Status Of Coral Reefs Research Articles

A quantitative assessment of the status of reef fish communities from a large-scale probability survey in southern Florida

Numerous reef fish monitoring programs worldwide produce the data necessary to describe the status and trends of coral reefs; however, quantitative description of status at ecosystem scales has been challenging. Our goal was to use southern Florida's coral reefs as the template to complete a holistic, ecosystem-scale evaluation of reef fish community status using large-scale diver surveys that sampled across a spatial gradient of human urbanization, exploitation, and fishery protection. Key aspects of the analysis were: (1) identification of a low human impact reference area as the basis for quantifying resource condition; (2) selection of indicator variables that helped discriminate two classes of impacts: habitat quality and fishing; (3) application of estimation methods that facilitated distinguishing anthropogenic impacts from inherent productivity of different habitats; and (4) use of a sustainability benchmark to gauge the resource condition of the reference area. The reference-centering analysis approach reduced reliance on qualitative judgements by an expert panel and produced results on a scale that was informative and could be easily interpreted by a variety of audiences. Our findings identified habitat quality issues in the most urbanized region, southeast Florida, and pervasive fishing issues throughout the ecosystem, including the remote Dry Tortugas region.

Land Suitability Analysis for Marine Tourism on Kalimantung Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively.This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively. Keywords: Spatial Analysis; Land Suitability; Region's Carrying Capacity; Marine Ecotourism

Evaluation of the ecological status of shallow-water coral reefs in China using a novel method and identification of environmental factors for coral decline

Coral reefs worldwide have faced extensive damage due to natural catastrophes and anthropogenic disturbances.The decline can cause their widespread collapse and an inability to recover from natural disturbances, highlighting the urgent need for their protection. This study conducted an extensive ecological condition assessment of seven coral reef regions in China's offshore. Our findings revealed the presence of 204 species of scleractinian corals belonging to 16 families. Massive corals were the predominant reef-building corals in all regions. The degradation of coral reef ecosystems was apparent in the present compared to historical reef conditions. The ecosystem suffered varying degrees of damage in surveyed regions according to a novel assessment approach, impling more effective measures should be taken to mitigate the local pressures. Our research establishes a baseline for understanding the status of coral reefs that can be used in future and provides a crucial foundation to designate protective zones for their conservation.

THE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF CHAETODONTIDAE FAMILY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LIVE CORAL COVER IN SPERMONDE ISLANDS, MAKASSAR

Coral fish are one of the marine biotas that are highly sensitive to changes in coral reef ecosystems. Therefore, the presence or absence of specific reef fish species can describe the condition of coral reefs. The objective of the current study is to investigate the relationship between the biodiversity and abundance of Chaetodontidae fish and the live coral cover at 13 locations in the Spermonde area, Makassar City. Reef fish were counted using the Underwater Visual Census method. Coral cover percentages were determined using the Underwater Photo transects method. The results found 348 individuals of the Chaetodontidae family, comprising 21 species from four genera. The mean live coral cover categories in Spermonde were in pretty good condition (27.83%). Chaetodontidae in Spermonde Island was not diverse (mean H = 1.74) and not abundant (mean abundant = 721 ind./ha). There was a weak correlation between the diversity of Chaetodontidae and live coral cover, and also weak correlation between the abundance of Chaetodontidae and live coral cover in Spermonde Island, with R2 determination coefficient linear regression were 0.1697 and 0.0471, respectively.

Condition of Coral Reefs and Abundance of Coral Fishes of the Chaetodontidae Family in the Waters of Sironjong Gadang Island, Pesisir Selatan District, West Sumatra Province

Sironjong Gadang Island is one of the islands in the Mandeh Tourism area in Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. One of the ecosystems affected by tourism activities is coral reefs. Monitoring the coral reefs' condition and the abundance of coral fish in the Chaetdontidae family is carried out to find out this. This research uses survey research methods. The temperature measurement results obtained an average of 30.2oC, current speed measurements received an average of 0.12 m/s, salinity measurements obtained an average of 30 ppt, and brightness measurements show that the brightness of these waters is 9 m. Tide measurements in the waters of Sironjong Gadang Island, carried out on March 7–8, 2023, are double daily tides (semi diurnal tide). Then, the results from the coral reef cover of Sironjong Gadang Island waters obtained a percentage ranging from 2.34 - 12.83%, with an average rate of live coral reef cover of 5.96%, which is included in the poor category. Furthermore, the results at each research station in the waters of Sironjong Gadang Island showed that 54 coralfish individuals were found, with the number of coralfish at each depth ranging from 4 - 10 individuals. The most common types of coral fish are species. Acuminate had 18 individuals; the fewest types of coral fish found were Chaetodon trifasciatus and C. tristichous, each numbering two individuals. There is a solid relationship between live coral reef cover and the abundance of coral fish in the Chaetodontidae family, where live coral reef cover influences the plenty of coral fish by 61.11%, which means that the higher the percentage of live coral cover, the higher the value of coral fish abundance.

Correlation between Coral Reef Cover Condition and the Abundance of Megabenthos on Setan Island, West Sumatra

In the coral reef ecosystem, there is a food source for small fish, which are prey for various kinds of associated biota; one of the biota that lives in the coral reef ecosystem is megabenthos. Megabenthos is influenced by the quality of the coral reef ecosystem, where if conditions are good, the coral will have a greater chance of high megabenthos diversity. This research was carried out in March 2023 in Setan Island, West Sumatra. This research analyzes the relationship between coral reef conditions and megabenthos abundance. The method used in this research is a survey method. Observations of coral reef cover were carried out using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, and megabenthos abundance was measured using the Bhentos Belt Transect (BBT) method. Observations were carried out at four stations (3 and 6 m deep) with a transect length of 50 m. Based on the average value of the percentage of coral reef cover, it is still categorized as being in poor condition, namely 18.87%. There is a relationship between the percentage of live coral reef cover and the abundance of megabenthos with a percentage of 55.27%, with the types of megabenthos clams (Tridacna sp), sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp), snails (Trochus sp), lobsters (Panulirus sp), fur pigs (Diadema sp), snails (Drupella sp), and starfish (Acanthasper sp).

Condition of Coral Reefs in the Ciletuh Geopark Area, SukabumiIndonesia

Ciletuh Geopark has unique natural resources, namely the natural beauty of the sea. Coral reefs are one of the most productive marine ecosystems with diverse biodiversity. Data and information regarding coral reefs in the south of Java Island, especially in the Ciletuh Geopark area, Sukabumi is still minimal, and their existence is rarely exposed. Therefore, we carry out research activities related to the condition of coral reefs using the underwater photo transect method. Data were taken at a depth of 6 meters with a transect length of 50 m and analyzed using CPCe 4.1 and Microsoft Excel 2010 software. Observations of the condition of coral reefs at Pasir Putih Beach in the Ciletuh Sukabumi Geopark area show that the percentage of cover is in the criteria of quite good (25-49.9%) and poor (0-24.9%). The observation results show that the percentage of coral reef cover at station I (28.88%) is quite good, station II (35.75%) is quite good, and station III (22.48%) is in the poor category. The highest diversity index (1.68) and Variety Index (0.25) was found at station II and the lowest was at station I with a diversity value of 1.07 and a diversity value of 0.16.

Method for Calculating the Coral Health Index (Case Study: Mapur Island, Bintan, Indonesia)

This study evaluates the health and condition of coral reefs in the Mapur Island - Bintan Conservation Area, located in the Riau Islands Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted at 5 site locations using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, with a focus on hard coral cover and the Coral Health Index (CHI). Coral lifeform data were analyzed using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software. The results revealed significant variability in coral cover, ranging from 14.47% to 59.27%, with an average of 39.36%, placing the coral reefs in the “Moderate” category. However, despite high hard coral cover at some sites, coral health varied, with certain locations exhibiting significant disease prevalence. Among the 5 sites surveyed for CHI, four were classified as “healthy,” while one were categorized “diseased.” Statistical analyses, including Welch’s t-test and Bayesian inference, indicated no significant difference between the CHI and hard coral cover, suggesting that high coral cover does not necessarily imply a healthier reef. Diseases such as Pink- Blotch Syndrome, Black Band Disease, and White Syndrome were prevalent across several sites, highlighting the influence of environmental stressors on coral health. The study underscores the importance of regular coral health monitoring and the need for conservation efforts to mitigate the impact of coral diseases and climate change. These findings provide crucial insights into the status of coral reefs in the Mapur Island - Bintan Conservation Area and contribute to broader efforts to preserve marine biodiversity.

Monitoring coral reef conditions in the Biorock Pemuteran rehabilitation area during the 2016 coral bleaching

Pemuteran is well-known for its community-based coral reef conservation activities utilising Biorock technology, through the application of low voltage electricity. The main objective of this research is to assess the condition of coral reefs and fish communities within the Biorock area in Pemuteran, Bali. Data collection was implemented in June 2016 at the bleaching event, employing the Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method, and the Underwater Visual Census (UVCs) method. The benthic community composition at both research stations was dominated by dead coral with algae (Biorock Pemuteran 48.9%, Menjangan Island 51%). Both research locations exhibited branching coral and massive coral as the predominant coral lifeforms. Observational findings reveal noticeable differences in the community structure of coral fish between Biorock Pemuteran and Menjangan Island waters. A total of 11,260 individuals covering 120 fish species across 21 families. Higher fish abundance in Menjangan Island (1,326 ± 224 ind/250 m2) compared to Biorock Pemuteran (551 ± 235 ind/250 m2). The condition of coral reefs at both research locations is included in the poor category (0 – 24.9%). The reef fish community in both Biorock Pemuteran and Menjangan Island is in a stable condition with low dominance level and a moderate to high diversity.

Evaluation of Coral Reef Health Status in the Fish Sanctuary of San Esteban, Ilocos Sur

Studies on corals are lacking in Ilocos Sur’s marine protected areas (MPAs), hindering management effort development. This study evaluated the health status of coral reefs in the San Esteban Fish Sanctuary. Hard coral cover, hard coral diversity in terms of Taxonomic Amalgamation Units (TAUs), and coral reef health status in terms of live coral coverage, algae coverage, sand coverage, and coral mortality index were measured in two sampling stations inside an over-a-decade-old fish sanctuary that does not have previous data on its coral reef health status. The Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method was employed to take image samples subjected to the Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software for analysis. The study revealed that the coral reef in San Esteban Fish Sanctuary is in good condition with a hard coral cover of 30.0%, falls under Hard Coral Cover Category C, and a hard coral diversity of 16.8TAUs that falls under Diversity Category D. The fish sanctuary is also in a healthy condition based on excellent live coral coverage, algae coverage, sand coverage, and low coral mortality index. The two stations are more or less the same in terms of the aforementioned parameters. Overall, it is recommended to continuously strengthen the enforcement of the fish sanctuary to protect its coral reefs, measure other parameters that might impact and indicate coral reef health status, employ evaluations inside and outside MPAs in the province, and use high-resolution cameras during image sampling for more efficient analysis.

Analysis of Coral Reef Conditions in the Waters of Panjang Island, Central Bangka Regency

Coral reefs are organisms that live at the bottom of the water and take the form of sturdy limestone formations capable of withstanding the force of ocean waves. Ecologically, coral reefs serve as habitats where various animal and plant organisms seek food and shelter. This research aims to analyze the coral reef ecosystem conditions in the waters of Panjang Island and provide recommendations for sustainable management of marine biodiversity in the waters of Panjang Island, Central Bangka Regency. The Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method involves underwater photography using a digital or regular digital camera equipped with a waterproof housing to withstand seawater exposure. The research results indicate that the percentage of live coral cover in the waters of Panjang Island ranges from 70.07% to 14.07%, categorizing it as fair to poor according to the Minister of Environment Decree No. 4 of 2001 on the Standard for Coral Reef Damage. Fourteen coral growth forms were identified in the waters of Panjang Island, belonging to 17 coral genera. Recommendations for managing marine resources on Panjang Island include sustainable tourism development. Environmentally based tourism development can serve as a solution for sustainably utilizing coral reefs and promoting improving coastal and fisheries management based on Marine Conservation Areas.

Lophelia reefs off North and West Africa–Comparing environment and health

The health status of cold-water coral reefs on the West African coast was investigated with the main objective of obtaining knowledge of the adaptive capacity of Lophelia pertusa to environmental stressors. Three coral sites were studied, in Northern Morocco, in the Morocco/Mauritania region (both in 2020) and, in the Ghana and Ivory coast region (visited in 2012, 2017, and 2019). Area cover of live colonies, explored through underwater videos, was used as an indicator of reef health and compared with the environmental variables: reef position, depth, water mass, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), carbonate chemistry (pH, aragonite saturation (ΩAr), macronutrients and particles (visual). For a broader picture of the adaptations presented by Lophelia our results were compared with reefs in contrasting environments. Off Ghana and Mauritania healthy reefs (i.e., having areas with more than 20 % cover of live colonies) were found to reside at DO concentrations between 1.1 and 1.6 ml L−1, in corrosive waters (pH 7.7 and ΩAr 1.0) with high nutrient concentrations. By contrast, the reefs off the North of Morocco, sitting in well-oxygenated waters with oversaturated ΩAr, had no or few live colonies. Our findings together with data from other studies show that Lophelia has a wide tolerance to hypoxia and acidification, and that in relation to climate change increased temperature and silting could pose more serious threats. These findings highlight the importance of continued studies of Lophelia reefs in contrasting environmental conditions to better understand their adaptation potential to climate change-related stressors.

Condition of Coral Reef in Kelagian Besar Island

The coral reef ecosystem plays many important roles for society. One of the its role is as a tourist attraction. Kelagian Island lies near Pahawang island which is the major attraction of marine tourism in Lampung. This position makes Kelagian Island the most potential alternative island after Pahawang Island. However, sufficient information about the coral condition and profile in Kelagian Island has yet to support this potential. For that reason, a study about coral reef conditions on Kelagian island must be conducted to provide information and support the possibility of tourism development on Kelagian island. This study was conducted in August 2022 using Point Intercept Transect (PIT) in three different sites on Kelagian Island. Coral reef condition in 3 meter depth were generally in good condition, meanwhile in 7 meters depth coral reef condition were in medium state. There were 22 genera found in Kelagian island. Acropora and Porites were found dominating three meter depth. On the other hand in seven meter of depth, Goniopora and Favia were abundantly found. Diversity index, Evenness, and Dominance Index in Kelagian Island are 2,29-2,49 (medium), 1-0,83 (stable), and 0,12-0,15 (low) respectively.

Strategi Pengembangan Wisata Snorkeling di Pantai Tanjung Benoa, Bali

The island of Bali as one of the icons of Indonesian tourism is famous for its natural potential, community hospitality, cultural values and the value of the natural beauty of the sea which is packaged in marine tourism attractions. Marine tourism is a tourism activity in the form of enjoying the beauty, uniqueness, comfort and other values of marine nature and other values and water sports including the provision of facilities and infrastructure as well as other services that are managed commercially. Tanjung Benoa is a marine tourism destination that is favored as a Tourist Attraction (ODTW) in Badung Regency with water sports, snorkeling and diving attractions. This study aimed to determine the current condition of snorkeling tourism and determined the strategy for developing snorkeling tourism at Tanjung Benoa Beach. The study was conducted from January 2021 to February 2021, using quantitative descriptive methods and data analysis using SWOT analysis. The results showed that the condition of tourist visits for integrated snorkeling activities in marine tourism attractions experienced a drastic decline as a result of the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic conditions. The potential for marine tourism, especially snorkeling activities in Tanjung Benoa, is coral reefs, reef fish and other marine biotas. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, Tanjung Benoa Beach was in quadrant II. The strategy for developing snorkeling tourism on the Tanjung Benoa beach was in quadrant II or the ST (Strength and Threat) strategy. The ST strategy included maintaining the condition of coral reefs and marine life and studying the reclamation of Benoa Bay. The next strategy was to increase village rules related to health protocols and e-commerce-based marine tourism marketing.

Assessment of coral reef condition using upt (underwater photo transect) method on gili labak island madura indonesia

Coral reefs are unique, complex and high-productivity marine ecosystems that make coral reefs a place to grow and breed most fish and biota in the waters, and physically the function of coral reefs is to withstand coastal abrasion, break waves and so on. To be able to manage coral reefs properly, valid data support is needed as a basis for formulating a policy. Gili Labak Island is one of the islands that is currently a tourist attraction because it has a very wide expanse of coral reefs. The UPT method is a method that utilizes technological developments, because in this method digital camera technology and computer software are used. Data retrieval in the form of underwater photos is done by shooting using an underwater digital camera. The photographs were then analyzed using computer software to obtain quantitative data. This study aims to calculate the biota in the transect. The results obtained Coral 72.92%, Dead coral (DC) 2.03, Dead Coral Algae (DCA) 9.09%, Soft Coral (SC) 0.33%, Rubble (R) 6.15%, Sand (S) 8.98%, Rock (RK) 0.52%.

A spatial framework for improved sanitation to support coral reef conservation

Coral reefs are one of the most valuable yet threatened ecosystems in the world. Improving human wastewater treatment could reduce land-based impacts on coral reefs. However, information on the quantity and spatial distribution of human wastewater pollution is lacking. Here, we develop a spatial model linking residential human wastewater pollution (nitrogen and phosphorus/year) and conservation sectors [coral reefs] to better understand the relative differences in the distribution and efficacy of different sanitation services and their potential implications for conservation monitoring and management. We apply our model to Fiji, where ongoing initiatives and investments in wastewater treatment for human health could be leveraged to cost-effectively improve coral reef condition. We estimate that wastewater treatment plants account for nearly 80% of human wastewater nutrients released into surface waters. Wasterwater nutrient pollution is widespread, affecting 95% of reefs, but is concentrated across a few watersheds. Our spatially explicit approach can be used to better understand potential benefits and trade-offs between sanitation service improvements and coral reef health, helping to bridge the sanitation and conservation sectors as well as inform and prioritize on the ground action.

Condition of Coral Reefs in the Waters of Popareng Village, Tatapaan District, South Minahasa Regency

Condition of Coral Reefs in the Waters of Popareng Village, Tatapaan District, South Minahasa Regency

Biodiversity and Distribution Patterns of Clams (Tridacninae) on Coral Reefs in Kayu Angin Bira Island, Indonesia

This research aims to find out the biodiversity and distribution patterns of clams and the relationship between clam abundance and coral reef conditions in the Waters of Kayu Angin Bira Island, Kepulauan Seribu. The research was conducted between April and July 2022, with field data collection taking place in September 2022 at four chosen stations. These stations were selected based on variations in water depth and were situated in the South, West, North, and East regions of the waters surrounding Kayu Angin Bira Island. The data collection was conducted using survey methods. Coral reef data collection using LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method and clam observation using belt transect. The results showed that in the waters of Bira Kayu Angin Island, 25 individuals of 2 species of bivalve class were found, namely Tridacna squamosa, Tridacna crocea. The highest relative abundance of clams is found at the eastern station which is 20% and the lowest relative abundance is found at the southern, western and northern stations which is only 8%. Low diversity index of Tridacninae Clams was discovered at the four stations, which ranged from 0.451 - 0.662 and the uniformity index at the four stations ranged from 0.650 - 0.954, indicates high population uniformity. Based on Morisita distribution index, which ranges from 0.4 - 0.74, the spatial distribution of Tridacninae clams could be assigned as uniform. The relationship between clams and coral reefs is 0.7284, shows that clams have a strong relationship with the condition of coral reefs.

Temporal study of coral reef health in Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park

Coral reefs are one of ecosystems that have high biodiversity and productivity. The condition of coral reefs in Seribu Islands is currently being threatened by various marine industry development activities. This study aims to determine coral reef health in Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta. The study was conducted at eight observation stations in Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park area on 7-10 March 2022 (First Monitoring) and 31 May until 3 June 2022 (Second Monitoring). Coral reef data collecting were using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. Reef fish data collecting were using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. While for macrobenthos data collecting were using the Belt Transect method. The coral reef health index was determined based on two main components, there are benthic component and reef fish component. Overall, coral reef health from eight observation stations during two monitoring sessions had high recovery potential, although some stations had low coral cover and low target fish biomass. In addition, several species of macrobenthos are bioindicators that can contribute to purifying waters.

The success of coral Acropora sp. transplantation with various methods in Raja Ampat Regency, Indonesia

Climate change and anthropogenic pressures have caused massive damage and degradation of coral reef ecosystem services in almost all countries in the Indian Ocean. The status of coral reefs at 1,067 sites in Indonesia is included in the poor category with 386 sites (36.18%) and the reefs in the moderate category with 366 sites (34.3%). The condition, area, and function of this coral reef ecosystem can be restored through rehabilitation activities using the transplant method. This study aimed to determine the success of coral Acropora sp transplantation in two different methods in Raja Ampat Regency, i.e., Yensawai Village. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 using PVC and iron racks. The increase in length of coral fragments was measured using a caliper and survival was calculated for the number of coral fragments at the end of the study. The results showed that coral fragments with PVC racks had a growth rate of 0.67±0.54 mm/day and a survival rate of 81.25%, while those on iron racks had a growth rate of 0.64±0,66 mm/day and a survival rate of 90%. Both methods showed a high coral survival rate (>80%). T-test statistical analysis revealed no apparent variance between the two approaches (p= 0.85). Our findings suggest that both methods are suitable for use in Yensawai Village.