Conditioned Avoidance Response In Rats Research Articles

Pemoline and Magnesium Hydroxide Versus Pemoline: Enhancement of Learning and Memory of a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Rats

Pemoline and magnesium hydroxide was found to be several times more potent than pemoline in enhancing the acquisition and retention of a conditioned avoidance response in rats.

Long Term and Short Term Effects on Retention of a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Rats by Treatment with Long Acting Pitressin and α-MSH

ATTENTION has recently been focused on the effect of peptides on conditioned avoidance behaviour. It has been shown that adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administered during avoidance learning results in a delay of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR)1,2. We found that the rapid extinction of a CAR which occurs after posterior lobectomy or hypophysectomy can be prevented by treatment with ACTH, melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or lysine vasopressin given during the extinction period3. Our observations indicate that the effect of ACTH which results in a delay of extinction of the CAR is located in the N-terminal part of the peptide, presumably within the first ten amino-acids4,5. The effect of lysine vasopressin or pitressin (posterior pituitary extract) administered during the extinction period appeared to be similar to that of ACTH and related peptides3. Accordingly, it was considered of interest to investigate whether the effect of vasopressin and of an ACTH-like peptide on extinction of the CAR involves the same mechanisms despite the structural difference of these two peptides.

Age and avoidance conditioning in rats.

Age and avoidance conditioning in rats.

Effects of post-trial eserine administration, age and task difficulty on avoidance conditioning in rats

Rats of three different ages were administered eserine 10 sec., 1 hr., or 4 hr. subsequently to 4 blocks of 10 trials on a simple avoidance or discriminated avoidance problem. Drug treatment 10 sec. after daily trials facilitated performance on both problems of Ss in most age groups. Treatment at the longest post-trial interval improved discriminated avoidance performance only among oldest (730 day) Ss. Results are interpreted in terms of age and task difficulty differences in post-trial neural perseveratory processes.

Industrial Solvents and Avoidance Conditioning in Rats

Department of Hygiene and Applied Physiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Clausiusstrasse 25, Zurich 6, Switzerland

The influence of the posterior and inter-mediate lobe of the pituitary and pituitary peptides on the maintenance of a conditioned avoidance response in rats

The removal of the posterior and intermediate lobe of the pituitary (posterior lobectomy) in rats, facilitates the rate of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response without affecting avoidance learning. The abnormal extinction behaviour of posterior lobectomized rats appeared not to be due to the disturbance in water metabolism resulting from the removal of the posterior pituitary. Pitressin, purified lysine vasopressin, synthetic α-MSH and ACTH (A 1 peptide) admini-stered as long acting preparations during the period of extinction, inhibited the rapid rate of extinction (of the avoidance response) in posterior lobectomized rats. These data indicate that the presence of the posterior and/or intermediate lobe of the pituitary is essential for the maintenance of the avoidance response and that peptides representing these structures are physiologically involved in this process. This behavioural effect suggests an important central action of these peptides.

Central Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava)

Aqueous extracts of Piper methysticum Forst, were tested for pharmacological activity. The roots of this plant have been used by the natives of many of the islands of the South Pacific in a beverage known as Kava to allay anxiety and reduce fatigue. The extracts were shown to have a depressant action on the central nervous system, evidenced by depression of spontaneous motor activity, marked reduction in irritability of rats having bilateral septal lesions, inhibition of the conditioned avoidance response in rats, and blockade of EEG arousal patterns in cats.

INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS AND AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING IN RATS. A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ACETONE, ETHYL ALCOHOL, CARBON DISULFIDE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE ON ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION.

(1964). Industrial Solvents and Avoidance Conditioning In Rats. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 745-749.

Single-Trial Avoidance Conditioning in Rats

Two experiments were designed to investigate shock intensity (current level), and shock duration as variables in the conditioning of an avoidance response in rats with a single training trial. In Exp. 3, a fixed current and duration were used and the resistance of the established conditioned response to extinction was determined. A grid scrambled 3-ma., 1-sec. shock applied to the four paws as a reinforcement was found to be most efficient in producing a high incidence and magnitude of conditioned avoidance. Training-testing intervals of 1 and 24 hr. yielded comparable results. Increasing the duration of a 3-ma. shock reinforcement increased the resistance of the CR to extinction.

Stable long term avoidance responding and fixed ratio avoidance training

Two studies are reported dealing with avoidance conditioning in rats. In the first study the stability of the shuttle response was investigated in 4 Ss running 2 hrs. a day over an 18 day period. Stable long term avoidance responding was obtained. Except for extinction, no decrement in avoidance responding developed at anytime. In the second study, fixed ratio reinforcement of the avoidance response was attempted in 10 Ss. Eight Ss acquired the continuously reinforced avoidance response; 2 Ss reached a 2:1 ratio criterion; 4 Ss acquired a 4:1 ratio, and 2 Ss went through a 7:1 and 10:1 ratio. One of the latter Ss attained a fixed ratio of 21:1.

Experimental Study on the Pharmacology of N-(α-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethyl) propionamide.

General pharmacology of N-(α-methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethyl) propionamide (SA-8), previously synthesized by us, was described with emphasis at the effects on central nervous system. SA-8 reduced the spontaneous and methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity of mice rather stronger than meprobamate did. SA-8 did not protect mice from tonic convulsion and death by infused pentylenetet razol. It had hypothermic effect in rast but no antipyretic effect in rabbits at higher doses. SA-8 itself had weak specificity for the conditioned avoidance response in rats, but it markedly potentiated the effect of chlorpromazine on the response. The influence of SA-8 on the EEG in curarized cats was investigated. SA-8, administered intravenously, at small doses (20∼40mg./kg.) depressed spontaneous activities of cortex and hippocampus, but at larger doses (60∼90mg./kg.), it activates cortex and reticular formation, and if further doses were injected, seizure discharges throughout the whole brain occurred. Studies by means of electrical stimulation revealed that SA-8 in small doses depressed the hypothalamic activating system, but that it little affected the reticular activating system in cats. SA-8 antagonized to the depressive effect of hexobarbital on the electrical activity of brain in cats, contrary to the results reported in previous paper that SA-8 prolonged the hexobarbital induced sleep in mice. SA-8 had little spasmolytic activity in vitro in mice. It lowered blood pressure in cats. LD50 value of orally administered SA-8 was 450mg./kg. (357∼567, p=0.05).

The effect of ethyl alcohol on a conditioned avoidance response in rats.

Acta Pharmacologica et ToxicologicaVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 59-67 The Effect of Ethyl Alcohol on a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Rats Henrik Wallgren, Henrik Wallgren From the Research Laboratories of the State Alcohol Monopoly (Alko), Helsinki, Finland (Dr. Heikki Suomalainen) and the Psychological Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Prof. Kai von Fieandt)Search for more papers by this authorSinikka Savolainen, Sinikka Savolainen From the Research Laboratories of the State Alcohol Monopoly (Alko), Helsinki, Finland (Dr. Heikki Suomalainen) and the Psychological Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Prof. Kai von Fieandt)Search for more papers by this author Henrik Wallgren, Henrik Wallgren From the Research Laboratories of the State Alcohol Monopoly (Alko), Helsinki, Finland (Dr. Heikki Suomalainen) and the Psychological Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Prof. Kai von Fieandt)Search for more papers by this authorSinikka Savolainen, Sinikka Savolainen From the Research Laboratories of the State Alcohol Monopoly (Alko), Helsinki, Finland (Dr. Heikki Suomalainen) and the Psychological Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Prof. Kai von Fieandt)Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1962.tb00340.xCitations: 17AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue1May 1962Pages 59-67 RelatedInformation

Pharmacology of fluphenazine (prolixin)

Ten phenothiazine derivatives, substituted in the 2- and 10-positions, were tested as inhibitors of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. The intraperitoneal activities, in decreasing order were: fluphenazine = SQ 10,037 > SQ 4924 = SQ 10,036 > perphenazine > trifluoperazine > thipropazate > triflupromazine > prochlorperazine > chlorpromazine. A CF 3 group in position 2 in place of Cl increased activity, and incorporating the N of the side chain in a piperazine ring increased activity still more. A direct comparative study in conditioned rats showed fluphenazine and acetyl-fluphenazine (SQ 4924) to be equally potent and 7 to 9 times as active as triflupromazine. When duration of action was included in the evaluation of activity, fluphenazine and acetylfluphenazine were 25 times as active as triflupromazine. In operant behavior studies in rats, fluphenazine was somewhat slower acting than triflupromazine but was more potent and longer acting. Fluphenazine was 6.5 times as potent as triflupromazine as a “tranquilizer” in hostile rhesus monkeys. The effects of fluphenazine and triflupromazine on behavior and body temperature of dogs were not significantly different. Both drugs reduced spontaneous motor activity, caused sedation and ataxia, and decreased rectal temperature. Cumulative, intravenous doses of fluphenazine or triflupromazine caused slight to moderate hypotension in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. Cumulative, intravenous administration of large doses of fluphenazine or triflupromazine to cats caused progressive bradycardia, marked transient hypotension and cardiac arrest. No changes in EEG were noted. At the peak of action, fluphenazine was approximately 4.5 times as potent as triflupromazine as an inhibitor of an elicited head-twitch response in mice. Fluphenazine and triflupromazine caused motor deficits in mice and were equally toxic. In general, fluphenazine (or its acetyl ester) appears to be a more potent and longer-acting tranquilizing agent than any other compound tested and this activity is unattended by corresponding increases in toxic or undesirable autonomic side actions.

DMAE (2-Dimethylaminoethanol) in the Treatment of Chronic Female Patients in a Mental Hospital

Work with the tertiary amine arecoline is reported to show that this para-sympathomimetic agent can produce inhibition of conditioned avoidance responses in rats (Pfeiffer and Jenney, 1957a). When given to atropine-protected patients, the compound is said to give intervals of lucidity of an order broadly comparable to that produced by carbon dioxide or amylobarbitone (Fulcher et al., 1957).

白鼠の條件回避反応に対する諸種Tfanquillizerの作用

白鼠の條件回避反応に対する諸種Tfanquillizerの作用

白鼠の條件回避反応に対する数種Phenothiazine誘導体の作用

白鼠の條件回避反応に対する数種Phenothiazine誘導体の作用

Non-specific effect of bromide on conditioned avoidance behavior in rats.

SummaryThe effect of 5 doses of bromide was tested for effect on conditioned avoidance response in rats. Blockade of response occurred at dose of 500 mg/kg of Br-, but this effect was non-specific, since it was accompanied by ataxia and loss of righting reflex.