Conditions Of Poverty Research Articles

Economics of Faith: Reforming Poor Relief in Early Modern Europe by Esther Chung-Kim

<i>Economics of Faith: Reforming Poor Relief in Early Modern Europe</i> by Esther Chung-Kim

PERBANDINGAN SMOTE DAN ADASYN PADA DATA IMBALANCE UNTUK KLASIFIKASI RUMAH TANGGA MISKIN DI KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG DENGAN ALGORITMA K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR

Poverty is a global problem that has occurred in various countries with various impacts. Poverty conditions are characterized by the inability of a person or household to meet the basic needs of life. Socio-economic problems, such as poverty, can be handled using machine learning, one of which is classification. The classification of households based on poverty criteria is expected to assist the government in preparing programs that are right on target. K-Nearest Neighbor is one of the easy-to-use classification algorithms. this classification is based on the closest neighborliness. The problem that can be experienced when classifying is if the data used is imbalanced. The data imbalance will causing the classification process to focus more on the majority class. SMOTE and ADASYN are used to solve the problem of imbalanced data. This study resulted in the addition of SMOTE and ADASYN to imbalanced data can improve classification performance, especially on the G-mean value. G-mean is a performance measure that is widely used in the case of imbalanced data. The result of this study is that SMOTE can increase the G-mean value to 58.5%, while ADASYN is 57.3%. Therefore, it can be concluded that SMOTE-KNN is the best classification model for household poverty classification.

Making Informal Water Distribution Work: Collective Agency and Self-Organization in Informal Areas of Xochimilco, Mexico City

Global environmental change can disproportionately impact vulnerable populations in informal settlements already struggling with diminished access to resources, conditions of poverty, and other inequalities. Simultaneously, climate variability is projected to increase global water scarcity and make “formal access” to water (i.e., through gray infrastructure sponsored by a centralized government) not only politically unlikely but also physically unfeasible. Cities will need alternative ways of delivering water to informal settlements that are reliable, sufficient, affordable, environmentally efficient, and fair. Using data from two informal settlements in the Xochimilco Municipality (Mexico City), we explore current informal arrangements for water access and delivery, and what roles are played by governments, water truck drivers, and residents. We found that self-organization through collective agency and community leadership were key for effective water delivery through private or public water trucks (<em>pipas</em>). One community showed stable leadership and strong collective agency, resulting in more “efficient” public water delivery and low levels of consumption of water from private sellers. In the other community, collective agency was hindered by lack of clear leadership and self-organization, causing residents to resort to individual action (i.e., buying more private water) rather than collectively organizing to gain sufficient public access to water. Our findings suggest that collective agency enables a positive feedback loop between water truck drivers and residents which allows efficient distribution with minimum public investment from the municipality. We argue that the explicit acknowledgement of the role of collective agency and its adequate compensation to create new agreements would create opportunities for more sustainable alternatives of water delivery in communities trapped in informal regimes of water distribution.

Classifying High School Scholarship Recipients Using the K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

YBM PLN UIWS2JB provides scholarships for high school students who cannot afford school tuition due to poverty or other economic conditions. Since the target is specific, the foundation must carefully select the recipients to ensure the scholarship is granted to those who deserve it. The predetermined criteria combined with the limited quota available become a difficulty in itself as a large number of applications are coming in. Data mining with a classification method using the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm is believed to be one of the alternative solutions to solve this problem. This study aims to examine how this method could help in the selection process to determine who is eligible to receive the scholarship, and it also aims to evaluate the algorithm's performance with the optimal K value. The findings of this research showed that the classification method using K-Nearest Neighbor is the potential to be applied in a case such as this. The results found an accuracy of 91% in the selection process and are included in the Excellent Classification category. The optimal K value obtained is K = 5.

Paulo Freire's Educational Approach as a Model of Christian Education in Reducing Poverty in the Village of Tumbang Manyoi Gunung Mas, Central Kalimantan

Poverty is a common thing that can occur in every region, region, and even any country in this world. However, poverty is not to be enjoyed or inherited but must be fought for to be eradicated so that one gets freedom from the condition of poverty itself. Many factors cause a person to become poor, one of which is the inability of a person to regulate his mindset so that he is also unable to overcome poverty directly. The absence of proper education for the people has made them poor, and in the end, the right to welfare has become impossible. Education for the poor needs to be done because the understanding that poverty has oppressed humanity must be immediately addressed. The mindset that sees poverty as oppression and must be fought for is not born without being shaped and encouraged by the educational process. But education for the poor is not easy because the priority is the basic life needs. Paulo Freire's educational approach which emphasizes critical thinking and dialogue; is considered relevant to the condition of poverty in Indonesia. Freire supports the birth of a change in mindset to be free from poverty. From a Christian perspective, the church has a role in cultivating spirituality and caring for the poverty of the surrounding community. The church needs a model to carry out Christian Education for its citizens. Researchers see that the influence of Christian Education in the village of Tumbang Manyoi, Miri Manasa sub-district, Gunung Mas district, Central Kalimantan province is relevant for the application. This study uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic studies. The research produces a model of Christian Education based on contextual cognition which emphasizes the concept of knowledge, experience, and application so that it can be applied in the church to people who are shackled by poverty.

Harmonization and Implementation of Policies for Handling the Covid-19 Pandemic in Gresik Regency

The problem of handling the Covid-19 pandemic is not only about health but also the massive social-economic impact (McKee and Stuckler, 2020; Daniel et al., 2020; Mahler et., 2020; Laborde et al., 2020). Multidimensional responses from various countries have also been followed by Indonesia since the enactment of Presidential Decree 11/2020 concerning the Establishment of a Covid-19 Public Health Emergency. The Indonesian government is taking extraordinary steps by focusing on health care, social safety nets, and economic recovery. This study harmonizes various regulations in handling the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic, especially in the implementation of social safety nets and takes case studies of the formulation and implementation of social safety nets in Gresik Regency as an area with a high escalation of Covid-19 infections, experiencing large-scale social restrictions, and poverty conditions which are above the national and East Java averages. The approach used in this study is a sociological approach with the methodology of harmonization of law, Regulatory Impact Analysis(RIA) and the Rule, Opportunity, Capacity, Communication, Interest, Process, and Ideology (ROCCIPI) method. Data mining in harmonization comes from statutory provisions that are directly related to the implementation of social safety nets. Meanwhile, the RIA and ROCIIPI analysis used 19 informants who were directly involved in preparing social safety net regulations in Gresik Regency. The research finding is a regulatory harmonization framework social safety net from the national to regional levels, as well as an analysis of the formulation and implementation of social safety net regulations based on good regulatory governance criteria. Gresik Regency's social safety net regulations are aligned with the priority of the Government's extraordinary measures in the field of state finance in the context of saving health and the national economy through a focus on spending on health, social safety net, and economic recovery. Formulation and implementation of regulations Gresik Regent Regulation 16/2020 concerning Social Safety Nets, Economic Stimulants, and Village Direct Cash Assistance Handling the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic Gresik Regency has complied with most of the good regulatory governance criteria but requires improvement in aspects bureaucratic level involvement, stakeholder involvement, and transparency and communication factors.

"A Question of Pigment?" The Representation of Mexicans in the Depression Art of Dorothea Lange

Dorothea Lange was a US documentary photographer who earned national recognition during the Depression era. Her picture of Florence Thompson and her children known as Migrant Mother (1936) has become an iconic depiction of the age, of the distressed reality of a sacred relationship that represented not only the devastating present of the farm workers during the 1930s but also the threat of a hopeless future for these people—and the whole nation. The essay investigates how she managed to divulge personal realities beyond the surface of pigmentation, even if this meant that she did not fully comply with the expectations of the FSA. Lange’s art portrayed the human condition of migranthood, homelessness, unemployment, poverty, hunger, deprivation, despair, loneliness, and bleakness she had encountered in the American landscape as universal and ubiquitous, a condition that causes immense sadness, pain and desolation in the human soul, irrespective of one’s racial background. &#x0D;

Implementation of A Model for Cultivating Self-Reliance and Religious Values in Village Idiot Families in Ponorogo

Mental retardation in the village of Karangpatihan Balong Ponorgo appears due to conditions of poverty, the cause of it all is that the community cannot access sufficient nutritious food, causing defects in the fetus and newborn. Inadequate nutritional intake in pregnant women has a close relationship with the birth of babies with mental retardation conditions. The poverty that hit Karangpatihan village is a special concern that must be resolved by the village government, an attitude of independence must be instilled in the mentally retarded community in order to overcome the poverty that occurs. The planting of independence carried out by the village government must be social and in the form of community empowerment programs in the form of making splashed batik, catfish cattle, goats and doormats. The form of religious independence of the mentally retarded community is as follows: how to make mentally retarded people have the ability to worship or religious activities, especially in ablution and congregational prayers, starting from mentoring, training, understanding until independence appears according to the abilities of each mentally retarded citizen.

Assessing Fossil Fuels and Renewables’ Impact on Energy Poverty Conditions in Europe

The disadvantages of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment have made the transition to renewable energy sources essential to cover our energy needs. However, different energy resources have a different impact on energy poverty conditions in the world, an issue that is important to examine and properly address. This study examines the impact that fossil fuels final energy consumption in households per capita and renewables and biofuels final energy consumption in households per capita have on energy poverty conditions in Europe, using panel data from 28 European countries for the time period 2004–2019 and static and dynamic regression models, while also performing various econometric tests. The findings indicate that GDP per capita and fossil fuels are linked to an inverse relationship to energy poverty conditions. Renewables and biofuels are also linked to an inverse relationship to the inability to keep homes adequately warm and the presence of leaks, damp, or rot in the dwelling, but they could be considered a driver of arrears on utility bills. In addition, a comparative analysis between Sweden, Germany, and Greece and their conditions on energy poverty and energy transition was conducted, highlighting the differences existing between the three European countries. The findings of the research can be useful for governments and policy makers to develop strategies that promote energy transition while protecting energy consumers.

The Racial Origins of Foster Home Care

AbstractBlack family values and behavior have long been at the center of policy solutions to intergenerational poverty. But in the early twentieth century, the Black family took on paradoxical significance as a solution to child poverty and neglect through the foster family. This was part of a broad realignment in child protection that upheld the “Home” as the best place for children—yet the concept came to mean something different for White and Black youth. Using New York City as a case by which to study broad transformations in child protection ideology and local child welfare response, I find that in the 1930s substitute care underwent a dramatic transformation with many White children cared for in their own homes or in therapeutic institutions, while previously excluded Black youth gained disproportionate access through race-matched foster families. Though a seemingly progressive approach, I argue that the prioritization of the foster home over the biological home illuminates how the family was envisioned as a solution to poverty in the context of racial inequality. Child welfare workers imagined that patterns of placement in race-matched foster families could be manipulated to overcome segregation and exclusion from the emerging welfare state. But as more non-White children entered substitute care, the conditions of poverty and distress in segregated communities necessitated a return to congregate care for “hard-to-place” minority youth as Black families seemingly failed to take care of their own. This case is important because it highlights the way in which official foster care systems emerged not as an extension of Black kinship care strategies, but as an experimental solution to dependency and neglect that mobilized the Black family to resolve the many consequences of state abandonment.

A critical evaluation of anthropological, biochemical, and geo-climatic factors related to chronic kidney disease with unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

Background: Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a critical health issue among farming communities of the dry zone in Sri Lanka. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the possible anthropological, biochemical, and geo-environmental characteristics of CKDu, comparing an affected and nonaffected community. Materials and Methods: Serum creatinine (SC) levels were measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate values were calculated in both communities based on a stratified sampling method. Anthropological data, such as population structure, farming behavior, and poverty statistics, were obtained from the respective government officials. Geo-climatic data including elevation, monthly average temperature, rainfall, humidity, ultraviolet intensity, and sunshine hours were obtained for study areas. Results: The most striking difference between the two communities is significantly high SC in male individuals between the age categories of 40–60 in the CKDu endemic area in comparison to nonendemic participants in the same age category from the nonendemic area. Conclusion: Significant differences were observed in migration, drinking water sources, and hot humid environment between the two studied regions.

Hauntologies of Fiction: Reading Roth at the End of History

Hauntologies of FictionReading Roth at the End of History Andy Connolly (bio) It has been over thirty years since francis fukuyama proclaimed that the Cold War victory of western democratic capitalism over communism culminated in an end to class-based ideological conflict as the motor of "History." Drawing upon an interpretation of Hegel's belief "that the evolution of human societies […] would end when mankind had achieved a form of society that satisfied its deepest and most fundamental longings" (xii), Fukuyama looked to the imminent spread of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism into heretofore closed-off reaches of the globe as a sign that the long Enlightenment project toward human progress had begun to adopt its peak, finalized form. As a major governing assumption of our neoliberal age, the Fukuyamist belief that we have reached the "end of history" looks to free market capitalism's limitless capacity to enhance individual potential and promote human freedom, while at the same time short-circuiting any serious discussions about the limiting structural conditions of class and poverty, not to mention the influences that other powerful factors such as gender and race have in the uneven shaping of capitalist social relations. Over the past number of decades, what has given particular impetus to this myth of a post-historical, classless society has been the capitulation of effective forms of social, political, and cultural dissent to the neoliberal assertion that "there is no alternative" (assigned the acronym TINA by political commentators) to market-based definitions of democracy and the social good. As such, the radical liberalization of the post-Cold War period has been shaped by a monocular stridency, which forecloses not only on the major social struggles of the past but also on the lessons that such history may present for understanding the present and potentially altering the future. In terms of our historical horizons, then, the end of history has locked us into a kind of endless, monotonous present, from which there appears no relief or interruption. It has taken some time to understand the lasting impact of my early life experience as one of Fukuyama's children. Then again, coming of age at the end of history proves deceptive in such ways, diminishing one's sense of historicity since there's apparently no more epic battles of "History" to live by or suffer from. The significance of history [End Page 50] in such an age is subject to all kinds of denial and delay. Like the repressed, history at the end of history often comes in the shape of uncanny and monstrous returns. No longer the meaty source of experience and identity that it once was, or at least appeared to be, it can take a spectral quality, like a haunting trauma whose presence is yet to be made properly known, but which lurks in wait for us, eager to disrupt our naïve sense of having broken from the past. Over the years, Philip Roth's fiction has helped shape my understanding of the peculiar "hauntological" functioning of history at the end of history. This sense of how the seemingly dead past haunts both the present and the future is not only revelatory in terms of events that have shaped my own "dwarf drama" (Anatomy 106), but also in relation to my understanding of what Roth has to tell us about history and memory. Roth's historical imagination, with its various presentiments of the "unforeseen" (Plot 113), proves highly informative when it comes to thinking about the complex issues of memory and futurity that shape our present times. Such considerations of how history functions as a spectral presence in Roth's work continues to shape my scholarship. I My early adulthood in the mid-90s was colored by a number of local phenomena that reflected the larger post-Cold War experience of a liberalized and rapidly integrating world, disencumbered of the previous two centuries of modernity, made replete with class antagonism, revolution, nationalism, colonialism, and international conflicts. During this period, many young Irish people like myself, particularly within the southern Republic of Ireland, began to experience, in ways that seemed quite sudden, a welcome breach from the drab...

Parental Poverty and Neighborhood Conditions as Predictors of Juvenile Crime Rates

Parental Poverty and Neighborhood Conditions as Predictors of Juvenile Crime Rates

Early prediction of outcast people in the Afro-American community using machine learning technique

The study of Homeless people is challenging, and describing Black Homelessness is especially difficult because of spotty record keeping[1]. The story of homeless Afro-Americans is often absent from the usual textbook study of homeless people. Homelessness is incompatibly experienced among historically marginalized groups in the united states, but for Black Americans, the distinction is especially stark[1]. Homeless condition is often occurred to the condition of poverty, less number of house, and less number of beds in the room. In most homes, there are fewer than three bedrooms and the income of each family is less, most of the rooms are already occupied. Some people in the Afro-American community are living their lives as renters what are the rent cost including the utilities like electricity, gas, water, etc is also very high. The communication system of the caucasian population is bad also, there is no phone in the family. The main reason for homelessness is that a huge number of people are immigrating within the last 5 years. The economic condition of Afro-Americans is at the poverty level, with few services, and often very poor educational opportunities. Here the data was analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). The proposed model is tested on the “Communities and Crime Data Set” from the UCI Machine Learning Repository: which is available at https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/communities+and+crime. Through this research, approximately 99.49 percent of the data was predicted correctly.

REGULAR SOCIAL GATHERING AS A STRATEGY FOR MILLENNIAL FISHERMEN TO OVERCOME POVERTY IN BLIMBING VILLAGE, LAMONGAN REGENCY

This study was conducted in Blimbing Village, Lamongan Regency. This study takes the topic of regular social gatherings as a strategy for millennial fishermen to overcome poverty. Most fishermen of Blimbing village are on the poverty line, although there are also fishermen who live a decent life. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to look deeply and personally at the conditions of poverty experienced by the community. The data sources from this study are primary and secondary data. The primary data is obtained through observation and interviews. On the other hand, secondary data is obtained from documentation, photos, and sources related to the study topic. Determination of informants uses purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. While data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that regular social gatherings can be interpreted as saving activities for a certain and tentative period of time. Regular social gatherings can also be interpreted as a social insurance activity to bail out fees for checks, sickness, or as a donation for death. Regular social gathering is also used as an infestation. When viewed from the motives of its members, it is to avoid shortages of tools for going to sea. In fact, regular social gathering is a medium to strengthen community solidarity.

Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada: um olhar para a pobreza extrema e a desnutrição infantil a partir da obra de Amartya Sen

Abstract Ensuring the Human Right to Adequate Food (HRAF) is a key point in the fight against hunger and child malnutrition in Brazil, aggravated by the context of extreme poverty, allowing an increase in life expectancy. The Human Development Index (HDI) was created by Amartya Sen to transform the reductionist idea of economic development to broaden the concept of human progress based on the expansion of capabilities and freedoms under capitalism. This study aims to relate the conditions of poverty, hunger, and child malnutrition to the healthy eating promotion, based on Amartya Sen’s concept of development as freedom. Health and human development are interconnected and, when analyzed in contexts of extreme poverty, intensify their restrictive effects on access to healthy food. Public policies need to urgently act in synergy with the areas of health, food, education, income, among others, considering the intersectoriality of food and nutritional safety.

THE IMPACT OF ZAKAT ON POVERTY LEVELS IN PADANG CITY BASED ON THE CIBEST MODEL

This study aims to analyze the impact of zakat on the level of poverty in Padang city based on the CIBEST perspective. The methods used in this study were interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is the CIBEST model. The results of the CIBEST Index analysis for Padang city show that 53.25% of families live in prosperous conditions, that is, they are materially and spiritually capable. 23.625% of families are in conditions of material poverty, as much as 14% in conditions of spiritual poverty, and 9,125% are in conditions of absolute poverty, which is materially and spiritually poor. Through zakat, the poor can fulfill their rights to material needs. In addition, empowering the poor through a perspective on poverty. Changing the people's mindset towards poverty is the main spirit of making changes towards a better life.

Dynamics of survival strategies for poor fishermen in Olimeyala Village, Biluhu District, Gorontalo Regency

Poor fishermen in an effort to maintain survival, generally carry out life strategies both individually, households, and in a wider circle. Not going to stand idly by in the face of their conditions of poverty, they can in certain ways use the potential they have to maintain their subsistence life through various means. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamics of the survival strategy of poor fishermen in Olimeyala Village, Biluhu District, Gorontalo Regency. The research method used is a qualitative approach with the type of research used descriptive-qualitative research. The design of this study is based on a paradigm that is depicted on the nature of the problem and the suitability of assumptions. The type of data collected is primary data sourced from respondents, namely fishing communities. The determination of respondents was carried out by random sampling techniques. The results of the study obtained: 1) The diversification of the business carried out is part of the strategy taken in order to continue his life and his family, with poor living conditions always doing various ways to carry out his life, both by diversifying his work and in other ways that he can do to maintain his survival. 2) The survival strategy carried out is to walk along the beach every morning picking up seaweed that is carried away by the waves and stranded on the seaside then controlling the seaweed he manages and continuing by tying seaweed ropes which also forms an aside job for him. 3) The fact on the ground that fisherman not only have he depended on his life from one source of work or from the main job but has done other work other than their main job, which is an effort taken to continue living with their family members.

THE ECONOMY AND POVERTY REDUCTION; A DIMENSION OF HEALTH IN ISLAM

Poverty and health have an inherent relationship like two sides of a coin. Poverty can make people live in poor health conditions, as well as poor health can make poverty. Individuals or communities who do not take care of their health conditions can encourage them to be trapped in increasingly severe conditions of poverty. Maintaining health includes self-care activities as commanded by Islam. Health is something that has a high level of urgency, because it has a direct impact on the economy. This study uses a qualitative method, using a literature review. The main data is obtained from previous studies, the results of the latest scientific publications and data published by the Central Statistics Agency. In order to create a healthy society, better management is needed from the Government in managing health programs and full support from the community in living a healthy life as taught by Islam.

Conflict, Security, and Development.

There is no disagreement on the propositions; that development is a vital priority for all countries and societies; that a secure internal and external environment is needed for this purpose as an enabling environment, and; that where external and internal conflicts and potential conflicts exist, despite the alleged and controversial spin off from defense spending and its associated R+D, they act as a break on development and mitigation strategies are required. For Pakistan the parameters of the situation are bound by disputes with a larger India on one side, on the other side an ongoing conflict in Afghanistan between the Extra Regional Forces of the USA/ISAF/NATO and Afghan factions with its physical and ideological spill over accentuating internal conflicts with terrorist and extremist forces. All these situations and potential conflicts present mitigation challenges if we hope to give development the attention it deserves. How have we been faring, what is our scorecard, how can we do better? These are the fundamental questions posed by the subject of this Panel. On the first external front it is clear that the history of bilateral relations between Pakistan and India since the independence in 1947 has been beset by mistrust and characterised as a most difficult relationship. This has led to significant defense expenditure by both countries. It is clear that if relations can be improved or at least better managed in this age where globally confrontation is being increasingly replaced by cooperation, the “peace dividend” would be in the interest of both countries and improve the lot of their peoples a significant portion that live in conditions of poverty or on the margins of poverty. In this context since the peace process begun in 2004 through the composite dialogue process constituted an important element for managing this relationship and towards efforts for its improvement.