Conditional Error Correction Model Research Articles

ARDL bounds tests and robust inference for the long run relationship between real stock returns and inflation in Australia

This paper conducts an empirical investigation into the long run relationship between real stock returns and inflation in Australia by employing the ARDL bounds tests. There exists a stock return–inflation long run relationship, and the long run parameters are non-linear functions of those of the conditional error correction model. The OLS estimates of the latter model constitute the long run parameter estimates and their standard errors are estimated by delta methods. The long run model estimates so constructed can be biassed and inconsistent, and the delta method is derived assuming asymptotic normality, which does not hold in this investigation. In this paper, to overcome these limitations of the traditional methods, we employ the bias-corrected bootstrap method. As a consequence, the robust and reliable statistical inference can be made on the long run return–inflation relationship. The empirical results show that the expected inflation had no significant effect on real stock returns, while the observed inflation had a significant and negative effect. Furthermore, the data generating process of the returns–inflation relationship was not affected by the change in monetary policy regime in the early 1990s. These findings imply that Australian stocks have been very effective instruments for hedging against expected inflation. Because of the resilience of Australian economy to the current global financial and economic crisis, this finding has implications for long term domestic and foreign investors in Australia.

A SIEVE BOOTSTRAP TEST FOR COINTEGRATION IN A CONDITIONAL ERROR CORRECTION MODEL

In this paper we propose a bootstrap version of the Wald test for cointegration in a single-equation conditional error correction model. The multivariate sieve bootstrap is used to deal with dependence in the series. We show that the introduced bootstrap test is asymptotically valid. We also analyze the small sample properties of our test by simulation and compare it with the asymptotic test and several alternative bootstrap tests. The bootstrap test offers significant improvements in terms of size properties over the asymptotic test, while having similar power properties. The sensitivity of the bootstrap test to the allowance for deterministic components is also investigated. Simulation results show that the tests with sufficient deterministic components included are insensitive to the true value of the trends in the model and retain correct size.

The analysis of the relationships of Korean outbound tourism demand: Jeju Island and three international destinations

This paper investigates the determinants of the relationship among Korean outbound tourism demand for Jeju Island and three other Asian island countries using the multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models. It is found that pairwise conditional correlations among tourism demand for Jeju, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines are not constant but time-varying. Estimated conditional correlations among Jeju and the three Asian countries are negative over some time periods. This implies that the three Asian countries are substitutes for Jeju in certain specific time horizons. The VEC model is used to investigate the short-run and long-run dynamic relationships and the results reveal that Industrial Production Index and real exchange rates had the positive or negative impact on conditional correlations of tourism demand for these destinations. Tourism policy implications are discussed for managing tourism demand for these destinations.

A Long-Run Structural Macroeconometric Model for Germany: An Empirical Note

Abstract To provide an modelling strategy with transparent and theoretically coherent foundation has been one of the targets of the paper by Garratt, Lee, Pesaran and Shin. They develop a core model for a small open economy based production technology, arbitrage conditions, flow identities and long-run solvency conditions. This leads to five long-run relations: the uncovered interest rate parity, the purchasing power parity, production function, trade balance and real money balance. Since the economic theory there is formulated generally but not restricted to the economy of UK for which their empirical model is implemented, we expect that this modelling strategy should be able to generate similar results for the data of other countries. In this empirical note we apply the modelling strategy to German data to see in how far the economic theory formulated there can account for German data. We are able to identify five cointegration relations in a conditional vector error correction model and the overidentification restrictions of the five cointegration relations as, UIP, PPP, production function, trade balance and real money balance are not rejected by the data.

German Exports to the Euro Area

This paper analyzes the determinants of German exports to the euro area, which is the biggest market for German products. Three conditional error-correction models based on regionally disaggregated data are developed. One specification includes EMU industrial production and a real external value based on consumer prices, the other two use different EMU investment aggregates, the orresponding real external values and a proxy for European market integration to explain exports. The models perform equally well in a number of diagnostic tests. For short-term forecasts, however, the model using industrial production seems to be the best, since it outperforms the other models in terms of one-step ahead out-of-sample forecasts.

Autoregressive distributed lag models and cointegration

This paper considers cointegration analysis within an autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) framework. First, different reparameterizations and interpretations are reviewed. Then we show that the estimation of a cointegrating vector from an ADL specification is equivalent to that from an error-correction (EC) model. Therefore, asymptotic normality available in the ADL model under exogeneity carries over to the EC estimator. Next, we review cointegration tests based on EC regressions. Special attention is paid to the effect of linear time trends in case of regressions without detrending. Finally, the relevance of our asymptotic results in finite samples is investigated by means of computer experiments. In particular, it turns out that the conditional EC model is superior to the unconditional one.

Explanation of Economic Growth Differences in the CEE Countries: Importance of the BOP Constraint

This paper presents a balance-of-payments (BOP) constrained growth analysis of the long-run growth process in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries during the recovery period of transition (1995-2004). The paper tests the BOP-constrained growth model, based on the specification of a dynamic import function, which describes the short-term and long-term import behaviour in a different way. McCombie and Thirlwall have implicitly argued for a similar specification of the import function in the analyses of this kind. Econometrically, the import function is formulated, in this article, as a conditional Error Correction Model (ECM). It is shown that even the basic BOP-constrained growth model captures well the disparity of growth rates of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the CEE countries. Furthermore, the use of this approach does not point to any ‘puzzles of the Baltic growth’ that were observed in the analysis by Campos and Kinoshita (2002) based on the supply side model which included the transition-specific variables.

Bootstrap inference in systems of single equation error correction models

We analyze OLS-based tests of long-run relationships, weak exogeneity and short-run dynamics in conditional error correction models. Unweighted sums of single equation test statistics are used for hypothesis testing in pooled systems. When model errors are (conditionally) heteroskedastic tests of weak exogeneity and short run dynamics are affected by nuisance parameters. Similarly, on the pooled level the advocated test statistics are no longer pivotal in presence of cross-sectional error correlation. We prove that the wild bootstrap provides asymptotically valid critical values under both conditional heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional error correlation. A Monte-Carlo study reveals that in small samples the bootstrap outperforms first-order asymptotic approximations in terms of the empirical size even if the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic does not depend on nuisance parameters. Opposite to feasible GLS methods the approach does not require any estimate of cross-sectional correlation and copes with time-varying patterns of contemporaneous error correlation.

Forecasting industrial production in the Euro area

The creation of the Euro area has increased the importance of obtaining timely information about short-term changes in the area's real activity. In this paper we propose a number of alternative short term forecasting models, ranging from simple ARIMA models to more complex cointegrated VAR and conditional models, to forecast the index of industrial production in the euro area. A conditional error-correction model in which the aggregate index of industrial production for the area is explained by the US industrial production index and the business confidence index from the European Commission harmonised survey on manufacturing firms achieves the best score in terms of forecasting capacity.

THE POWER OF SINGLE EQUATION TESTS FOR COINTEGRATION WHEN THE COINTEGRATING VECTOR IS PRESPECIFIED

In this paper I present an alternative derivation of the asymptotic distribution of Kremers, Ericsson, and Dolado's (1992, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 325–348) conditional error correction model (ECM)–based t-test for cointegration with a single prespecified cointegrating vector. This alternative distribution, which is identical to the distribution of Hansen's (1995, Econometric Theory 11, 1148–1171) covariate augmented t-test for a unit root, is valid for weakly exogenous regressors and depends on a consistently estimable nuisance parameter that takes on values in the unit interval. I show analytically, using asymptotic power functions based on near-cointegrated alternatives, that the ECM t-test with a prespecified cointegrating vector can have much higher power than single equation tests for cointegration based on estimating the cointegrating vector. I also characterize situations in which the ECM t-test computed with a misspecified cointegrating vector will have high power.

Conditional and structural error correction models reply

A 'structural' error correction model (in Boswijk's sense) is a representation of a conditional error correction model that satisfies certain restrictions. This paper examines the conditions under which such a structural error correction model exists and when the associated representation is of interest. To clarify the nature of such models, several analytical and empirical examples are considered, which violate those conditions. Structural error correction models are economically appealing, but their limitations imply that some care must be taken when applying them in practice.

Conditional and structural error correction models

A ‘structural’ error correction model (in Boswijk's sense) is a representation of a conditional error correction model that satisfies certain restrictions. This paper examines the conditions under which such a structural error correction model exists and when the associated representation is of interest. To clarify the nature of such models, several analytical and empirical examples are considered, which violate those conditions. Structural error correction models are economically appealing, but their limitations imply that some care must be taken when applying them in practice.

Conditional and Structural Error Correction Models

A "structural" error correction model (in Boswijk's sense) is a representation of a conditional error correction model that satisfies certain restrictions. This paper examines the conditions under which such a structural error correction model exists and when the associated representation is of interest. To clarify the nature of such models, several analytical and empirical examples are considered, which violate those conditions. Structural error correction models are economically appealing, but their limitations imply that some care must be taken when applying them in practice.

Testing for an unstable root in conditional and structural error correction models

This paper proposes a class of Wald tests for the hypothesis of an unstable root in conditional error correction models. Both single-equation models and simultaneous equations models in structural form are considered. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistics under the null hypothesis is derived in terms of a vector Brownian motion process, and critical values are obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. In an empirical model of the demand for money and the rate of inflation in the UK, the tests reject the instability hypothesis.

ON WEAK EXOGENEITY IN ERROR CORRECTION MODELS

In this paper, the author discusses the appropriateness of treating explanatory variables of a single-equation error correction model as being weakly exogenous. He restates the derivation of the error correction model, and particularly the single-equation conditional error correction model, both in reduced and structural form. These allow the author to point out that the condition of weak endogeneity implicitly tested by usual orthogonality tests is generally not sufficient for single-equation conditional error correction models. The potential pitfalls of working within incomplete simultaneous dynamic equation models for exogeneity tests are also pointed out. The author illustrates this on some empirical studies. Copyright 1992 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd