Ground Conditions Research Articles

Space-based long term condition monitoring of cold region pavement with PS-InSAR

The durability of cold-climate pavement is affected by ground frost heave and thaw settlement. Field monitoring of pavement elevation changes remain challenging and expansive. This study demonstrates space-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology as a potential way to monitor seasonal pavement elevation change in cold region. Traditional InSAR applications, which were designed for geoscience scales, do not achieve the needed sensitivity or spatial resolution for pavement engineering applications. The testbed used is a cold-region airport located in Qinghai Province, China. The site contains heterogeneous ground conditions in an area of 4km × 6km. Analyses were conducted using 132 ascending and 149 descending C-band InSAR images from the Sentinel-1 satellite. InSAR algorithm based on Persistent scatterers (PS-InSAR) were implemented for data analyses. Time series displacement across five distinct persistent scatterers (PSs) groups at different locations were obtained. From these, three main seasonal vertical ground deformation patterns were identified, each reflecting the diverse subsurface soil characteristics across the sites. The ground elevation changes were decomposed into baseline trend and seasonal changes. The results of seasonal ground deformations allowed to differentiate the ground soils as frost-susceptible and non-frost-susceptible, an important information for geotechnical site investigation. This helps identify areas of pavement subjected to frost heave and thaw weakening. The study demonstrates that potential of space-based InSAR technology to achieve spatial resolution and sensitivity for monitoring the performance of cold region pavement. The results allow to identify areas of pavement vulnerable to cold region climate and climate change.

Progress of treatment and resource utilization for high salinity printing and dyeing wastewater based on bibliometric study

The treatment or resource utilization of high-salinity wastewater from printing and dyeing has received great attention in recent decades due to their negative impacts on the surrounding environment. To improve the direction of research, we analyzed the published papers in the online version of the Science Citation Index Expanded database for 1991–2022—a total of 1090 articles or reviews—using VOSviewer, Python, origin 2023, and the statistical software R. The results showed that the published papers in this field have increased exponentially in the past 17 years. The Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination, the Chemical Engineering Journal, and the Journal of Hazardous Materials are the most important for publishing relevant research. Van Der Bruggen B was the most productive author. Katholieke University Leuven and Donghua University were the main research institutions. There were additional needs to enhance collaboration relationships between different authors, institutions, and countries. At present, research focused on methods that are closer to “real” field or ground conditions, “photocatalysis,” “loose nanofiltration membranes”, and “dye/salt separation” are the research frontier. The present study determines the trends of this field of research by visualizing the current landscape to facilitate future collaborative research.

Behavior of Micropile (Type D) Subjected to Vertical Load: Parametric Numerical Studies

Micropiles, small-diameter-drilled and grouted piles, are often used to provide foundation support in challenging ground conditions. This research seeks to understand the behavior of Type D micropiles (pressure-grouted) within layered soil profiles. Layered soils frequently create complexity because of differences in stiffness, strength, and permeability, which impact load transfer and the interaction between the micropiles and the surrounding soil. Type D micropiles use pressure injection, which results in enhanced skin friction, better grout–soil contact, and a greater capacity to carry loads. A set of numerical simulations was conducted to analyze the behavior of the micropile Type D under axial loading, which was evaluated by considering factors such as micropile diameter, spacing, and inclination. The results indicated that increasing the diameter of a micropile significantly improves its performance by enhancing load transfer and structural stiffness, as well as reducing soil deformation and settlement. In addition, for vertical micropiles and those with inclination angles of 10° and 20°, stiffness increased with diameter, while axial displacement remained constant at a 45° inclination. Furthermore, larger diameters reduced lateral displacements up to 20° inclination angles by increasing stiffness, but lateral deflection increased at 45° due to greater lateral load components. The bending moment increased with inclination angle, driven by higher horizontal loads and increased eccentricity, while spacing had little effect for angles greater than 20° due to effective load redistribution.

Facile and Versatile Mechanochemical Synthesis of Indigoid Photoswitches.

We demonstrate the application of mechanochemistry in the synthesis of indolone-based photoswitches (hemiindigos, hemithioindigos, and oxindoles) via Knoevenagel condensation reactions. Utilizing ball-milling and an organic base (piperidine) acting as catalyst and solvent for liquid assisted grinding (LAG) conditions, we achieve rapid, solvent-free transformations, obtaining a set of known and previously unreported photoswitches, including highly functional amino acid-based photoswitches, multichromophoric derivatives and photoswitchable cavitands based on resorcin[4]arenes. The reaction under mechanochemical conditions gives moderate-to-high yields and is highly stereoselective leading to Z-isomers of hemiindigos and hemithioindigos and E-isomers of oxindoles. For selected examples, reversible visible-light photoswiching properties have been demonstrated.

Settlement of piles with negative skin friction: design approaches according to part 3 of Eurocode 7

Piles offer an effective solution for supporting structures in challenging ground conditions. However, ground settlement around deep foundations can induce negative skin friction, adding complexity to the geotechnical analysis and requiring careful consideration in both the pile settlement evaluation and structural integrity design. The article discusses the general recommendations provided by the informative annex of the revised Eurocode 7 version for designing piles subjected to negative skin friction. Using the Fellenius unified pile design concept, we provide a practical design framework for piles subjected to negative skin friction that extends the load-settlement curve methods proposed by Masopust, representing the standard pile design approaches in the Czech Republic. For examples presented, the introduced practical approach, also suitable for manual calculations, is in very good agreement with a refined calculation providing a nonlinear load-settlement curve.

Geotechnical Assessment of Foundation Stability for Preserving the Agrippa Monument at the Acropolis of Athens.

This study focuses on the geotechnical evaluation of the foundation conditions of the Agrippa Monument at the Acropolis of Athens, aiming to propose interventions to improve stability and reduce associated risks. The assessment reveals highly uneven foundation conditions beneath the monument. A thorough collection of bibliographic references and geotechnical surveys was conducted, classifying geomaterials into engineering-geological units and evaluating critical parameters for geotechnical design. Geotechnical models were developed and 3D finite element analyses were performed. The qualitative evaluation of the foundation under static conditions indicates no immediate risk of failure, as no accelerated movement has been observed and the monument's tilt remains well below critical values. Time-dependent settlements are not expected from any clay layers in the artificial fills. However, further soil compaction could occur due to seismic events, water action (causing erosion or voids), or changes in the monument's weight or tilt under static conditions. The study also proposes instrumental monitoring, foundation soil improvement, and water management strategies to enhance the monument's stability and mitigate potential risks.

Hot press sintering of Y2O3-Al2O3 glasses: Impact of particle size on thermal behaviour, sintering ability and mechanical properties of sintered bodies.

The impact of grinding on particle size, thermal behaviour, and sintering ability of yttrium aluminate glass microspheres with eutectic composition (76.8mol % Al2O3 and 23.2mol % Y2O3) was studied. The work was conducted with the aim of determining the optimal particle size and grinding conditions of glassy powder used for hot-pressing of ceramic and glass-ceramic materials with desired mechanical properties. The flame synthesis was used for the preparation of glass microspheres (diameter∼40μm). Ball milling procedure under different conditions was applied to adjust of size of prepared microbodies. The milled powders were subsequently hot pressed. The prepared samples (raw, milled microspheres and hot-press sintered bodies were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal analysis and particle size analysis in combination with X-ray powder diffraction and high temperature X-ray diffraction was used for detailed inspection of thermal behaviour and phase changes in raw and milled systems in the temperature interval 25-1200°C. The samples after flame synthesis and after milling were found to be X-ray amorphous. The particle size measurements showed that the systems with a smaller average size D [0.9]∼25μm and a monomodal particle size distribution were prepared after 6h of milling. Thermal analysis in combination with X-ray and high temperature X-ray analysis indicated a difference in the crystallization mechanism of the yttrium aluminate garnet phase depending on the milling time. The bulk glass ceramic with fine lamellar eutectic microstructure and interesting mechanical properties (Vickers hardness HV=17.6±0.2GPa, indentation fracture toughness KIC=4.3±0.3MPa.m1/2) resulted from the sintering of microspheres milled for 6h under the "gentlest" conditions (milling speed - 200rpm, and milling balls size - 5mm in diameter).

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Plants to Rooftop and Ground-level Conditions in Urban Green Spaces

An understanding of plant adaptation to rooftop environments is essential for improvising urban greening strategies; however, limited research has systematically examined the physiological and biochemical responses of plants at urban rooftops. This study addressed this gap by evaluating physiological and biochemical alterations of six herbaceous perennial species, Rosa hybrids, Murraya paniculata, Cestrum nocturnum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Duranta, and Hibiscus rosa sinensis, cultivated in an intensive rooftop garden environment vs. optimal ground conditions. These species, acclimatized to the local climate of Pakistan, were assessed to determine the transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents, and respiration rate using on-site measurements and standardized leaf tissue analyses. The results demonstrated significant differences in physiological and biochemical parameters between rooftop and ground-level plants. Seasonal variations and elevation profoundly influenced plant physiology and significant biochemical alterations observed in response to rooftop conditions. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates were reduced by up to 30% in winter under low light conditions, while summer conditions led to a 25% increase in transpiration rates for rooftop plants. Ground-level plants exhibited the highest respiration rates during the summer season. A leaf analysis revealed that rooftop-grown plants exhibited higher pH levels and 15% increased chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents but 20% lower water use efficiency compared with their ground-level counterparts. Despite this, rooftop plants showed a 10% higher air pollution tolerance index. Pearson’s correlation analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship between most biochemical parameters and physiological activities with increased elevation, except for relative water content, which exhibited a negative correlation under rooftop conditions. The results indicated that those plants on rooftops exhibited reduced water use efficiency compared with that of ground-level plants undergoing distinct physiological and biochemical adaptations and showed more resilience to the pollution index in response to urban rooftop conditions. These findings provide new insights into plant adaptability in urban environments and can transform future strategies for sustainable urban greening and species selection in roof garden systems.

Time-dependent longitudinal deformation profiles for circular tunnels in squeezing ground conditions: a Seri Nala case study

Time-dependent longitudinal deformation profiles for circular tunnels in squeezing ground conditions: a Seri Nala case study

Energy Meteorology for the Evaluation of Solar Farm Thermal Impacts on Desert Habitats

This work addresses challenges and opportunities in the evaluation of solar power plant impacts, with a particular focus on thermal effects of solar plants on the environment and vice-versa. Large-scale solar power plants are often sited in arid or desert habitats, which tend to include fauna and flora that are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. Our understanding of both shortwave (solar) and longwave (terrestrial) radiation processes in solar power plants is complete enough to render the modeling of radiation fluxes with high confidence for most applications. In contrast to radiation, the convective environment in large-scale solar power plants is much more difficult to characterize. Wind direction, wind speed, turbulence intensity, dust concentration, ground condition, panel configuration density, orientation and distribution throughout the solar field, all affect the local environment, the balance between radiation and convection, and in turn, the performance and thermal impact of solar power plants. Because the temperatures of the two sides of photovoltaic (PV) panels depend on detailed convection–radiation balances, the uncertainty associated with convection affects the heat and mass transfer balances as well. Those balances are critically important in estimating the thermal impact of large-scale solar farms on local habitats. Here we discuss outstanding issues related with these transfer processes for utility-scale solar generation and highlight potential pathways to gain useful knowledge about the convective environment directly from solar farms under operating conditions.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF PARTS VEHICLES

The work theoretically substantiates the conditions for reducing the conditional cutting stress (energy intensity of processing) during grinding and blade processing of parts of transport machines, taking into account the angle of entry of the cutting tool into the processed material. It is shown that under the conditions of grinding, they consist in the change of the shape of microsections by cutting grains: the transition from counter grinding by the periphery of the wheel to the kinematic schemes of end and parallel grinding by the periphery of the wheel, the reduction of the intensity of friction of the cutting grain with the processed material and the negative front angle of the cutting material. In terms of blade processing, they consist in the application of tangential turning, parallel milling, especially with an end mill. The existence of the extremum (maximum) of the conditional cutting stress from the sum of the conditional friction angle of the cutting grain with the processed material and the negative front angle of the cutting grain has been proved. The ranges of change of this amount are determined, at which the conditional cutting stress becomes the smallest. It is shown that the nature of the change in the conditional cutting stress is determined by the change in the conditional shear angle of the processed material. It was established that infinite values of conditional cutting stress are achieved under the condition of equality of the conditional shear angle of the processed material and the angle of entry of the cutting tool into the processed material. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the conditional shear angle of the processed material by reducing the intensity of friction in the cutting zone and the negative front angle of the cutting tool. The conditions for increasing the efficiency of blade processing by increasing the ratio of the tangential and radial components of the cutting force, as well as the ratio of the slice thickness to the radius of rounding of the cutting tool tip, which consist in reducing the friction in the cutting zone and the front angle of the cutting tool, have been theoretically determined. The introduction at the machine-building enterprise of high-speed cutting technologies with progressive cutting carbide tools with wear-resistant coatings of the TaeguTec company with the use of high-speed CNC metal cutting machines of the "machining center" type made it possible to increase the efficiency of processing the complex profile surfaces of the "Cup of the wheel differential".

Numerical Simulation of the Basal Scraping Effect of Debris Flows Based on the Distance-Potential Discrete-Element Method

High-speed and long-runout landslides constitute one of the most devastating natural disasters. The scraping and erosion of the foundation by these landslides significantly alter the dynamic and catastrophic properties of the landslide mass. This study centered on the movement process of the landslide mass, utilizing numerical simulations to delve into the interactions and dynamic mechanisms between the landslide mass and the foundation. It examined how the erosion of the foundation by the landslide mass impacts its movement distance and accumulation pattern. By employing the distance-potential discrete-element method, which was proposed by the authors, this research simulated the movement process of the landslide mass from a mesoscopic viewpoint. Through precise characterization of the contact forces between blocks, the study sheds light on the interactions among blocks and the energy transfer process during the landslide movement. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was performed to assess the movement distance and accumulation pattern of the landslide mass under varying foundation conditions. The findings revealed that the distance-potential discrete-element method effectively captures the impact and scraping action of the landslide mass on the foundation. The block units within the scraping zone, stimulated by the landslide’s impact and scraping, transition from a stable to a dynamic state. Under the influence of unbalanced forces, these units exhibit rotational and forward-moving motions. The kinetic energy among the blocks is progressively transferred from the rear of the scraping zone to the front through contact interactions and is continuously dissipated through contact, friction, and other mechanical processes, ultimately resulting in a stable accumulation. Due to the scraping zone’s influence, the movement distance of the landslide mass decreases compared to rigid foundations, but the volume of the accumulation increases.

Методические вопросы комплексной оценки дробящего и техногенного действия взрывных работ при открытой разработке месторождений

Current conditions of mining mineral deposits are characterized with raising requirements towards the environmental consequences of production, as well as increasing volumes of works near settlements, increasing unit capacity of the mining equipment and the volumes of simultaneously blasted rock mass. In this connection the importance of research into the development of energy-efficient technologies of the rock crushing processes and the search for safe methods of their intensification with the minimal harmful effects of large-scale blasting is increasing. The article presents specific methodical features of complex assessment of crushing and man-induced effects of blasting operations in conditions of a test ground and on those of an open pit wall, as well as methodical aspects of calculating the energy spent on seismic action of the blast and air shock wave. The results are provided of systematizing the methods to control the blast seismic action. The results of a comparative assessment of the dust and gas cloud density and its height change in time are discussed with reference to the application of different granulated commercial explosives. A methodological approach is shown to the integrated assessment of the crushing and man-induced effects of blasting operations in open-pit mining.

Research on perceived brand characteristics of marathon participants.

Leveraging sporting events to drive urban development has been proven effective. However, the influence of city image on the perceived experience of branded marathon events, as an embodied practice within urban spaces, remains underexplored. This study considers marathon races as significant activities integrated into urban environments and specifically investigates how city image affects the perceived experience of branded marathon events. The objective of the research is to evaluate how city functions, governance, characteristics, and event culture and services influence marathon participants' perceptions of branded events. An empirical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted with a sample of 422 participants from the 2022 Xiamen International Marathon to examine the relationships among these variables. This investigation aims to explore and quantify the impact of city characteristics on participants' perceptions, providing actionable insights for enhancing city branding through sporting events. The findings indicate that: (1) City functions are essential foundational conditions influencing participants' perceptions of branded marathon events. (2) City governance significantly impacts participants' perceptions of these events. (3) City characteristics are important sources that shape participants' perceptions of branded marathon events. (4) Event culture and services are decisive factors influencing participants' perceptions of branded marathon events. The results highlight the critical interplay between urban management and the successful development of branded marathon events, enhancing the understanding of the symbiotic relationship between city governance and event success, and offering strategic guidance for event organizers and urban planners.

The Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by the Flow-Through Method: Effect of Bacterial Suspension Volume and Relative Density

Microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is the technique of employing microorganisms to produce biocements. MICP is applied to resolve engineering problems like ground improvement, slope stabilization, soil and rock seepage control, erosion control, and heavy metal immobilization. The literature reports four primary MICP methods: injection, flow-through method (FTM) or surface infiltration method, immersion, and mixing. Among these methods, injection stands out as the most commonly used method. However, the present study opts for the FTM, where the liquid permeates the soil through gravity. We systematically investigate the impact of relative density and the volume of bacterial suspension on various parameters, including bacterial retention efficiency, calcium carbonate precipitation, permeability, and strength parameters. The strength and calcium carbonate content in the lower parts of the columns. Notably, calcium carbonate precipitation is more uniform at lower densities. Overall, FTM improves the properties of sand more effectively at greater depths compared to shallower depths, and at higher densities compared to lower ones. Also, applying FTM under the conditions outlined in this study proves to be more straightforward than other methods. Considering its gravity-driven penetration and no need for specialized equipment, the FTM aligns more closely with natural ground conditions, rendering it a cost-effective alternative.

Relative impact of factors affecting penetration rate of horizontal directional drilling

Prediction of the penetration rate (PR) of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) depends almost entirely on the experience of practitioners. This has resulted in actual values of PR that are inconsistent with the predicted ones. The problem stems from the many factors that are involved in the process and the need to assess their relative importance. To determine the factors that significantly affect PR and their relative importance, semi-structured interviews were conducted with HDD experts and a questionnaire was sent to other experts worldwide. The obtained responses are presented and discussed in the current paper. It has been found that ten factors significantly affect PR. The highest three factors are ‘ground type and condition’, ‘geotechnical investigation’, and ‘operator experience’. The two factors ‘geotechnical investigation’ and ‘steering engineer experience’ which are newly introduced in this study are ranked as the 2nd and 5th most important, respectively. The interrelationships between factors are also discussed. The obtained findings show reasonably good comparison with observations of actual HDD works. On the basis of Pareto analysis made on the obtained responses, it has been found that the top 10 factors represent 72% of the effect on PR. In addition, implications for actual HDD works are presented.

Research on autonomous walking performance and electromechanical characteristics of mining double-track chassis.

To study the autonomous walking performance and corresponding electromechanical characteristics of unmanned mining equipment under different slopes, turning radii, and ground conditions. Firstly, the autonomous walking systems based on PID, fuzzy PID, and BP PID, in this paper, are constructed, and then the electromechanical coupling simulation is carried out to analyse autonomous walking performance and electromechanical characteristics of mining double-track chassis under different working conditions. Finally, the feasibility of the autonomous walking system based on fuzzy PID is verified by the path-tracking experiment. The results show that the autonomous walking performance of the autonomous walking system based on the fuzzy PID is the best. Under the soft ground, the current, voltage, and load torque are all increased to varying degrees due to the sinking phenomenon of the crawler, but the driving speed is reduced, and when mining double-track chassis makes large-radius turns, the autonomous walking system based on the BP PID can also be given priority with a path deviation within 0.1 m.

Helicopter hoist operations in German mid-range mountains retrospective analysis of incidence, medical characteristics, and mission tactics

BackgroundHelicopter hoist operations (HHO) are an important option for rescue operations in rugged and challenging terrain. German mid-range mountains are characterized by the versatility of ground conditions, few urban structures, and frequent use for local leisure activities, including the practice of more or less high-risk outdoor sports. This retrospective analysis aims to investigate the incidence of rescue missions in German mid-range mountains requiring HHO. The contributing air rescue bases' operational tactics and the underlying medical characteristics, such as injury patterns and the provided medical care, are also reported.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of the documentation of HHO missions carried out at the air rescue bases in Freiburg, Nuremberg, and Bautzen staffed by emergency physicians between 01/2020 and 07/2022. Data was extracted from the German Air Rescue database. To assess the topics of interest, we conducted basic descriptive statistics.ResultsData selection retrieved 410 HHO-associated rescue missions. A total of 304 datasets, including HHO, were suitable for further statistical processing. Air rescue base Freiburg contributed 152, Nuremberg 63, and Bautzen 89 missions. HHO missions showed an increased frequency in the summer season and from Friday to Sunday. In this collective, 75% of the underlying diagnoses were trauma-associated; in 33% of all patients, traumatic injury of the pelvis or lower limb occurred. 28% of the patients were in a potential or actual life-threatening condition and were scored NACA 4 or higher. The rates of invasive medical treatment, such as endotracheal intubation (5%) or venous access (79%), were considerably higher than in overall emergency missions. In terms of mission tactics and cooperation with mountain rescue services, different approaches of the three air bases resulted in differences regarding first-on-scene rates and time spans.ConclusionThe results show a relevant year-round need to deploy emergency medical expertise to inaccessible terrain in the three regions examined. Detailed analysis showed relevant differences in operational tactics between the three bases and potential for optimization. Simultaneous alerting of the hoist helicopter and reliable and precise coordination with other rescue organizations involved, especially the local mountain rescue service and the rescue coordination center, can help to shorten both the treatment-free interval and the prehospital time for patients in inaccessible terrain.Trial registration: The study is registered at DRKS (DRKS00033493).

A051: Correlation of Balance and Plantar Touch with Gait in Elderly People

Objective: Walking is one of the conditions that can easily cause falls in the elderly. Balance ability and plantar touch input are important factors to maintain postural stability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of balance ability and plantar touch on gait parameters of the elderly when walking in a straight line. Methods: 17 healthy elderly people (69 ± 3 years old) were recruited and asked to complete three straight walking tasks at their own comfortable walking speed, with a duration of 30s and an interval of 30s. Gait parameters (stride speed, stride frequency, stride length) were collected by 3D motion capture system. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used to assess balance ability. The plantar skin touch of the hallux, 1st and 5th metatarsal bones, heel, and arch were measured by monofilament method. Spearman correlation was used to verify the correlation between gait and plantar touch or balance ability. The thresholds for the correlation coefficient (rs) were as follows: weak: 0.0-0.4; medium: 0.4-0.6; strong: 0.6-0.8. Results: The plantar touch on the arch showed a moderate positive correlation with stride frequency (rs = 0.513, p = 0.049). Similarly, the plantar touch on the big toe exhibited a moderate positive correlation with stride speed (rs = 0.546, p = 0.35). However, no significant correlation was found between BBS scores and gait parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggested that the plantar touch on the arch may play a role in adjusting the ankle joint angle and position during walking, thereby improving stride frequency. Moreover, the plantar touch on the big toe may provide sensory information about ground conditions, facilitating push-off and extension during gait. The lack of correlation between balance ability (as assessed by the BBS) and gait parameters contradicts previous studies, indicating that this inconsistency may be attributed to the physical fitness of the healthy elderly participants.

Intelligent target recognition method for infrared/laser composite fuze

Abstract In the context of complex environment, the intelligent target recognition method for infrared/laser composite imaging fuze encounters the following challenges: 1) The dearth of infrared/laser composite imaging fuze data hampers the advancement and implementation of deep learning technology in fuze target recognition; 2) The extant infrared/laser composite imaging fuze target recognition methods exhibit suboptimal recognition accuracy in complex terrain and ground conditions, which predisposes them to early or false explotions. To address the aforementioned issues, we have constructed infrared/laser composite imaging target and background dataset in diverse scenes, terrains and features, which provides effective data support for the intelligent recognition of composite imaging fuze. Additionally, we have designed a cross-modal fusion attention mechanism and an invariant feature learning method. The method facilitates the fusion of multimodal complementary information and the intelligent recognition of multi-scale and multi-morphology targets in complex scenes. Furthermore, they enhance the accuracy of the composite imaging fuze, enabling it to adapt to complex terrains. This enhances the combat effectiveness of composite imaging fuze in complex environments, while also offering technical support for the intelligentization of target recognition systems in future ballistic fuze.