other disciplines. This review can provide meaningful guidance for the design and improvement of interactive devices to provide better user experience and meet user needs.

Ethological and pathophysiolocal justification of the calcium gluconate usage for the treatment of calves with bronchopneumonia

A prominent feature of the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia in calves is the development of an inflammatory reaction that negatively affects the structure (consolidation) and function of lung tissue. Due to the spread of the inflammatory reaction, structural and functional changes can become irreversible. The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of calcium gluconate and the nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drug ketoprofen in the treatment of calves with bronchopneumonia. The research was conducted on the basis of a dairy farm with an average annual yield of 8,500 kg of milk per cow and a scientific laboratory of the Department of Normal and Pathological Physiology of Animals of Bilotserkivsky Bila Tserkva National University. Sick animals aged 3–4.5 months were divided into two groups, control (16 heads) and experimental (12 heads). All sick calves were prescribed antibiotic therapy using the preparation Clamoxan (BioTestLab). Calves of the control group were additionally prescribed the non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drug Kefen (Merial, France), and calcium gluconate (UkrZooVet–organisation ) was prescribed to the calves of the experimental group. The course of bronchopneumonia in calves is characterized by the development of characteristic clinical signs (depressed general condition, tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, secretion of mucus from the nasal passages), minor leukocytosis (13.38±0.46) and signs of dehydration, which is evidenced by relatively high indicators of hematocrit (45.47±2.18%) and total protein (61.14±2.22 g/l). The dynamics of clinical and laboratory indicators were similar in sick calves of both groups. The pathogenetic effect and anti–inflammatory activity are equally effective in both studied drugs: caffeine and calcium gluconate. In calves with bronchopneumonia, a 3–10–fold delay in the conditioned feeding reflex was established. The normalization of clinical and laboratory indicators was accompanied by the restoration of the duration of the implementation of the conditioned feeding reflex, which allows recommending the use of the studied ethological indicators for monitoring the course of bronchopneumonia in calves. We consider the study of the effectiveness of calcium gluconate preparations in other inflammatory pathologies in animals and the extension of indications to the use of ethological indicators to monitor the course of diseases in domestic animals to be a promising direction for further research. Key words: calves, bronchopneumonia, treatment, calcium gluconate, behavior.

White coat effect in patients with hypertension

The article is devoted to various aspects of white coat effect (WCE) in patients with hypertension (HTN). WCE is due to the patient’s anxious response to office blood pressure (BP) measurement and is characterized by a BP increase. In patients with HTN, WCE is detected with a high frequency. Pronounced WCE in hypertensive patients is associated with worsening the HTN course and the prognosis of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In addition, BP increase in these patients during a doctor’s visit may lead to additional prescription of antihypertensive drugs, increasing costs and side effects. To identify WCE, a large number of methods are used, which can be divided into following groups: I – data from clinical and daytime ambulatory blood pressure measurement, II – clinical and home BP assessment, III – only ambulatory BP measurement, IV – clinical and laboratory BP data, and V – only clinical BP measurement. There are following WCE in patients with HTN: female sex, age, never smoking, as well as anxiety, introversion, etc. WCE is due to the patient’s anxiety state during office BP measurement and a conditioned reflex BP increase associated both with the physician presence and medical background. Severe WCE in some groups of patients with HTN may be associated with a worse prognosis compared with other hypertensive patients as follows: in individuals with a significant difference between clinical and ambulatory blood pressure levels or between the first and third BP office data, with a combination of resistant HTN and WCE, with WCE increasing from visit to visit, etc.

Study of the nootropic effect of the extract of <i>Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi</i> in modeling anxiety and depressive disorders in rats during the development of a conditioned reflex of passive avoidance

Experimental study is devoted to the study of the nootropic effect of the extract Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in normal conditions and in modelling anxiety-depressive disorders by creating "social" stress in rats during the development of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex. Materials and methods. The study was made of the extract obtained by maceration of the underground part (rhizomes with roots) of the plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The experimental work involved the study of the behavioural characteristics of laboratory animals (non-linear rats) in the amount of 159 males aged 7-9 months, divided into groups in accordance with the stages of the study. The study of nootropic activity in the norm formed the basis of the first stage and included work with animals divided into 4 groups: receiving water for injection (intact); Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract, medicinal product «Tetramethyltetraazocycloocyandione»; medicinal product «Piracetam+Cinnarizine». The creation of conditions providing for paired sensory contact of individuals, contributing to the development of inter-male confrontations, was achieved by modelling “social” stress in groups identical to the normal state at the second stage of experimental work. The use of the standard setting of the passive avoidance conditioned reflex made it possible to analyse the cognitive functions of the animals. Results. The nootropic effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract has been proven. The decrease in the consequences of stress in the form of a deterioration in memorization and reproduction of a conditioned reflex of passive avoidance was shown when it was administered to laboratory animals. Extension of the latent period of entry into the dark chamber of the passive avoidance conditioned reflex test, an increase in the total time spent in the illuminated compartment, and a decrease in the percentage of animals that visited the dark "aversive" compartment under the influence of the extract were described. Conclusion. The preservation of a memory trace in laboratory animals after the introduction of an extract made on the basis of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been established. The presence of a complex of various groups of biologically active substances in the composition of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi determines this plant object as a source of obtaining new drugs recommended for use as nootropic drugs that reduce the reactions that develop during “social” stress.

The history of the Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (to the 100th anniversary of the department)

The Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Experimental Medicine was established in the autumn of 1923 on the initiative of the institutes leadership. Professor Nikolai Pavlovich Kravkov (18651924), the most respected domestic pharmacologist at that time and the head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, was invited as the alleged head of the department. However, N.P. Kravkovs untimely death in April 1924 precluded the department from developing extensive research in Pharmacology. Professor Vladimir Vasilyevich Savich (18741936), a student of I.P. Pavlov who focused his main research on the effect of medicinal substances on the nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, and water metabolism, led the department from 1924 to 1936. The mechanism of the direct impact of drugs and poisons on organs and tissues was studied using both isolated organs, notably endocrine glands, and classical conditioned reflex techniques. In 1936, the department was disbanded in connection with the death of the head (V.V. Savich) and the reorganization of the institutes structure. Professor S.V. Anichkov (18921981), who later became the Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, and academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, revived the department in 1948 and remained its permanent head until his death (in July 1981). Along with him were well-known researchers Professors V.M. Karasik, N.V. Khromov-Borisov, I.S. Zavodskaya (who led the department from 1981 to 1984), Y.S. Borodkin (who led the department from 1984 to 1992), N.A. Kharauzov, V.E. Ryzhenkov, N.S. Sapronov (who led the department from 1992 to 2011), P.P. Denisenko, and N.A. Losev. The main focus of the department from 1948 to 1984 was the integration of fundamental pharmacological advancements with the introduction of drugs into healthcare practice. Currently, the Department of Neuropharmacology. S.V. Anichkova is one of the largest research centers in Russia, focusing on fundamental research in Pharmacology. Professor P.D. Shabanov has been the head of the department since 2011. The department divided into four laboratories: the Laboratory of Chemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Products (led by Doctor of Medical Sciences, E.R. Bychkov), the Laboratory of General Pharmacology (led by Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. A.A. Lebedev), the Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology (led by Doctor of Medical Sciences, Prof. P.D. Shabanov), and the Laboratory of Synthesis and Nanotechnology of Medicinal Substances (led by Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. L.B. Piotrovsky).

Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder.

Background: Misophonia is a recently identified condition in which a person perceives a subtle stimulus (e.g., eating sounds, hair twirling) and has an intense, negative emotional response. Misophonia cannot be classified with established nosological systems. Methods: We present a novel five-phase model of misophonia from a cognitive-behavioral framework. This model identifies a learned reflex of the autonomic nervous system as the primary etiology and maintenance of misophonia. Phase one is anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. Phase two is a conditioned physical reflex (for example, the tensing of calf muscles) that develops through stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. Phase three includes intense negative emotional responses and accompanying physiological distress, thoughts, urges, and emotion-driven behavior. Phase four is the individual's coping responses to emotional distress, and phase five is the environmental response and resulting internal and external consequences of the coping behaviors. Each phase helps explain the maintenance of the response and the individual's impairment. Results: Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of phase one contributes to an increased arousal and awareness of triggers, resulting in increased severity of the trigger experience. Both the Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex of phase two and the emotion-driven behavior caused by the conditioned emotional response of phase three increase with in vivo exposure to triggers. Phase four includes internal and external coping behaviors to the intense emotions and distress, and phase five includes the consequences of those behaviors. Internal consequences include beliefs fiveand new emotions based on environmental responses to anger and panic. For example, the development of emotions such as shame and guilt, and beliefs regarding how 'intolerable' the trigger is. Conclusions: We assert misophonia is a multi-sensory condition and includes anticipatory anxiety, conditioned physical reflexes, intense emotional and physical distress, subsequent internal and external responses, and environmental consequences.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОСТОРУ СЕНСОРНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ НЕЙРОМАРКЕТИНГУ

The article examines the peculiarities of the space of sensor technologies of neuromarketing. It has been established that the goal of neuromarketing is to find an answer to the question of why customers prefer a certain product, and even to develop techniques for awakening the desire to place an order in customers both on an unconscious level and on a conscious level. The defining role of the product's functional features has been replaced by the art of creating and selling impressions, emotions, and satisfaction. The basis of neuromarketing is the influence on the main human senses in order to increase sales. There are external and internal sensory systems. The most important groups are distinguished, depending on the impact on human senses: visual channel (sight), aroma marketing, smell (smell), audio channel (sound). Marketing strategies for overcoming consumer resistance to innovative products using possible neuromarketing tools are presented Influence on sensory systems with the help of special marketing tools allows companies to influence consumers, to develop a kind of "conditioned reflex" in them. with the correct application of sensory marketing tools, the company has the opportunity to increase sales by up to 200%. However, for this you need to know your consumers well, their psychographic portrait, their both realized and unrealized preferences. All considered tools of sensory marketing can be used both individually and in combination. Thus, each company can shape its set of sensor technologies to influence consumers, based on the characteristics of its target audience and product.

Effect of Glutamate Antibody F(ab)2 Fragments on Memory Changes in Aged C57BL/6 Mice.

Intranasal administration of F(ab)2 fragments of anti-glutamate antibodies to 12-month-old C57BL/6 mice improves passive avoidance conditioning and have no effect on horizontal and vertical locomotor activity in the open-field test. In contrast to full-length antibodies to glutamate, their F(ab)2 fragments significantly increase the number of animals developed a conditioned passive avoidance reflex.

A MAPbBr3/PdSe2 Schottky junction-based optoelectronic sensor with self-powered and switchable photocurrents

Neuromorphic optoelectronic sensors with in-sensor computing architecture hold great promise for applications that require processing large amounts of redundant data, such as the Internet of Things, robotics, and environmental sciences, due to their advantages of low time latency and energy efficiency. Halide perovskites, known for their extraordinary optoelectronic properties and stimuli-responsive characteristics, offer excellent opportunities for developing switchable visual sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, low energy consumption, and wide adaptive range. In this work, we successfully realized a MAPbBr3-PdSe2 heterojunction-based optoelectronic sensor, demonstrating a responsivity of 28 mA/W and a high specific detectivity of 5.2 × 1011 Jones. A fast response time of ∼ 25 μs has also been achieved. Additionally, we investigated the role of voltage-induced ion migration in actively adjusting the device's photoresponse capacity. Under 0 V bias, the device exhibited a wide switchable range of optical responsivity from 137.5% to 27000%, significantly surpassing pure perovskite-based devices in previous reports. Moreover, we demonstrated the device's adaptive learning capabilities and reproducible switching characteristics by simulating Pavlovian classical conditioned reflex experiments using electrical modulation. These findings open up exciting possibilities for next-generation artificial vision systems that are energy-efficient, adaptive, and capable of learning and effectively responding to varying visual conditions.