Static Air Atmosphere Research Articles

Современное состояние содержания пыли в атмосферном воздухе Еревана

This article discusses the state of atmospheric air. Based on the results of the analysis, an assessment of its pollution levels in the city of Yerevan was carried out. It is shown that the concentration of dust in the atmospheric air has a well-defined annual course. The maximum values of dust concentration are typical for the warm period of the year. The greatest proportion of air pollution is observed in the administrative district of Kentron, the excess of dust content in relation to MPC.

Development of an electric arc furnace steel slag-based ceramic material for high temperature thermal energy storage applications

This paper details the development process of ceramics made out of 100% electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag, to be used as a shaped homogenous thermal energy storage (TES) media in packed-bed thermocline systems for high-temperatures industrial waste heat recovery, concentrated solar power (CSP), and Carnot batteries applications, among others. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different process parameters on the properties of the resulting ceramics. The samples have been characterized in terms of bulk density, apparent solid density, and water absorption to identify the best values for different process parameter. The best properties were obtained for samples prepared with heat-treated slag powders, pressed at 300 MPa and fired at 1300 °C for 8 h under a static air atmosphere. The optimal bulk density was 3.1 g/cm3, and the water absorption was 1.2%wt. The measured specific heat capacity was 1026, 1181 and 1216 J/(kg.K) at 200, 400 and 600 °C, respectively, while the thermal conductivity values were 1.53, 1.50 and 1.37 W/(m.K) at the same temperatures. This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing TES ceramics out of EAF steel slags, using equipment and techniques well-known in the refractory industry.

Assessment of Risk of Population Health Damage with Polluted Air of Industrial Megacity

The assessment of risk of the population health damage in industrial cities stipulates for a mandatory use of such indicators as expected duration of the working career, the level of life satisfaction and the level of medical service in the region, DALY, climate in the region considered, the state and quality of the natural environment, especially, the state of atmospheric air. Air pollution causes causes the deterioration of organism functions, adaptation and intellectual capabilities of the population. The problem considered in the article involves the activity of specialists on various levels and professional areas in health care, environmental protection, management of vital activities and the regional viability. Joint complex solutions allow developing complementary natural protection and therapeutic measures for improving the population health in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (exemplified by Krasnoyarsk) and decreasing population mortality.

Effects of Ambience on Thermal-Diffusion Type Ga-doping Process for ZnO Nanoparticles

Various annealing atmospheres were employed during our unique thermal-diffusion type Ga-doping process to investigate the surface, structural, optical, and electrical properties of Ga-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle (NP) layers. ZnO NPs were synthesized using an arc-discharge-mediated gas evaporation method, followed by Ga-doping under open-air, N2, O2, wet, and dry air atmospheric conditions at 800 °C to obtain the low resistive spray-coated NP layers. The I–V results revealed that the Ga-doped ZnO NP layer successfully reduced the sheet resistance in the open air (8.0 × 102 Ω/sq) and wet air atmosphere (8.8 × 102 Ω/sq) compared with un-doped ZnO (4.6 × 106 Ω/sq). Humidity plays a key role in the successful improvement of sheet resistance during Ga-doping. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated hexagonal wurtzite structures with increased crystallite sizes of 103 nm and 88 nm after doping in open air and wet air atmospheres, respectively. The red-shift of UV intensity indicates successful Ga-doping, and the atmospheric effects were confirmed through the analysis of the defect spectrum. Improved electrical conductivity was also confirmed using the thin-film-transistor-based structure. The current controllability by applying the gate electric-field was also confirmed, indicating the possibility of transistor channel application using the obtained ZnO NP layers.

Thermo-oxidative stability of SnO crystals and obtained few layer crystals by mechanical exfoliation

Stannous oxide (SnO) is prepared by a sol–gel reaction, and the intermediate product is a white gel material, Sn6O4(OH)4, which is decomposed by a constant temperature heat treatment to form a regular black crystal, and the size reach 300 μm approximately. TG-DSC analysis shows that under air atmospheric conditions, SnO undergoes an oxidation and thermal decomposition reactions at 350 °C, which to form SnO2, Sn, and Sn3O4. With the temperature increasing, the reaction will continue and the final product will be SnO2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that SnO is sensitive to oxygen. It is placed in air for about 2 months, and 81.8% of the crystal surface is oxidized to SnO2, but the inside of the crystal remains as SnO. Few layer crystal sheets was prepared by mechanical exfoliation with a thickness of 85 nm and a surface roughness of 1.02 nm, which provides a possibility for the application of few layers of SnO crystals to transparent and flexible electronic devices.

Assessment of the Impact of Motor Transport on the Ecological State of Atmospheric Air of Urbanized Areas

The article reflects the results of studies on assessing the impact of pollutants entering the atmospheric air from vehicles on the ecological state of the urban environment, analyzes the distribution of emissions of the main pollutants in the context of data for the North Caucasian Federal District and considers the dynamics of the qualitative composition of atmospheric air using the example of the city of Stavropol. As a result of analyzing the data for 2014-2019 in the district, a decrease in the intake of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, volatile organic compounds into the atmospheric air from vehicles was found, an increase in carbon content was noted. The study of pollutants included in the daily monitoring program and the intensity of vehicles showed the maximum presence of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon at 14:00, an increase in gas content at 20:00 indicating the accumulation of harmful substances in the atmosphere during the day and negative impact on the ecological situation of the city.

Analysis of the state of atmospheric air in the city of Aktobe according to stock materials

The article considers the influence of climatic factors on environmental indicators of the state of atmospheric air. The analysis of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Aktobe is carried out according to departmental organizations and stock materials. The dynamics and structure of pollutant emissions in recent years are presented. The authors carried out a comparative characteristic of the composition and structure of emissions depending on climatic conditions. The article focuses on patterns of changes in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The article presents organizational and economic measures to prevent environmental pollution, including the tightening of environmental legislation and the introduction of methods of internalization of environmental damage.

Method for control of sulfur dioxide emissions from man-made objects on the basis of satellite monitoring

The study is devoted to the development of a satellite method for monitoring emissions of sulfur dioxide for man- made objects in the northern territories of the Krasnoyarsk region. Practical recommendations have been developed for the application of the satellite method for monitoring sulfur dioxide emissions using the example of the Norilsk industrial zone. An assessment of the state of atmospheric air for the study area in recent years.

A New Approach to Solving the Problem of Atmospheric Air Pollution in the Industrial City

In order to ensure optimal operation of the existing environmental monitoring information system, it has become essential to use mathematical modeling based on the data assimilation algorithm. In this paper, a data assimilation algorithm has been designed and implemented. An algorithmic approach was tested for the assimilation of city atmosphere monitoring data from an industrial area. An industrial district of Karaganda city was selected for the investigation of the algorithm. The industrial district of Karaganda was taken as a research object due to the high level of atmospheric air pollution in industrial cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The result of our research and testing of the algorithm showed the effectiveness of the data assimilation algorithm for monitoring the atmosphere of the selected city. The practical value of the work lies on the fact that the presented results can be used to assess the state of atmospheric air in real time, to model the state of atmospheric air at each point of the city, and to determine the zone of increased environmental risk in an industrial city.

A study of oxygen-enriched reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion in a diesel research engine under varying loadings and premixed ratios

ABSTRACT High-Efficiency Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) with ultra-low NOx and Soot emissions still needs to be investigated in terms of its operating conditions such as high load range and increasing CO and unburnt HC emissions, which are critical issues to be addressed before implementation for practical engines. Therefore, as the main factors affecting the RCCI combustion are the engine load and premixed ratio of low reactivity-fuel, in the present study, the effect of these parameters in a modified single-cylinder research engine equipped with common-rail direct injection (CRDI) on RCCI combustion are experimentally studied in detail along with oxygen-enrichment environment at two stages. At first, the effect of engine load (20%, 40%, and 60% of max.torque at 2400 rpm) and premixed ratio (Rp, 15% to 60% in increments of 15%) in enriched O2 environment to 29% was investigated while in second stage, increasing oxygen amount in intake air under low-mid load range (40% of max.torque) and premixed ratio (Rp, 30% replacement of total energy given to engine) was investigated, and compared with atmospheric air conditions. Following results were noted in the first part of the study when the engine load was increased at all premixed ratios; in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release increased with shortening the ignition delay, IMEP increased up to 12% along with decrease in CO (by 38%), unburned HC (by 32%) and smoke opacity (by 24%) with the cost of increasing NOx emissions by 162% when compared to atmospheric air. In the second stage, increase in oxygen ratio resulted in decrease of ignition delay period and prolong combustion duration that have led to RCCI engine performance to be better and sharp reductions in the incomplete combustion emissions up to 36%. It was concluded that enriched oxygen is a beneficial way for reducing exhaust emissions during RCCI combustion at wider operating conditions.

Characteristics of the risk to the health of the population of the oil-producing region associated with environmental factors

Introduction. The activities of enterprises engaged in the production, preparation, transportation and primary processing of oil are associated with the formation and accumulation of a large amount of waste (spent drilling fluids, drilling mud, oil sludge, spent catalysts, etc.), which leads to pollution of environmental objects and can contribute to the formation of adverse effects on public health. Materials and methods. The sanitary and hygienic state of atmospheric air, soil, the water of surface (rivers, lakes) and underground (wells, wells, springs) water sources, the water of centralized water supply systems in the territories of large oil fields the Republic of Bashkortostan is carried out. The origins of information were data from many years of in-house research, the regional information fund of the Sanitary Hygienic Monitoring, and departmental laboratories. Results. Studies have found that in areas of oil production, the content of chemicals in concentrations exceeding hygienic standards is detected: in the atmospheric air - dihydrosulfide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide; in underground waters - chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, iron, strontium, increased mineralization and general hardness; in the soil - sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, petroleum products. Contamination of water from underground water sources and atmospheric air can contribute to the risk of adverse effects from individual organs and systems, as well as carcinogenic hazards. Based on the results of the study, ecological and hygienic recommendations were developed. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the level of public health risk associated with environmental factors in the oil-producing region was assessed, and a set of hygienic measures was justified.

Cytogenetic studies of seed progeny of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in the area of Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill

The results of cytogenetic analysis of the Pinus sylvestris seed progeny growing 6.5 km from the Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill are presented. The study of metaphase plates treated with 1% colchicine solution showed 60% of seedlings polyploid cells are found in the root meristem. Aneuploidy, dicentric and ring chromosomes have also been reported. The mitotic division study (without colchicine treatment) at the stages of metaphase and ana-telophase revealed that the average level of mitotic pathologies was 4.2 ± 0.2% and did not exceed the rate of spontaneous mutation (5%). The mitosis pathologies spectrum is represented by 10 types: chromosome overrun, isolation, fragmentation, ring chromosomes, lagging, bridges, multipolar and chaotic chromosome divergence, micronuclei, complex (multiple) disorders. Micronuclei in cells at the stage of mitotic interphase were found in 53% of the studied seedlings; their proportion varied greatly from 0.1 to 0.8% and averaged 0.12 ± 0.03%. Analysis of cytogenetic parameters of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings offspring revealed high heterogeneity of the seed offspring. According to the results of cluster analysis, several groups were identified, which differed greatly in the number of proliferating cells at the metaphase and ana-telophase stages: the first group – 116.0±5.8 pcs., the second one – 200.4±6.0 pcs. and the third one – 328.8±13.2 pcs. Of particular interest are the seedling cells assigned to the third group, since they have more active cell division, increase the range of disorders types and the proportion of micronuclei, but at the same time, the frequency of mitotic pathologies decreases. The data obtained can probably indicate the airborne industrial pollution genotoxic effect on plants. Such studies on this territory were carried out for the first time, however, in order to understand the mechanisms of the pollutants effect on the cytogenetic parameters of plant organisms, it is necessary to carry out them further, as well as to analyze the state of atmospheric air near the Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill.

The Pollen of Plants of the Shrub Layer in the Urban Green Space as an Indicator of the State of Atmospheric Air of the City (on the Example of Representatives of the Genus Forsythia)

It is especially important to assess the potential mutagenicity of the air environment in the area of active life and human respiration. In our opinion, perennial shrub plants are the most informative objects of such research. Purpose. Study of the sensitivity of the male haploid generation Forsythia suspensa Vahl. to the state of atmospheric air of Kyiv in the surface layer; the prospects of using this species to indicate the quality of atmospheric air and assess possible risks to public health. Methods. Fields, statistical. The state of the generative sphere of F. suspense was determined by fertility and morphometric parameters of pollen, determination of the index of shape and proportion of abnormal grains in the population of non-hydrated pollen. Results. It is established that the pollen of F. suspense is sensitive to a complex of exogenous factors of the growing environment in the park ecosystems of Kyiv. The statistical significance of the complex influence of plant growing factors and weather conditions on the variability of F. suspensa pollen quality traits and its sizes has been confirmed. There is a greater influence of air pollutants in the surface layer of atmospheric air on the size of the equatorial diameter of the pollen grains of this plant species. Introduction of restrictive anti-epidemic measures in 2020 and 2021 has reduced the level of integrated air pollution in most of the studied areas of the capital. These changes in the conditions of the growing environment, especially in the absence of the influence of the developed network of highways, affected the share of abnormal grains in pollen populations in the studied areas. Conclusions. The expediency of further use of plants of F. suspensa to assess the state of the environment on a toxic-mutagenic background and zoning of park ecosystems on a gradient of anthropogenic impact is noted. Complementing the results of bioindication studies using, in particular, F. suspensa pollen, information on the state of health of the population and data on air pollution increases the effectiveness of indicating the state of the environment in Kyiv

Preliminary Studies on Rare Elements Addition and Effect on Oxidation Behaviour of Pack Cementation Coatings Deposited on Variety of Steels at High Temperature

The aim of the paper was to investigate the air oxidation behaviour of pack aluminised steels exposed at 650 °C for 1000 h in static natural air atmosphere. The pack coatings were doped by rare elements such as gadolinium (Gd), cerium oxide (CeO2), and lanthanum (La) in order to enhance the corrosion resistance and plasticity of the deposited layers. In this work, the following steels were used: 16M, T91, VM12, Super 304H, and finally SANICRO25. The results indicated a much higher corrosion resistance in the coated 16M, T91, and VM12 steels; the steels with a higher Cr content than 16 wt % Cr indicated a better behaviour in the uncoated state than in the coated state. However, the observed difference in mass gain between the uncoated and the coated austenitic steels was not enormous. Furthermore, the addition of RE elements to the coating showed some effect in terms of coating thicknesses and differences in the layer structures. The materials prior to testing and after the exposure were investigated using XRD, the SEM X-ray maps with an EDS instrument were used for particular samples to evaluate the phase identifications, element concentrations, microstructure, and chemical composition.

An efficient and unique route for the fabrication of highly condensed oxygen-doped carbon nitride for the photodegradation of synchronous pollutants and H2O2 production under ambient conditions

N2-assisted thermal polycondensation of a novel supramolecular self-assembly based on melamine, cyanuric acid, and thiourea produced S-doped carbon nitride. Molecular dynamics simulation estimated nonbonding energies between the melamine-cyanuric acid adduct and thiourea. The C–S functional group was efficiently converted to C–O by facile calcination in a static air atmosphere, which gave a highly condensed O-doped carbon nitride nanosheet (O-CN). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results confirmed that the oxygen-doped site is more stable and provides midgap states near the conduction band position of CN compared with sulfur doping. O-CN exhibited excellent visible light harvesting and photocatalytic activities toward removal of tetracycline and rhodamine B in an initial 15 min while producing a highly stable amount of H2O2 under an open atmosphere without a sacrificial agent. These outstanding performances result from synergistic approaches that lead to the modified polycondensation process, unprecedented reduction ability, and enhanced optical properties.

Features of atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude

At present, the study of atmospheric air in urbanized areas is a highly topical issue in the Russian Federation and many worldwide countries. The article studies the existing system for monitoring the state of atmospheric air in Ulan-Ude. The analysis of air pollution in Ulan-Ude for the period 2010–2019 has been implemented. The role of autonomous heating sources, thermal power plants, and vehicles as air pollution sources in the city has been determined. The dynamics of changes in the primary pollutants are given: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other impurities. As a result of the study, the primary sources of pollutants were identified that affect the state of the atmospheric air in Ulan-Ude, characterized by a seasonal increase in the concentration of pollutants emitted into the surface layer of the atmosphere. The influence of vehicles on air pollution in Ulan-Ude is revealed. The authors proposed a systematic approach to the control of atmospheric air pollution for Ulan-Ude.

Bioindication and biomonitoring assessment of the state of atmospheric air and soil in the study area

Monitoring of the natural environment and human habitat must be carried out to compare the ecological state of the contaminated area and places that are not subject to technogenic impact. The main purpose of this work is to assess the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil using bioindication and biomonitoring methods. Phytotoxicity is the property of the soil to inhibit the growth and development of higher plants due to its contamination with xenobiotics and other toxic substances. In this work, the phytotoxicity of the soil is determined during the experiment on germinating of cucumber and dill seeds. The number of germinated seeds is calculated on differentially polluted soils. A comparative analysis of the of seedlings length and mathematical processing of lengths seedlings data, depending on the level of soil contamination, are carried out.

Environmental diseases as an indicator of air pollution

The article is devoted to the calculation and spatial analysis of the impact levels on the anthropogenic environment as an indicator of atmospheric air pollution in Krasnoyarsk. The population lives in conditions of exceeding the standards of environmental pollution for 26 substances (from 516 maximum one-time MAC to 132 MAC daily average). The additive effect of chemicals creates a high level of risk in relation to the population in certain areas of the city. The established levels of aerogenic exposure cause about 80.9 thousand additional cases of diseases of the entire population per year (71.0 cases per 1000 people), which is 4.15% of the actual incidence rate. The priority diseases of the entire population associated with the quality of atmospheric air are diseases of the circulatory system (52.8%), the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (18.6%), digestive system (14.1%), genitourinary system (7.7%), and the respiratory system (7.7%). The foreground factors determining the formation of the established level of complementary incidence rate associated with atmospheric air quality are 23 chemical substances. The obtained results (zones and factors) can be applied to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of implemented measures to improve the atmospheric air condition.

Influence of biomass thermal pre-treatment on the particulate matter formation during pulverized co-combustion with lignite coal

This work investigated the particulate matter formation during co-combustion of thermally pre-treated biomass with coal. Olive residue was chosen as agricultural waste biomass, and Tunçbilek lignite as the coal. The biomass was thermally pretreated to assess the influence of the pretreatment temperature on particulate matter formation during co-combustion. Specifically, the olive residue was torrefied (at 275 °C) and pyrolyzed (at 500 °C) using a tubular oven. The biomass-coal blends in a 50:50 wt% ratio were co-fired in a drop tube furnace operated at 1200 °C, heating rate of ∼ 104 °C/s, residence time of ∼ 3 s, and dry air atmospheric conditions. The particulate matter was collected at the bottom of the reactor using a three-stage stack impactor which allowed to quantify the relevant levels of PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10. The results showed that co-combustion resulted in clear reduction of PM2.5 emission to values close to those of the biomass fuel. Specifically, combustion of blends of Tunçbilek lignite with olive residue, torrefied olive residue, and olive residue char resulted in 646, 408, and 559 mg/MJ input, respectively. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for the formation of PM2.5 during biomass and coal combustion were found applicable to biomass-coal blends. The shift from fine to coarser particles with co-firing is likely to allow the capture of PM from biomass-coal co-firing by conventional coal-PM traps in existing coal power plants.

Step by Step Construction of Multifunctional Hollow Double Shell MNPs@MOF as a Powerful Tandem/Cascade Catalyst.

The development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for one-pot tandem/cascade synthesis of imines remains meaningful and challenging. Herein, we constructed an Au/MOF catalyst featured hollow and double MOF shell nanostructure. Owing to its structural merits and acid-basic nature, the as-synthesized Void|(Au)ZIF-8|ZIF-8 catalyst exhibited an enhanced synergistically catalytic performance for tandem catalytic synthesis of imines from benzyl alcohol and aniline under air atmosphere and solvent-free condition. Its 170.16 h−1 of turnover frequency (TOF) was 2.5 times higher than that of the reported catalyst with the highest TOF value.