Minimal Conditions Research Articles

Implementation of Appropriate Technology Polycrystalline Photovoltaic as New Renewable Alternative Energy in Public Street Lighting (PJU) at Pakuniran Probolinggo Area

Public road lighting (PJU) in the Pakuniran area, Probolinggo, East Java, more precisely in Gondosuli Village, is not sufficient. An environment without street lighting will be like a dead zone and can occur in many cases of crime, and traffic accidents and will hurt social life at night. Therefore, the community service team at the State University of Malang (UM) through student service provided a solution to reaching the road by utilizing new, renewable energy from polycrystalline solar panels to turn on the lights at night. The results of observations and site surveys show that several points require PJU installation with polycrystalline technology. The implementation carried out in Gondosuli Village was carried out in several stages, namely: observation, preparation of PJU designs, training and maintenance, performance testing, and evaluation tools. This activity, which was completed within 2 months, resulted in 5 PJUs being placed at several points with minimal lighting conditions and received a positive response from the community.
 Keywords: Public Street Lighting, Polycrystalline Photovoltaic, Gondosuli Village

Potential Estimates and Quasilinear Parabolic Equations with Measure Data

In this memoir, we study the existence and regularity of the quasilinear parabolic equations: u t − div ⁡ ( A ( x , t , ∇ u ) ) = B ( u , ∇ u ) + μ , \begin{equation*} u_t-\operatorname {div}(A(x,t,\nabla u))=B(u,\nabla u)+\mu , \end{equation*} in either R N + 1 \mathbb {R}^{N+1} or R N × ( 0 , ∞ ) \mathbb {R}^N\times (0,\infty ) or on a bounded domain Ω × ( 0 , T ) ⊂ R N + 1 \Omega \times (0,T)\subset \mathbb {R}^{N+1} where N ≥ 2 N\geq 2 . We shall assume that the nonlinearity A A fulfills standard growth conditions, the function B B is a continuous and μ \mu is a radon measure. Our first task is to establish the existence results with B ( u , ∇ u ) = ± | u | q − 1 u B(u,\nabla u)=\pm |u|^{q-1}u , for q > 1 q>1 . We next obtain global weighted-Lorentz, Lorentz-Morrey and Capacitary estimates on gradient of solutions with B ≡ 0 B\equiv 0 , under minimal conditions on the boundary of domain and on nonlinearity A A . Finally, due to these estimates, we solve the existence problems with B ( u , ∇ u ) = | ∇ u | q B(u,\nabla u)=|\nabla u|^q for q > 1 q>1 .

A superradiant two-level laser with intrinsic light force generated gain

The implementation of a superradiant laser as an active frequency standard is predicted to provide better short-term stability and robustness to thermal and mechanical fluctuations when compared to standard passive optical clocks. However, despite significant recent progress, the experimental realization of continuous wave superradiant lasing still remains an open challenge as it requires continuous loading, cooling, and pumping of active atoms within an optical resonator. Here we propose a new scenario for creating continuous gain by using optical forces acting on the states of a two-level atom via bichromatic coherent pumping of a cold atomic gas trapped inside a single-mode cavity. Analogous to atomic maser setups, tailored state-dependent forces are used to gather and concentrate excited-state atoms in regions of strong atom-cavity coupling while ground-state atoms are repelled. To facilitate numerical simulations of a sufficiently large atomic ensemble, we rely on a second-order cumulant expansion and describe the atomic motion in a semi-classical point-particle approximation subject to position-dependent light shifts which induce optical gradient forces along the cavity axis. We study minimal conditions on pump laser intensities and detunings required for collective superradiant emission. Balancing Doppler cooling and gain-induced heating we identify a parameter regime of a continuous narrow-band laser operation close to the bare atomic frequency.

Influence of accelerated corrosion on Al/steel RSW joints by in situ compression tests

The present work investigates the correlations between galvanic corrosion, intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, and the input of welding energy with respect to the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks in micropillars of resistant spot welding (RSW) joints between aluminum (Al) and steel. The present results indicate that, in the high welding energy region, Al was corroded first after 26 cycles of corrosion, and Al5Fe2 IMC was corroded after 72 cycles of corrosion due to its high corrosion potential predicted by the calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) in terms of the Nernst equation. In comparison with the high welding energy region, less corrosion was observed in the middle welding energy region due to the thinner Al5Fe2 IMC layer, a lower amount of Al13Fe4 IMC in the Al matrix, and lower residual stress. Mechanical properties at different locations after various corrosion conditions were obtained using in situ compression tests, including the stress-strain responses and the strain rate sensitivity. The micropillars from the high welding energy region have a higher average yielding stress due to the thicker IMC layer than those from the middle welding energy region. The yielding stress decreases gradually with increasing corrosion cycles. Three conditions for crack initiation and propagation have been identified: firstly, for pillars from the high welding energy region before corrosion or the middle welding energy region (before or under the minimal corrosion conditions), the cracks initiate within the IMC layer; secondly, for pillars from the high welding energy region after 26 cycles of corrosion (under the moderate corrosion condition), cracks propagate at the Al/IMC interface; finally, for pillars from the high welding energy region after 72 cycles of corrosion (under the severe corrosion condition), the cracks initiate at the IMC/steel interface.

Physical and chemical characterizations of a reference e-cigarette used in animal testing

A minimal necessary condition for preclinical studies to contribute to risk assessments of e-cigarettes (ECs) is the ability to expose laboratory animals to an appropriate dosage of aerosols. In this study, we examined the fulfilment of this essential consistency condition for the ECX-Joyetech E-Vic Mini (ECX), a piece of computerized exposure equipment manufactured by SCIREQ, which has been employed by numerous in vivo testing. We began by calibrating the customary Evic VTC mini device mod and the 4 coils available, reproducing in the laboratory the operation of the ECX in the power-control and temperature-control modes, using puffing parameters recommended by its documentation. We then conducted the following tests for each coil: (1) verifying whether the generated aerosols satisfy an optimal operational regime, free from overheating, as determined by a linear relation between the mass of vaporized e-liquid vs. supplied power and (2) obtaining the mean yields of aldehydes for each of the tested power settings and coils. The results of these tests show that, under the main conditions used in in vivo testing, the ECX equipment fails to comply with these consistency requirements, especially for coils with low subohm resistance, a shortcoming that can be corrected by applying much larger airflows for these coils. Therefore, the outcomes of preclinical studies using the ECX equipment should be examined with great scepticism and subjected to further testing.

Active Physical Interaction Control for Aerial Manipulator Based on External Wrench Estimation

This article investigates the active physical interaction problem of an aerial manipulator in terms of capability, reliability, and costs. Then, an active physical interaction control architecture is presented for the aerial manipulator to achieve both stable motion and interaction behaviors with external wrench estimation. Specifically, an external wrench estimator in absence of the acceleration and wrench measurements is designed to regulate the interaction point of the aerial manipulator with a minimal sensor condition. Next, a force tracking impedance control strategy with variable stiffness is presented to guarantee the contact stability and force tracking of the aerial manipulator with uncertain contact targets. Further, utilizing the knowledge of prescribed performance and terminal sliding mode surface, a pose controller is proposed to implement the dynamic response speed and accuracy control of the aerial manipulator, which provides a prerequisite for the realization of reliable physical interaction tasks. The stability of the proposed control architecture is analyzed through Lyapunov tools. Moreover, the feasibility and performance of the proposed control architecture are validated via simulations and real-world contact experiments.

Physics in deformable spacetime: Physical laws emerging from the surface minimality principle and the masses of particles

In this work, the study was focused on how deformable spacetime gives rise to physical laws, particularly quantum and special relativity. It was shown that both the Lorentz factor and quantum mechanics can emerge from the dynamical behavior of minimal surfaces in deformable spacetime, where the Möbius transformations prevail rather than the Lorentz transformations. The motion of deformable surfaces under minimality conditions creates a helicoidal pattern, a minimal surface with a metric designated by AdS (anti-de Sitter) space. Its isometry is a catenoid of which metric belongs to dS (de Sitter) space. When the two ends of the helicoid join it becomes a Möbius strip with multi-twists (i.e. windings), the so-called Möbius helicoid. It represents the most elementary mass with the attributes of charge and spin. It was shown that the number of windings increases with velocity according to the Lorentz factor. In other words, the Lorentz factor emerged from the transformation equations between the helicoid and catenoid, and both of them are isometric minimal surfaces. This fact serves as a means of transforming the metrics of the two isometric surfaces in AdS and dS spaces. There is an intimate relation between helicoidal motion, Möbius helicoid, and the Lorentz transformations. The zitterbewegung behavior of Dirac electron can be explained by the internal dynamics of the Möbius helicoid. Instead of using electromagnetic theory which led to the birth of special relativity, one can use the electrical circuit theory for deformable surface dynamics. A master equation was derived by using the resistive, capacitive, and inductive properties of deformable spacetime. The electromagnetic wave, Schrödinger, Klein–Gordon, Dirac, quantum telegrapher, and quantum torsion equations could be easily obtained from this master equation by making some simplifying assumptions for the parameters involved. The existing torsion due to helicoidal motion modifies the energy/mass equation (i.e.E=mc2) of special relativity. The Higgs potential can be obtained from the dynamic potential term of the master equation. Deformable space–time allows the emergence of a rich number of physical laws and relations. The masses of particles were calculated using the Möbius helicoid model for the very elementary structure of mass. The mass of a particle can be visualized as a three-dimensional network of helicoids with relatively higher stability. The stability is particularly associated with the phase changes of the catenoidal structure of the Möbius helicoid and the torsional vibrational modes of windings. Both the phase (or shape) change and/or the increase of the vibrational energies of windings produce a new configuration that represents a new particle. The masses of 187 particles were determined from this mechanism with an accuracy of ±3 MeV. It turned out that excitation energy states which could be expressed in terms of prime number multiples of a precursor mass play an important role in providing relatively higher stability.

Can Critical Rationalism Become a Philosophy of Life?

In his last book, Agassi reiterates Critical Rationalism as a full-fledged philosophy of life. He criticizes Paternalism and Relativism as degenerative, and even pathological, attempts to grant life a meaning, and suggests, in their place, that fallibilism is the minimal condition for a meaningful life.

Piece-wise analytic solution with double shocks for 3-dimensional isentropic irrotational flow

We study the generalized Riemann problem for the 3-dimensional irrotational isentropic flow with analytic data. The existence of local analytic solutions containing two shock fronts is established under minimal compatibility conditions.

Emerging Theorems: An Amalgamative Outcome of Simple, 0-Simple, Semigroups, Principal factors an Expounding Assortment and Automation of semi-groups with space valued Fuzzy weakly inside principles

Before tackling the question we should perhaps begin by saying what a semigroup is. A non-empty set S endowed with a single binary operation is known as a semigroup if for evey x,y,z [2][3]in S, If in addition there exists 1 in S such that, for every x in S, we say that S is a semigroup with identity or (more usually) a monoid. In this article, we give a definition of an space valued fuzzy weakly inside ideal. We study some interesting properties [4] [5] [6] of space valued fuzzy weakly inside ideals and the relationship between space valued fuzzy weakly interior ideals and space valued fuzzy principles. We characterize some semigroups by using interval valued fuzzy weakly interior principles. Moreover, we found theorems of the homorphic image and the preimage of an space valued fuzzy weakly inside principle in semigroups [7]. The 0-simple semigroups begins with some elementary results on simple and 0-simple semigroups and a decomposition theorem for semigroups in general that indicates why and understanding of simple and 0-simple semigroups is important. The main result of the chapter is a structure theorem due to Rees (1940) [2, 31] which applies to 0-simple semigroups satisfying both the minimal conditions -- what are called completely 0-simple semigroups. Rees himself used a different definition, but we shall see below theorems that the two definitions are equivalent [1].

Will intelligent machines become moral patients?

AbstractThis paper addresses a question about the moral status of Artificial Intelligence (AI): will AIs ever become moral patients? I argue that, while it is in principle possible for an intelligent machine to be a moral patient, there is no good reason to believe this will in fact happen. I start from the plausible assumption that traditional artifacts do not meet a minimal necessary condition of moral patiency: having a good of one's own. I then argue that intelligent machines are no different from traditional artifacts in this respect. To make this argument, I examine the feature of AIs that enables them to improve their intelligence, i.e., machine learning. I argue that there is no reason to believe that future advances in machine learning will take AIs closer to having a good of their own. I thus argue that concerns about the moral status of future AIs are unwarranted. Nothing about the nature of intelligent machines makes them a better candidate for acquiring moral patiency than the traditional artifacts whose moral status does not concern us.

Necessary Conditions for the Optimality and Sustainability of Solutions in Infinite-Horizon Optimal Control Problems

The paper deals with an infinite-horizon optimal control problem with general asymptotic endpoint constraints. The fulfillment of constraints of this type can be viewed as the minimal necessary condition for the sustainability of solutions. A new version of the Pontryagin maximum principle with an explicitly specified adjoint variable is developed. The proof of the main results is based on the fact that the restriction of the optimal process to any finite time interval is a solution to the corresponding finite-horizon problem containing the conditional cost of the phase vector as a terminal term.

Effects of ribonucleotide supplementation in modulating the growth of probiotic Bacillus subtilis and the synergistic benefits for improving the health performance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

In aquaculture, due to the requirements for high-density culture, the diseases caused by bacterial pathogens have become a serious issue. To solve this problem, we performed synbiotic application of RNA and Bacillus subtilis as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to improve the health and immunity of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) during cultivation without using any harmful antibiotics or chemicals. Among various forms of nucleic acids, such as mononucleotides and DNA, RNA was found to be most effective in promoting the growth performance of probiotic B. subtilis in all the tested minimal medium conditions. Accordingly, we used the synbiotic combination of B. subtilis and RNA for Asian seabass cultivation. After feed supplementation for fourteen days, the fish that received the combination treatment exhibited a significant increase in innate cellular and humoral immune parameters, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, respiratory burst, serum lysozyme and bactericidal activities, as well as upregulated expression of immune-related genes, including HEPC1, A2M, C3, CC, CLEC, LYS, HSP70, and HSP90. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in the ileal villus height and goblet cell numbers in the intestinal villi in all fish treatment groups. The combination treatment did not cause histopathological abnormalities in the intestine and liver, suggesting that the synbiotic treatment is safe for use in fish. The treated Asian seabass also exhibited a significantly increased survival rate after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. These results indicate that the synbiotic mixture of B. subtilis and RNA can be considered a beneficial feed additive and immunostimulant for Asian seabass cultivation.

Second-order multi-scale modelling of natural and architected materials in the presence of voids: Formulation and numerical implementation

This contribution proposes a second-order computational homogenisation formulation for natural and architected materials in the presence of voids. The macro-scale is described by a second gradient continuum theory in the finite strain regime, and the micro-scale is modelled by the concept of representative volume element (RVE) within the classical first-order continuum mechanics. The Method of Multi-scale Virtual Power is employed to link the two scales, ensuring a variationally consistent scale transition. Unlike the multi-scale model proposed by Rodrigues Lopes and Andrade Pires (2022), the developed formulation allows the consideration of voids in the RVE domain and boundary, which is critical for modelling cellular materials, lattice structures, and metamaterials, among others. This is achieved by defining the kinematical quantities only in the solid domain of the RVE and postulating a new homogenisation relation for the second-order gradient. The kinematic constraints are imposed on the RVE by the Lagrange multiplier method and particularised for minimal (lower bound), periodic and direct (upper bound) conditions. It is demonstrated that the homogenised macroscopic stress tensors can be expressed in terms of the Lagrange multipliers. The finite element method is adopted for the numerical solution of the micro and macro equilibrium. The Newton–Raphson scheme is employed to solve the non-linear systems of equations at both scales and the consistent macroscopic tangents required for the FE2 framework are derived. Several numerical examples of porous solids, lattice structures and metamaterials illustrate the consistency and applicability of the formulation for two and three-dimensional problems.

Large-Scale Circulations and Dry Tropical Cyclones in Direct Numerical Simulations of Rotating Rayleigh–Bénard Convection

Abstract The organization of convection into relatively long-lived patterns of large spatial scales, like tropical cyclones, is a common feature of Earth’s atmosphere. However, many key aspects of convective aggregation and its relationship with tropical cyclone formation remain elusive. In this work, we simulate highly idealized setups of dry convection, inspired by the Rayleigh–Bénard system, to probe the effects of different thermal boundary conditions on the scale of organization of rotating convection, and on the formation of tropical cyclone–like structures. We find that in domains with sufficiently high aspect ratios, moderately turbulent (), moderately rotating () convection organizes more persistently and at larger scales when thermal boundary conditions constrain heat fluxes rather than temperatures. Furthermore, for some thermal boundary conditions with asymmetric heat fluxes, convection organizes into persistent vortices with the essential properties of mature tropical cyclones: a warm core, high axisymmetry, a strong azimuthal circulation, and substantially larger size than individual buoyant plumes. We argue that flux asymmetry results in a persistent and localized input of buoyancy, which allows spatially aggregated convection to sustain a warm core in a developing large-scale vortex. Crucially, the most intense and axisymmetric cyclone forms for setups where the bottom heat flux is enhanced by the nearby flow and the top boundary is insulating, as long as the convective Rossby number is higher than about 1. Our results demonstrate the great potential for dialogue between classical turbulence research and the study of convective aggregation and tropical cyclones. Significance Statement On Earth, atmospheric convection frequently organizes into large spatial patterns that persist for several days, like tropical cyclones. However, many aspects of this process of organization and its link to tropical cyclone formation are not fully understood. In this work, we use numerical simulations of simple setups of rotating convection without moisture to study the minimal conditions that produce large-scale convective organization, and the spontaneous formation of tropical cyclone–like structures. We find that the latter form more readily for a particular set of controlling parameters and thermal boundary conditions. Our approach seeks to narrow the disciplinary gap between tropical cyclone physics and traditional turbulence research, by bringing together methods, questions, and results that are of potential interest to both.

Implementasi of Triage on the Role Attitude of Emergency Instalation Nurses

Triage is a process to determine which patients should receive treatment first based on the severity of the injury or illness. In triage, patients are grouped into 6 categories, blue label, red label, yellow label, green label, white label, and black label. The highest priority is patients with emergency conditions accompanied by disturbances in the airway, breathing, circulation, which are labeled in blue. The second priority is patients with emergency conditions, which are labeled in red. The third priority is given to patients with minimal emergency conditions, which are labeled in yellow. The next priority is cases without emergencies, but if they are not treated immediately they will have a negative impact on the patient, which is labeled in green. The next priority is the white label given to patients whose conditions are not serious, not emergency, and do not require immediate treatment. Last priority is given to patients who died or had serious irreversible injuries who were labeled in black. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the roles and attitudes of emergency room nurses and the implementation of triage based on priority. The research method used is descriptive correlational with cross sectional design. The results showed that the majority of the role of nurses was good with the implementation of triage as many as 25 people (65.8%), the majority of positive attitudes with the implementation of triage as many as 23 people (60.5%) and the majority carried out triage according to SOP as many as 30 people (78.9%) . The results of the study with the chi-square test p-value <0.05. In conclusion, there is a relationship between the role and attitude of the emergency room nurse and the implementation of triage based on priority.

Reliability and validity of the T-shirt test for the assessment of unsupported sitting in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.

This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the T-shirt test (TST) in assessing sitting stability under three thigh support conditions and with timed outcomes derived in six ways among individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI). The TST was performed five times under three thigh support conditions (85%, 55% and 25% of total thigh length) in two evaluations spaced between 7-14 days. For each thigh condition, six different outcomes were derived (average or best time from 2, 3, and 5 trial). All outcomes derivation showed excellent reliability on test day (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC ≥ 0.997) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC ≥ 0.874) for each thigh support condition. The TST showed high inverse correlations with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM)-mobility score for all outcomes and support conditions (ρ≥-0.706), except for Best-5; moderate inverse correlations with total SCIM-total scores for most outcome derivations and support conditions (ρ≥-0.636); and a moderate inverse correlation with confidence and capacity domains of Wheelchair Skills Test-Questionnaire for most outcome derivation and support conditions (ρ≥-0.504). The TST could discriminate cervical from high and low thoracic levels of injuries under minimal thigh support condition. Overall, all the TST-derived outcomes and support conditions showed adequate validity and test-retest reliability, but Best-5 had inconsistency. Under the minimal thigh support condition, all outcome derivations except Best-3 could discriminate cervical from other injury-level groups. Although all outcome derivations and thigh support conditions provided reliable results, we recommend using the average of 3 trials under the maximal thigh support condition.

High-throughput screening to evaluate optimum coagulation conditions via colloidal stability analysis

Current methods of optimizing the coagulant dosage in wastewater treatment processes typically rely on the use of labor- and material-intensive jar testers, which are inadequate when coagulation processes require frequent adjustments due to variations in properties of the incoming feed. Analytical centrifuges (ACs) employ an integrated optics system that simultaneously monitors the position of the boundary between two separating phases in multiple samples of fairly low volumes (∼2 mL) – thus it was expected that ACs would be ideally suited to study the stability and settling kinetics of coagulation treatment processes. In this study, wastewater samples from a biogas generation facility (known as centrate) were collected in February 2022 (Batch A) and July 2022 (Batch B). A comprehensive screening of the treatment performance for Batch B was conducted at three pHs (5, 6, and 7) and nine concentrations of ferric chloride (0–500 mg-Fe3+/L) – it was found that the front-tracking profiles measured by the integrated optics system could be used to identify the minimal coagulation conditions needed to transition from slow to rapid settling. While the settling velocity was found to be well correlated with the instability index, a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (where values closer to 1 indicate better separation), it was determined that the percentage of COD removal from the centrate samples increased up to an instability index of approximately 0.5 and then plateaued. Finally, it was found that the front-tracking profiles could be used to estimate the volume of sludge produced at various coagulation conditions. Thus, the results from this study establish ACs as an important screening tool for rapid evaluation of treatment performance while consuming minimal material and time – in this study, a total of 132 screening experiments were conducted using approximately ∼11 L of centrate and ∼6 hours of operator time.

Comparison Performance of K-Medoids and K-Means Algorithms In Clustering Community Education Levels

Education is a mandatory right of all citizens and the key to the nation's superiority in global competition that must get top priority to be examined critically and comprehensively. It is known that compulsory education is at least 12 years, but not all people can do it because of minimal economic conditions. In past years, COVID-19 has also had an impact on the economy, school dropout rates, and falling academic achievement, for example in Central Kalimantan. The size of Central Kalimantan, however, makes it difficult for the government to identify the areas with the worst levels of education. To determine which regions fall into the low and high education categories, it is required to group the province's educational levels. This study also compares two algorithms by measuring their accuracy. By looking at which algorithm has the lowest Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) value, the best degree of performance can be ascertained. To process the data from as many as 1,565 sources, data mining techniques, including the clustering method, were used. K-Means and K-Medoids algorithms were employed in this work as clustering techniques. Based on the outcomes of the cluster created, both algorithms are also put to the test for performance. The results of this study obtained 6 clusters in K-Means with the lowest DBI value of -0.439, while the results in K-Medoids were in 3 clusters with the lowest DBI of -0.866. Based on accuracy testing using DBI, it is known that K-Means results are more optimal with the lowest DBI value in the grouping of education levels compared to K-Medoids. It is also known from the formation of 6 clusters of the K-Means algorithm that the low education level is in cluster_0 which is 1484 villages and the higher education level is as many as 3 villages in cluster_3.

Many-Body Superradiance and Dynamical Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Waveguide QED.

The many-body decay of extended collections of two-level systems remains an open problem. Here, we investigate whether an array of emitters coupled to a one-dimensional bath undergoes Dicke superradiance. This is a process whereby a completely inverted system becomes correlated via dissipation, leading to the release of all the energy in the form of a rapid photon burst. We derive the minimal conditions for the burst to happen as a function of the number of emitters, the chirality of the waveguide, and the single-emitter optical depth, both for ordered and disordered ensembles. Many-body superradiance occurs because the initial fluctuation that triggers the emission is amplified throughout the decay process. In one-dimensional baths, this avalanchelike behavior leads to a spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking, with large shot-to-shot fluctuations in the number of photons emitted to the left and right. Superradiant bursts may thus be a smoking gun for the generation of correlated photon states of exotic quantum statistics.