Conditional Process Model Research Articles

Self-regulation and performance among elite youth soccer players: the role of approach-avoidance motivation.

This study aimed to investigate the motivational processes behind self-regulated learning and performance among 192 soccer players (82 girls) for three age groups (14-16 years old) eligible for the Norwegian national football team. A conditional process model was proposed and tested with achievement goals as mediators between achievement motives on the one hand and coach-reported performance and self-regulated learning on the other hand. The probability of success was examined as a potential moderator in the motivational process. As predicted, motives to achieve success directly influenced planning and reflection/evaluation, whereas the influence of the success motive on regulation of effort was explained partly by task- and self-based approach goals. The motive to achieve success was, however, particularly crucial for maintaining these beneficial regulatory processes when the probability of success was found to be from moderate to low. Concerning the avoidance paths, the data supported only some of our original hypotheses. The motive to avoid failure predicted all three types of avoidance-based (task, self, and other) and other-based approach goals but did not contribute to explaining planning, reflection/evaluation, regulation of effort, or performance. There were no significant correlations between motivation variables and coach-reported performance. Moreover, girls were more motivated to avoid failure than boys, while both sexes achieved similar scores for football-specific self-regulated learning, probability of success, achievement goals, and motive to achieve success. The results are discussed considering a hierarchical motivation model.

A Memory-augmented Conditional Neural Process model for traffic prediction

This paper presents the first neural process-based model for traffic prediction, the Memory-augmented Conditional Neural Process (MemCNP). Spatio-temporal traffic prediction involves predicting future traffic patterns based on historical traffic data and the road network structure. This problem remains a challenge due to the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of urban traffic. Existing models often struggle to capture these complexities, particularly in data-limited scenarios. To address these limitations, our model presents a novel framework for uncertainty estimation based on the conditional neural process, and further incorporates a memory network module designed to acquire a representative contextual reference, thereby improving model performance under complex data distributions. By integrating the conditional neural process and the memory network, MemCNP enables the learning of the most representative contexts through iterative updates, enhancing the model’s generalisability. This allows our model to be applicable beyond car traffic, effectively handling diverse real-world traffic scenarios, including urban non-motorised traffic such as cycling, which is essential for advancing more sustainable transportation systems. This is demonstrated by comprehensive experimental results on six benchmark datasets (PeMS04, PeMS07, PeMS08, NYCTaxi, CHIBike, and T-Drive) against existing state-of-the-art traffic prediction models, where MemCNP demonstrates superior performance. Additionally, through ablation and reliability studies, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the model’s effectiveness.

The effect of social anxiety, impulsiveness, self-esteem on non-suicidal self-injury among college students: A conditional process model.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an emerging concern in the field of public health. The objective of this study is to develop a conditional process model to investigate the relationship between social anxiety and NSSI, and the role of impulsiveness and self-esteem in this relationship. A convenience sample of 2717 university students (Mage = 19.81, 22.49% male) from Southern China was recruited. The age range of the participants is between 18 and 25 years. The data were analysed using Spearman correlation analysis, mediation analysis and moderation analysis. The study revealed a positive correlation between social anxiety and NSSI, with impulsiveness serving as a mediating factor in this association. The relationship between social anxiety and NSSI, impulsiveness and social anxiety, impulsiveness and NSSI were all found to be moderated by self-esteem. The prevalence of NSSI among college students exhibited a strong association with social anxiety and impulsiveness. The present investigation additionally demonstrated that there was no significant association between social anxiety, impulsivity and NSSI when high self-esteem was included. This finding implies that self-esteem plays a crucial role in safeguarding against NSSI.

Effects of coaches' authentic leadership on athletes' training competition satisfaction: The mediating roles of psychological ownership and athlete engagement

Coaching leadership greatly impacts athletes’ mental health and wellbeing. Although research shows a positive link between authentic leadership and athlete satisfaction, studies on specific subdimensions are limited. This study examines the influence of authentic leadership on athlete engagement and performance, utilizing a conditional process model to explore the mediating effects of psychological ownership and athlete engagement. A survey of 381 athletes (274 male, 107 female; Mage = 19.98; SD = 2.48) from team and individual sports found that perceived authentic leadership positively correlates with training competition satisfaction, psychological ownership, and athlete engagement. Structural equation modeling revealed that psychological ownership and athlete engagement significantly mediate this relationship. Thus, authentic leadership directly and indirectly enhances athletes’ satisfaction.

Nurturing Workplace Status Through Servant Leadership: A Conditional Process Model

Nurturing Workplace Status Through Servant Leadership: A Conditional Process Model

Similarity enhances psychological compatibility: Serial mediation effect of psychological kinship and intergroup contact

PurposeThis study elucidates the relationship between similarity and ethnic psychological compatibility and its underlying psychological mechanisms. According to kin selection theory, similarity can promote ethnic psychological compatibility by enhancing psychological kinship and intergroup contact. Participantsand methods: A questionnaire survey was administered to 1523 participants from 25 ethnic groups in China. Data analysis was carried out via conditional process modelling. A multigroup comparison of mediation models between the ethnic majority and minorities was detected via the Stats Tools Package. ResultsOur findings demonstrated that: (1) cultural and attitude similarity both showed a significant positive correlation with ethnic psychological compatibility; (2) psychological kinship and intergroup contact served as mediators in the relationship of attitude and cultural similarity with ethnic psychological compatibility and psychological kinship and intergroup contact were independent mediators, while psychological kinship–intergroup contact showed a significant serial mediation effect; (3) there were no significant differences in mediation effects between different ethnic groups. ConclusionOur findings expand on kin selection theory and provide valuable paths for psychologically supporting ethnic psychological compatibility.

Market Participation and Farmers’ Adoption of Green Control Techniques: Evidence from China

As a standard clean production technology, the wide use of green control techniques (GCT) helps improve the quality of agricultural products and protect the environment. However, the level of application of GCT by Chinese farmers is not high. The market, as the ultimate place to realize the value of grain and the returns of grain farmers, plays an essential part in promoting GCT. Based on survey data from grain farmers in Sichuan Province, China, this study used a conditional mixed process (CMP) model to examine the effect of farmers’ market participation on their GCT adoption behavior and a mediated effects model to test the impact mechanism. The study further explored the effect of farmers’ market participation capability on their GCT adoption behavior. The results showed that (1) farmers’ market participation could significantly increase the likelihood of adopting GCT. (2) Market participation could influence farmers’ adoption behavior through agricultural income, market information, and green cognition. (3) Further research found that farmers were more likely to adopt GCT if their market participation capability was strong. These findings highlight the fact that developing countries have increased their efforts to encourage farmers to participate in markets and to enhance their market participation capability, thereby facilitating the adoption of GCT by farmers.

Early Life Surgency, but not Effortful Control or Negative Affectivity, Is a Mediating Variable Between Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Childhood Obesity Risk.

Maternal gestational obesity is related to risk of obesity in the child. This risk may be in part mediated by altered child temperament, which can affect mother-child interactions, including feeding and soothing behaviors that affect obesity risk. Our objective was to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI and determine if child temperament, specifically positive Affectivity/Surgency, mediates this association. Using conditional process modeling, we analyzed data from 408 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study. Child temperament was assessed at 3 years of age via a parent report measure, the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and child zBMI was calculated from in-person measurements of child height and weight at 4-5 years of age. Bivariate correlations showed that there was a significant positive correlation between zBMI and Surgency (r=0.11, p=0.03), and zBMI was also correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (r=0.12, p=0.02). Multivariable regression revealed that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (adjusted β=0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.00-0.05, p=0.02) and Surgency scores (adjusted β=0.14, 95% CI; 0.02-0.28, p=0.03) were associated with higher child zBMI at 4-5 years of age. Mediation analysis showed that Surgency mediated the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI. Our models controlled for maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, socioeconomic status, maternal anxiety and depression, and gestational age at birth. Overall, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with child zBMI, and this association was mediated by higher child Surgency scores.

Determinants of Firm Value with Conditional Process Model: Evidence from Healthcare Sector Companies in Indonesia

Determinants of Firm Value with Conditional Process Model: Evidence from Healthcare Sector Companies in Indonesia

Harmonizing economic and environmental costs in the CAP to improve efficiency and effectiveness of policies

The recent CAP aims at better targeting beneficiaries and being more selective in its objectives. This has drawn attention to how policies interact with resources used by farms in terms of both economic and environmental costs. Conditional Process Models under Structural Equation Modeling framework may offer statistical indications on these complex interactions. The proposed model, called SMIRNE, is applied to an Italian macro-area at severe risk of land pollution (Pianura Padana) caused by livestock sector. Results show a more substantial support from pillar I policies than those provided by pillar II in addressing a relevant response of policies to the economic and environmental costs of the livestock activities with reference to the use of land.

The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults

Body image flexibility and inflexibility are alternative ways of responding to body image threats. Affect regulation offers a framework for understanding how these responses impact health outcomes; however, research in young people is limited. This prospective study tested two potential affect regulation functions in adolescents and emerging adults (N = 351, 66.7% female) via online surveys completed five months apart. Specifically, body image flexibility and inflexibility were tested as (a) direct predictors of adaptive (body appreciation, intuitive eating) and maladaptive (muscle-building strategies, disordered eating) outcomes, and (b) moderators of the indirect effect of a social comparison threat via body appreciation. Results from hierarchical linear and conditional process models showed that body image flexibility and inflexibility served distinct affect regulation functions. Whereas body image inflexibility directly predicted adaptive and maladaptive body- and eating-related outcomes, body image flexibility protected against the negative effects of social comparison on intuitive eating via body appreciation. Findings suggest that adolescents and emerging adults could benefit from learning body image flexibility skills and reducing inflexibility to promote positive body image and prevent body- and eating-related disturbances. Future research should investigate how body image flexibility and inflexibility relate to other established threats and outcomes in diverse demographic groups.

Leaders' individualized consideration, team commitment and patient loyalty: The role of social and task‐related contexts

AbstractDrawing from transformational leadership (TFL) theory and research on contextual leadership, we examined a conditional process model of leadership in nursing teams to predict patient loyalty. Using TFL's individualized consideration dimension as a salient facet of the construct in care services, we first posited that nurses' team affective commitment would partially mediate the impact of nurse leadership. We further conceptualized nurse–physician collaboration, organizational formalization and task feedback as discrete contexts that may curb the influence of head nurses' individualized consideration. In a three‐wave, multisource and multilevel study, we surveyed 654 nurses and 1770 patients from 91 hospital units. We found that team‐level head nurses' individualized consideration positively and partially related to patient loyalty through nurses' team commitment and that higher levels of nurse–physician collaboration, organizational formalization and task feedback were associated with reduced influence of individualized consideration on team commitment and patient loyalty. We discuss the implications of these findings for advancing theory and research on TFL and contextual factors of leadership.

Filial beliefs reduce aggression in different cultures: A conditional process model

The dual filial piety model divides filial piety beliefs into two types: reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety beliefs (RFP vs. AFP) in terms of attitude, emotion, and obligation towards parents. Previous studies have shown that these two types of filial piety beliefs related to different psychological outcomes. Literature also suggests that some aspects of the function of filial piety beliefs may be a cultural universal. This research aimed to test the effects of filial piety beliefs on aggression using participants from two cultures (Chinese vs. Islamic). We further explored the mediating role of moral disengagement, forgiveness, and self-control between filial piety beliefs and aggression, and the moderating role of culture. The results showed that moral disengagement, forgiveness, and self-control played mediating roles in the relationship between filial piety beliefs and aggression. The functions of filial piety beliefs showed both similarities and differences across cultures. (1) RFP was negatively associated with aggression in both cultures, while AFP was negatively associated with aggression only among Muslim participants. (2) RFP can reduce the aggression of Chinese participants through moral disengagement, forgiveness, and self-control; while the RFP of Muslim participants can reduce their aggressiveness only through forgiveness. (3) AFP enhanced aggression via moral disengagement and reduced self-control among; Chinese participants, but reduced aggression via self-control among Muslim participants. Findings of this study confirmed that the functions of RFP show more similarities than differences across cultures, while functions of AFP do the opposite.

Strategic pathways to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 12 through Industry 4.0: Moderating role of institutional pressure

AbstractEmerging economies, at the vanguard of extensive resource depletion and limited environmental stewardship, are worst‐hit by climate change events, necessitating an extensive investigation of the relevance of I4.0 in attaining sustainable consumption and production patterns. This study focuses on Sustainable Production and Consumption (SDG12) and investigates how the implementation of I4.0 can contribute to the adoption of circular economy practices (CEPs) to incorporate elements of sustainable consumption and procurement into supply chains. Based on dynamic capabilities theory, institutional pressure, and the triple‐bottom‐line perspective, this study proposes an overarching research framework that presents the synergistic convergence of dynamic capabilities, I4.0, and the circular economy to achieve SDG12. This framework is empirically validated through a survey‐based, cross‐sectional research design by utilizing conditional process modeling. This study employed purposive sampling where respondents constituted 480 industry practitioners and professionals in digital supply chain and operations management from manufacturing firms based in the Baddi and Alwar districts in India. The findings demonstrate that I4.0 and CEPs sequentially mediate the impact of dynamic capabilities on SDG12, while mimetic pressure strengthens the impact of exploitation‐oriented strategy on SDG12.

How do digital media strengthen the role of social networks in promoting farmers' adoption of climate change mitigation measures?

PurposeThis paper investigates the ways digital media applications in rural areas have transformed the influence of social networks (SN) on farmers' adoption of various climate change mitigation measures (CCMM), and explores the key mechanisms behind this transformation.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyzes data from 1,002 farmers’ surveys. First, a logit model is used to measure the impact of SN on the adoption of different types of CCMM. Then, the interaction term between digital media usage (DMU) and SN is introduced to analyze the moderating effect of digital media on the impact of SN. Finally, a conditional process model is used to explore the mediating mechanism of agricultural socialization services (ASS) and the validity of information acquisition (VIA).FindingsThe results reveal that: (1) SN significantly promotes the adoption of CCMM and the marginal effect of this impact varies with different kinds of technologies. (2) DMU reinforces the effectiveness of SN in promoting farmers' adoption of CCMM. (3) The key mechanisms of the process in (2) are the ASS and the VIA.Originality/valueThis study shows that in the context of DMU, SN’s promotion effect on farmers' adoption of CCMM is strengthened.

The association between uncertainty intolerance, perceived environmental uncertainty, and ego depletion in early adulthood: the mediating role of negative coping styles.

Uncertainty intolerance and perceived environmental uncertainty can influence an individual's emotions and behavioral responses. Previous research showed that high uncertainty intolerance and high perceived environmental uncertainty were both negatively associated with an individual's life satisfaction. We explored the interaction effects of uncertainty intolerance and perceived environmental uncertainty on ego depletion of early adulthood and its mechanisms. Investigating 292 college students using an uncertainty intolerance scale, a perceived environmental uncertainty scale, a negative coping style questionnaire, and an ego depletion scale. The correlations among all variables were calculated using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, and then we used the PROCESS macro (model 8) in SPSS to test the conditional process model in the relationship between uncertainty intolerance and ego depletion. The results showed that the interaction terms of uncertainty intolerance and perceived environmental uncertainty were significantly associated with negative coping styles. Only in the high perceived environmental uncertainty situations, uncertainty intolerance was positively associated with negative coping styles, and negative coping styles were positively associated with ego depletion. In general, compared with perceived environmental uncertainty, participants' cognition towards environmental uncertainty was much more associated with individual's coping styles and psychological state, individuals with high uncertainty intolerance would face great stress and experience more emotional problems. Our results suggest that it is important for individuals' mental health to gain a sense of control in an uncertain environment and improve the tolerance of uncertainty. Future research needs to pay attention to the intervention strategy of decreasing uncertainty intolerance.

The association between family socioeconomic status and suicide ideation among adolescent: A conditional process model

Traditionally, most researchers believe that low family socioeconomic status (SES) is closely related to high suicide ideation, but this view remains controversial in empirical studies. Meanwhile, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. Moreover, previous studies on the relationship between family SES and suicide ideation have mostly focused on adults rather than adolescents and relatively lacked support from Chinese samples. Therefore, this study is based on the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicide behaviour and the context-process-outcomes model, aiming to determine whether and how family SES is associated with adolescents’ suicide ideation and to evaluate the chain-mediating effect of effortful control and irritability, as well as the moderating effect of future orientation on this association. Data were extracted from 1058 girls and 855 boys, aged 11 to 19 years (14.86 ± 1.61 years), who completed a self-reported online survey. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS version 25. The conditional process model (CPM) was examined using SPSS PROCESS Macro 4.0. The results showed that there were differences in some demographic factors and the main study variables between adolescents with and without suicide ideation. In addition, the results suggested that family SES was not directly related to suicide ideation in adolescents, but it could indirectly effect suicide ideation through the chain-mediating effect of effortful control and irritability. Furthermore, future orientation moderated the relationship between irritability and suicide ideation. These findings provide evidence for current debates and conflicting conclusions, reveal the effect mechanism of family SES on suicide ideation, and add to empirical support for the prevention and intervention of adolescent suicide ideation.

Decoding task uncertainty: moderating effects on participative budgeting and budgetary slack dynamics

This research examines the effects of participative budgeting on budgetary slack under different levels of task uncertainty. It also investigates the mediating factors of goal orientation and job-relevant information in the cognitive and motivational aspects of participative budgeting in situations characterised by task uncertainty. Our comprehensive analytical methodology uses partial least squares structural equation modelling and conditional process modelling. Results reveal that participative budgeting has a significant positive effect on budgetary slack, with this relationship being mediated by goal orientation and job-relevant information. Task uncertainty levels mitigate the mediation effects. However, in situations of low task uncertainty, goal orientation and job-relevant information play an essential role in conveying the effects of participative budgeting on budgetary slack.

Pain Intensity, Pain-Related Anxiety, and Hazardous Drinking Among Individuals With PTSD

Objective Evidence suggests that pain intensity may be indirectly linked to hazardous drinking and PTSD symptom severity via pain-related anxiety. The goal of this analysis was to test the hypotheses in a population with PTSD symptoms that pain intensity would be positively and indirectly associated with hazardous drinking, alcohol dependence, alcohol-related problems, and PTSD symptom severity via pain-related anxiety. Methods Heavy drinkers with probable PTSD were recruited via Qualtrics panels (N = 371, 53% Female, M age = 39.68, SD = 10.86). Linear regression and conditional process models were conducted to examine indirect associations between pain intensity and primary outcomes via pain-related anxiety. Results Pain intensity was found to be indirectly associated with hazardous drinking, alcohol dependence, alcohol-related problems, and PTSD symptom severity via greater pain-related anxiety. Conclusion These initial findings suggest that pain-related anxiety may play an important role in relations between the experience of pain and hazardous patterns of alcohol consumption among individuals with probable PTSD. Future research is needed to determine the temporal nature of these associations and to examine the potential utility of treatments that address pain-related anxiety in the context of comorbid pain, PTSD, and hazardous drinking.

Family resilience, patient-reported symptoms in young stroke dyads: The effect of caregiver readiness and social support.

To investigate empirically the direct effect and potential mechanism of family resilience on patient-reported outcomes among young stroke dyads in China. Young patients with stroke have been becoming an important public health issue. According to relevant theories and previous studies, we found that family resilience might play an important role in patient's symptoms. However, it is less clear about the specific relationship and potential mechanisms of these two variables. We used a prospective cross-sectional design. A multi-item questionnaire was used to assess the constructs of interest. Researchers progressively constructed and validated conditional process models. The PROCESS macro was used to verify the research hypotheses. A total of 560 questionnaires were collected in this study. We found that family resilience of stroke patients and their spouses had a direct effect on the physical, psychological and social aspects of patient-reported symptoms. We further revealed that caregiver preparedness partially mediated the relationship between family resilience and patient's symptoms in stroke patient-spouse dyads, while perceived social support moderated the relationship between caregiver preparedness and patient's symptoms. Finally, we observed that the impact of caregiver readiness and social support on patients' symptoms predominantly manifested in physical and physiological outcomes. Our research provides evidence about the positive impact of family resilience on patient-reported symptoms in young stroke dyads. Meanwhile, it further revealed how caregiver preparedness and perceived social support may play out in the relationship. Our research introduces a novel perspective and pathway to enhance short-term recovery outcomes for patients. It also furnishes clinicians and nurses with evidence to guide the implementation of interventions aimed at improving patient health outcomes and facilitating smoother transitions from the hospital to home. What problem did the study address? Families play a crucial role in a patient's recovery process from illness, with family resilience serving as an important force for families to overcome adversity. However, the impact on patient symptoms and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are uncertain. Empirical research is required to validate these aspects. What were the main findings? Family resilience has a positive impact on the physical, psychological and social aspects of patient-reported symptoms in young stroke dyads. Both the actor effect and partner effect are supported. The impact of caregiver readiness and social support on patient-reported symptoms is primarily observed in physical and physiological outcomes. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This study offers a novel approach to enhance the short-term recovery of stroke patients. The researchers believe that the findings of this study will play an even more significant role during patients' transition from the hospital to home. This study followed the STROBE statement of cross-sectional studies. The study was conducted by patients, their spouses, healthcare professionals and the research team.