Conditions For Formation Research Articles

Loss of Surfactant Protein A Alters Perinatal Lung Morphology and Susceptibility to Hyperoxia-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a condition of poor alveolar formation that causes chronic breathing impairment in infants born prematurely. Preterm lungs lack surfactant and are vulnerable to oxidative injuries driving the development of BPD. Our recent studies reported that surfactant protein A (SP-A) genetic variants influence susceptibility to neonatal lung disease. SP-A modulates activation of alveolar macrophages and parturition onset in late gestation. We asked whether a lack of SP-A alters alveolarization in a mouse model of hyperoxia-induced BPD. SP-A-deficient and control newborn mice were exposed to either clinically relevant 60% O2 hyperoxia or normoxia for 5–7 days. Alveolar formation was then assessed by mean linear intercept (MLI) and radial alveolar count (RAC) measurements in lung tissue sections. We report that the combination of SP-A deficiency and hyperoxia reduces alveolar growth compared to WT mice. The morphometric analysis of normoxic SP-A-deficient lungs showed lower RAC compared to controls, indicating reduced alveolar number. In the presence of hyperoxia, MLI was higher in SP-A-deficient lungs compared to controls. Differences were statistically significant for female pups. Spatial proteomic profiling of lung tissue sections showed that hyperoxia caused a 4-fold increase in the DNA damage marker γH2Ax in macrophages of SP-A-deficient lungs compared to normoxia. Our short report suggests an important role for SP-A in perinatal lung development and the protection of lung macrophages from oxidant injury. These studies warrant future investigation to discern the temporal interaction of SP-A, gender, oxidant injury, and lung macrophages in perinatal alveolar formation and development of BPD.

Investigating the patterns of air pollution exposure on major cardiovascular events by cluster analysis. Insights from the EP-PARTICLES study on a Polish smog cohort

Abstract Introduction Exposure to air pollution (AP) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim To analyse the short-term effects of AP on the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods The EP-PARTICLES study consists of a retrospective nationwide cohort of Eastern Poland residents (N= 8,077,671). The area is characterized by a specific type of pollution - Polish smog, featuring high concentrations of particulate matter (PM), benzo(a)pyrenes (BaP) and favourable atmospheric conditions of formation. Medical data were collected from the National Health Fund and the Central Statistical Office. The records included sex and age and the causes of hospitalization. The analysis utilized air quality modeling data from the GEM-AQ system, which allowed to provide daily pollution concentration at the level of each LAU (ie. local administrative units, at municipality level), throughout the observation period. We estimated LAU specific associations of AP concentration using quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. We controlled our models for long-term trends and weather conditions. In the second stage, we pooled LAU-specific estimates with a random-effects meta-analysis. The results are presented as % risk ratio (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the two-day moving average of AP concentration on the present day and the day after exposure (ie. LAG0-1). Cluster analysis was performed on LAU levels from 19 variables using the k-mens clustering using the Ward minimum variance method. The set of variables included demographic, ecological, socioeconomic, environmental conditions. Results Over the years 2011-20, we noted 2,141,213 hospitalizations due to CVD, including 139,697 ACS cases (45.2% STEMI). The main triggers for ACS were PM2.5 (RRLAG0-1 1.04 95%CI 1.028-1.053), BaP (RRLAG0-1 1.021 95%CI 1.01-1.032). We identified three distinct clusters: Cluster 1 was characterized by high population density and GPD per capita and highest prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Cluster 2 (40% of the entire population) exhibited significantly high variability, characterized by low population density and GPD per capita, the highest prevalence of heart failure, people drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco. Cluster 3 (7% of the entire population) was in the middle but showed the highest prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and renal failure. Cluster 2 inhabited areas with low concentrations of PMs and BaP and demonstrated increased vulnerability to the effects of PM2.5 and BaP from 3% to 5.2% (P<0.001). For details see Figure 1. Conclusions PM and BaP are important factors associated with the occurrence of MACE. AP exposure should be considered in CVD prevention models. Cluster classification helps in risk stratification and prognosis. Adverse effects of AP can be mitigated by attention to improving socio-economic status and hazardous habits.Associations between AP exposure and ACS

ISSUES OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF CONVERGENCE OF FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

This article considers the peculiarities of theformation of students' professional foreign language competence in the conditions of convergence of formal and non-formal education. The necessity of integration of formal and non-formal education in foreign language education is substantiated. The role and significance of formal education provided by educational institutions and non-formal education carried out outside educational institutions in the formation of students' professional foreign language competence is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the interaction of these two forms of education and their influence on the development of students' linguistic and communicative skills. One of the main objectives of the study is to identify the educational needs of students in the conditions of formation of their professional foreign language competence. As aresult of the study, the authors made conclusions that the majority of students consider it appropriate to integrate formal and non-formal education, as it will allow them to master additional competencies and increase their motivation for learning. Thus,in conclusion, the authors of the article summarise the results of the study and draw conclusions about the significance of theinteraction between formal and non-formal education for the formation and improvement of students' professional foreign language competence.

Unusual conditions for the formation of linear discontinuous deformations triggered by underground mining

The occurrence of linear discontinuous deformations, primarily manifesting as ground steps, is becoming increasingly prevalent in mining and post-mining areas. These deformations present a significant hazard to structures, as there are no effective protective measures currently available. An important aspect of these deformations is that they can occur several decades after mining operations have ceased, making it crucial to understand their causes and conditions of formation. This paper presents a detailed case study of ground step formation that resulted in substantial damage to storage halls. Through comprehensive analyses of geological and mining conditions, combined with rigorous calculations, the study identifies the most likely factors that triggered the deformation. Notably, these factors differ from those commonly cited in the existing literature, providing a novel contribution to the research on this issue. The findings underscore the necessity for continuous monitoring and reevaluation of post-mining areas to mitigate potential risks and develop more effective protective strategies.

Insights into the wetting mechanisms in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs and its evolution processes: The shahejie formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay basin

During the accumulation and development processes of low-permeability oil, wettability plays a crucial role in the percolation capacity of fluids. In particular, the evolution of low-permeability sandstones involves complex changes in formation fluid properties and mineral types, leading to a deficient understanding of wetting mechanisms in low-permeability sandstones. This gap significantly impedes research on the accumulation mechanisms of low-permeability oil. Focusing on the low-permeability sandstones in Shahejie formation of Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, tests like Casting thin section, scanning electron microscope, contact angle measurement, molecular dynamics simulation and the Amott method based on nuclear magnetic resonance technology were performed to comprehensively investigate sandstone wettability and its evolutionary process. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of hydroxyl groups or monovalent cations (K+and Na+) for water molecules causes residual intergranular pores, feldspar dissolution pores, quartz dissolution pores, clay mineral intercrystalline pores and micro-cracks to exhibit hydrophilicity; while the adsorption capacity of divalent cations (Ca2+and Mg2+) for oil molecules causes the surface of dissolution pores of carbonate minerals to exhibit neutrality or lipophilicity. Additionally, changes in formation conditions (temperature, pressure, ion types, and ion concentration) significantly control the wettability of pore surfaces, further determining the overall wettability of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs. Throughout the evolutionary process of low-permeability sandstones, the Amott-Harvey index of low permeability sandstone is greater than zero, and the wettability exhibited hydrophilic or neutral. From A-stage eodiagenesis to B-stage mesodiagenesis, the Amott-Harvey index is 0.82, 0.12, 0.37, 0.03, and 0.49, and the wettability of reservoirs transitions through phases of strong hydrophilicity, weak hydrophilicity, hydrophilicity, neutrality, and hydrophilicity, respectively. Finally, an evolutionary model of the wettability of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs was established, which is of great significance for predicting the quality of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs.

Predictive Modeling of the Hydrate Formation Temperature in Highly Pressurized Natural Gas Pipelines

In this study, we aim to develop advanced machine learning regression models for the prediction of hydrate temperature based on the chemical composition of sweet gas mixtures. Data were collected in accordance with the BOTAS Gas Network Code specifications, approved by the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA), and generated using DNV GasVLe v3.10 software, which predicts the phase behavior and properties of hydrocarbon-based mixtures under various pressure and temperature conditions. We employed linear regression, decision tree regression, random forest regression, generalized additive models, and artificial neural networks to create prediction models for hydrate formation temperature (HFT). The performance of these models was evaluated using the hold-out cross-validation technique to ensure unbiased results. This study demonstrates the efficacy of ensemble learning methods, particularly random forest with an R2 and Adj. R2 of 0.998, for predicting hydrate formation conditions, thereby enhancing the safety and efficiency of gas transport and processing. This research illustrates the potential of machine learning techniques in advancing the predictive accuracy for hydrate formations in natural gas pipelines and suggests avenues for future optimizations through hybrid modeling approaches.

A statistically significant increase in ice supersaturation in the atmosphere in the past 40 years

Ice saturation (and supersaturation) is a frequent phenomenon in cold regions of the upper troposphere. Its existence is essential for the formation of ice clouds and a necessary condition for the persistence of contrails. Its spatial and temporal evolution is important for weather and climate. The ice saturation and supersaturation values are found in the upper tail of the probability density function (pdf) of upper tropospheric humidity with respect to ice (UTHi). Here, we analyse the changes in the frequency of occurrence of ice saturation and supersaturation from 1979 to 2020 and compare them to changes in the mean UTHi. Our results show that while the mean UTHi increases near-globally with a rate of about 0.15% per decade, high UTHi values exceeding the 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% thresholds increase faster than the mean, at rates of about 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.4% and 0.3% per decade, respectively. The increasing rates of values found in the upper tail of the UTHi pdf suggest that the ambient conditions for cirrus and contrail formation and persistence will be more favourable in the future and this is expected to further enhance the impact of aviation on climate.

Elucidating the effect of strain path-dependent crystallographic texture evolution on the electrochemical behavior of nanostructured AA2024 aluminum alloy

This research provides insight into the effect of strain path-dependent texture evolution on the electrochemical behavior of nanostructured AA2024 aluminum alloy in a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 8.3). To achieve this, AA2024 alloy sheets were processed using two methods: accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and cross accumulative roll bonding (CARB), i.e., rotating the sheets 90° around the normal direction (ND) axis between each cycle. The ARB-processed AA2024 alloy exhibited a pancake-shaped structure and included texture components of Copper {112}<111>, Brass {011}<211>, P {110}<221>, and S {123}<634>. Meanwhile, the CARB-processed AA2024 alloy had extremely fine and equiaxed nano-grains (< 100 nm) and texture components of S {123}<634>, Brass {011}<211>, Goss {011}<100>, Rotated Cube {001}<110>, and P {110}<221> after eight cycles. Electrochemical studies demonstrated an increase in corrosion current density due to high imposed strains in the ARB route, which in effect made the conditions of passive layer formation more difficult and lowered the corrosion resistance. Additionally, achieving a more uniform distribution of extremely fine grains and {011} orientation textures such as Brass {011}<211>, Goss {011}<100>, and P {110}<221> texture components in the CARB route, provided ideal conditions for forming oxide passive films with superior protection properties compared to ARB. These unique findings can contribute to the broader application of crystallographic-orientation-dependent electrochemical behavior of alloys in the field of corrosion management.

Formation and Preservation conditions of ultra-deep (&gt;6000 m) hydrocarbon systems

For 40 years, the concept of petroleum systems has been well developed and a considerable amount of actual data has been accumulated. However, with the beginning of the development of ultra-large depths (more than 6000 m, although nowadays this boundary has been lowered to 8000 m) it became clear that many processes proceed somewhat differently, and some a priori assumptions cease to be relevant. The article deals with the peculiarities of formation and conditions of preservation of petroleum systems when diving to ultra-large depths. Special attention is paid to numerous examples of HC detection in the liquid phase accumulated over the last decades, when the upper ‘classical’ threshold of formation temperatures, at which, as it was supposed, the transformation of liquid HC into gaseous should occur. Examples of studies of ultra-deep sections, first, well data, considered in the article, allow us to constantly revise upward the maximum temperatures in the pools, leading to oil destruction, previously estimated rather conservatively. This, in turn, causes reassessment of HC potential of many basins. At the same time, the volume of reserves of both oil and gas in ultra-deep sections is constantly increasing, especially in China, where vast experience of direct continental projects has been accumulated. At the same time, there are limited opportunities to prepare any practical recommendations directly, and the development of methods for forecasting such accumulations requires further significant efforts. It can be confidently assumed that the upper limit of the so-called ultra-deep will fall significantly below 8000 m, as the data show that geological constraints are significantly decreasing, technological solutions are continuously emerging, and their costs are steadily decreasing. The development of ultra-deep projects as an alternative to the so-called ‘shale’ projects will inevitably lead to an increase in their efficiency in developing oil and gas deposits, which are not perceived as such today. The article considers examples of ultra-deep hydrocarbon systems in the basins of continental China (Tarim, Dzungarian and Sichuan) and the Gulf of Mexico (Perdido folded zone).

Structures and properties of the late pleistocene paleosols of the loess-soil section of Obi-Mazar (Tajikistan)

The loess-soil series of Central Asia cover the history of subaerial sedimentation of the last 2–2.5 mln years. Significant thicknesses, a large number of paleosols, and an impressive chronology place the loess-soil series of the Afghan-Tajik depression on a par with the famous sections of the Loess Plateau of China. The study of the most significant sections located within the Khovaling Loess Plateau makes it possible to develop a regional chronostratigraphic chart, to study the structure and conditions of formation of the main stratigraphic benchmarks–buried paleosols. The present study is devoted to the clarification of the structural features of loess and paleosols of the Late Pleistocene in one of the sections of the Khovaling–Obi-Mazar Plateau. Based on the results of stratigraphic dissection, description of the macro- and micromorphological structure, magnetic susceptibility analysis, study of the chemical and granulometric composition, a comprehensive description of the structure and properties was carried out and the most probable conditions for the formation of paleosols and loess were established. In the Late Pleistocene part of the section, two loess layers and a pedocomplex PC1 with three welded paleosols, consisting of a total of 7 horizons, are distinguished. The deposits are characterized by high silt content, carbon content, and the presence of signs of pedogenesis and biological activity in all layers of the studied section. Available data indicate the presence of a poorly developed MIS 3 paleosol in the upper loess layer. The developed pedocomplex PC1 of Obi-Mazar, according to its stratigraphic position, structural features, and magnetic susceptibility data, belongs to the MIS 5. According to preliminary data, its formation occurred in semi-humid and humid conditions under forest vegetation, which contributed to the biogenic segregation of Fe-Mn compounds, as well as intra- and interhorizon redistribution of carbonates due to diagenetic processes. Towards the end of the Last Interglacial, gradual aridization occurred, due to which the upper paleosol to be the least developed.

Formation mechanism and oil-bearing properties of gravity flow sand body of Chang 63 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing area, Ordos Basin

Abstract Gravity flow sand body is an important reservoir for deep water deposition. The in-depth study of its formation mechanism and oil enrichment law can provide important guidance for oil and gas exploration in deep water areas. In this article, taking the deep-water gravity flow sand body of the Triassic Chang 63 sub-member in the Huaqing area as an example, the identification characteristics, formation mechanism, and oil-bearing characteristics of the gravity flow sand body are systematically discussed. The results show that sandy debris flow, turbidite flow, and mixed event flow present different superposition combination modes on vertical gravity flow deposition. The lithofacies of the gravity flow sandstone complex are mainly affected by lake level fluctuation, provenance supply, and hydrodynamic conditions. According to the formation conditions, sedimentary types. and distribution characteristics of deep water gravity flow sand bodies, a three-dimensional sedimentary mode of deep water gravity flow sand bodies is established. It is found that the physical and oil-bearing properties of the sandy debris flow sand body are better than those of the turbidity flow sand body. The reason is that the proportion of debris in the sand body of sandy debris flow is high, and the content of debris particles is generally greater than 70% according to the statistics of thin sections, which is conducive to the formation of pores. Second, sandy debris flow belongs to block transport, and the mixing of lithology is not sufficient in the process of block flow transport, so some pores will be preserved. Finally, gravity flows, which are dense at the beginning, become less dense later as detrital sediments unload, allowing them to be transported to distant regions. Therefore, the monolayer thickness of the sandy debris flow sand body is large (generally greater than 0.5 m), and the particle size of the debris ranges from 0.03 to 0.3 mm. Finally, the physical and oil-bearing properties of the sandy clastic flow sand body are better than those of the turbidity flow sand body.

Stationary scattering for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with point-like obstacles: exact solutions

AbstractWe solve the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE) in 1D in presence of one, two and several Dirac delta potentials. With the help of an equivalent central force problem we obtain the analytical solutions in terms of a biparametric family containing the Jacobi functions. Elliptic Jacobi functions are already reported in the literature but they have not been used in the context of a scattering problem under causal boundary conditions. In the simplest examples of one or two Dirac deltas we analyze how the nonlinear term of the equation affects the modulus and phase profiles of the wave function. We also study the transmission curves under the nonlinear modification of the tunneling behavior for the first time. For a Fabri-Perot configuration made of two deltas, we obtain the effect of nonlinear coupling in the positions of the local maxima (resonances). We lay the foundations for nonlinear Anderson localization of 1D BECs in a speckle field. Upon redefinition of parameters these novel results describe the dynamics of a stationary Higgs field in 1D. Finally, we discuss the conditions for soliton formation under the influence of a Dirac comb potential, giving rise to fully correlated locations and intensities of the defects.

Compositional peculiarities of the primary, mixed, and oxidized copper ores in gabbroids of the Volkovsky massif (Middle Urals, Russia)

The Ural type magmatic copper deposits in gabbro are assigned to a specific type of copper deposits which exploitation substantially depends on the oxidation degree of the ores, that is often not unambiguous. At the Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia), three technological grades of the copper ores are known, the primary, oxidized, and mixed ones, that are distinguished based on the relative content of Cu2+ in the total copper balance. This paper presents petrological, petrochemical, geochemical, and mineralogical characteristics of natural varieties of the copper ores of the Northwestern zone of the Volkovskoe deposit. It is demonstrated that the criterion for distinguishing the technological grades of the copper ores by the relative Cu2+ content does not reflect the real degree of the supergene oxidation for the selected technological varieties. The results of our research suggest a necessity of studying the copper sulfides in more detail to clarify peculiarities of the redox conditions of the ore formation, to correct the indicators of the primary and supergene copper oxidation degree, which may provide new criteria to determine the boundaries between the technological grades of copper ores, using the Volkovskoe ore deposit as an example.

A multi-objective reinforcement learning framework for real-time drilling optimization based on symbolic regression and perception

In the context of the global energy transition, optimizing deep-water oil and gas drilling parameters is crucial for ensuring safety while improving efficiency. Traditional methods face limitations in highly dynamic and nonlinear drilling environments, struggling to balance speed and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, these methods rely on real-time logging-while-drilling (LWD) data for decision-making, but delays in data collection and processing hinder timely adjustments of drilling parameters, affecting decision accuracy and responsiveness. This paper proposes a multi-objective drilling parameter optimization framework, incorporating symbolic regression, time-series networks, and Markov decision processes to precisely predict ROP, formation conditions, and optimize drilling parameters in real time. Key innovations include a multi-population evolutionary symbolic regression algorithm for constructing empirical equations, the integration of variational mode decomposition (VMD) and sample entropy for data preprocessing, and multi-head self-attention time-series networks to enhance prediction accuracy. Quantile regression further estimates the range of drilling parameter adjustments. Additionally, a drilling parameter optimization deep deterministic policy gradient (DPODDPG) algorithm was developed to automate real-time parameter adjustments. Empirical analysis on the Ledong 10-1 block in the South China Sea demonstrated significant improvements: ROP increased from 54.18 m/hr to 122.17 m/hr, mechanical specific energy (MSE) decreased from 100.82 MPa to 97.78 MPa, and cost per foot reduced from 121.16 × 102 CNY/m to 51.31 × 102 CNY/m. Compared to traditional methods, the proposed framework showed clear advantages in enhancing ROP, reducing MSE, and controlling costs, further validating its superiority in complex drilling environments. This method not only significantly improves drilling efficiency and economic benefits but also adapts to complex and changing drilling conditions, showing broad application potential, particularly in challenging deep-water oil and gas drilling operations, where it can provide more efficient and reliable optimization solutions.

A Combined Experimental and Computational Study on the Effect of the Reactor Configuration and Operational Procedures on the Formation, Growth and Dissociation of Carbon Dioxide Hydrate

Clathrate hydrate-based technologies are considered promising and sustainable alternatives for the effective management of the climate change risks related to emissions of carbon dioxide produced by human activities. This work presents a combined experimental and computational investigation of the effects of the operational procedures and characteristics of the experimental configuration, on the phase diagrams of CO2-H2O systems and CO2 hydrates’ formation, growth and dissociation conditions. The operational modes involved (i) the incremental (step-wise) temperature cycling and (ii) the continuous temperature cycling processes, in the framework of an isochoric pressure search method. Also, two different high-pressure PVT configurations were used, of which one encompassed a stirred tank reactor and the other incorporated an autoclave of constant volume with magnetic agitation. The experimental results implied a dependence of the subcooling degree, (P, T) conditions for hydrate formation and dissociation, and thermal stability of the hydrate phase on the applied temperature cycling mode and the technical features of the utilized PVT configuration. The experimental findings were complemented by a thermodynamic simulation model and other calculation approaches, with the aim to resolve the phase diagrams including the CO2 dissolution over the entire range of the applied (P, T) conditions.

Conditions for formation and preservation of andesite-hosted mafic enclaves during the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea

Andesites erupted at Kīlauea in 2018 in the Lower East Rift Zone for the first time in the known geological record. The evolved lavas erupted at Fissure 17 of the 2018 eruption, ranging from andesites to basaltic andesites, contain abundant mafic enclaves both in the lava flows and the ejecta, which are unusual at Kīlauea and in Hawai'i in general. Textural observations indicate that the enclaves originate from incomplete mixing of two magmas rather than the incorporation of cold basaltic wall rock. We suggest, on the basis of bulk and mineral compositions, that the source of the mafic enclaves is the early 2018 evolved basalt magma (phase 1b) that erupted concomitantly at adjacent fissures, which mixed with the andesite to produce the range of basaltic andesite compositions observed at Fissure 17. The coexistence of homogenized basaltic andesites and mafic enclaves within the same magma require a mixing mechanism resulting in both complete homogenization and preservation of enclaves. We propose that the range of mixing and mingling processes may be explained by spatial and temporal variability in the mixing percentages of the phase 1b basalt and the andesite within the andesite magma chamber. Field observations, chemical compositions, and 2D thermal conduction models suggest that enclaves are preserved where the basalt contribution to mixing is less than roughly 40 %, as a result of microlite crystallization leading to rigidification of the enclave magma. Above this threshold, the mixed magmas became largely homogenized. The scarcity of mafic enclaves at Kīlauea and in the Hawai'i igneous record is likely explained by mixing between magmas that lack sufficient compositional and rheological contrasts to preserve them.

Impact of biochar on anaerobic digestion process and microbiome composition; focusing on pyrolysis conditions for biochar formation

This study is a comprehensive investigation of the role of biochar in anaerobic digestion relating various physicochemical properties and the potential biodegradability of biochar to the digestion process. Seven biochars, produced from cedar wood, wheat straw, digestate, and municipal sewage sludge, at temperatures ranging from 400 to 950 °C, were evaluated during mesophilic digestion of cellulose as a model substrate. Pyrolysis conditions significantly affected biochar's properties, with high temperatures resulting in larger surface areas (up to 1262 m2/g) and pore sizes (up to 0.7 cm3/g), more organized graphene-like structures, and higher electrical conductivities. Irrespective of the concentration and diversity of their physicochemical properties, most tested biochars did not affect methane production, despite enriching the relative abundance of the methanogenic community, even up to 42.7 %. Interestingly, wood-based biochar, post-treated by gasification at a high temperature (800 °C), reduced methane yield by up to 52 %. Contrary, methane was increased by 40 % due to residual biodegradable organic matter in biochar produced at a low temperature (400 °C) under incomplete anoxic conditions. This indicates that once the stoichiometric methane potential is reached, no additional methane can be produced by adding biochar, unless it acts as a co-substrate.

A discursive analysis about the dissemination of voice in the newspaper Estadão

This article aims to describe and interpret the meaning effects of the voices propagated in the Estadão newspaper, using the well-established interpretive tool of Discourse Analysis. To this end, the following Estadão articles, all from 2015, were chosen as corpus for this study, according to the criterion of having the voice lexical marker as an integral part of the text: "Tony Bennett reinvents himself in a new album" (ESTADÃO, 2015) and "Julião Pinheiro, son of Paulo César Pinheiro and Luciana Rabello, releases album" (Pennafort, 2015). The notions of conditions of production, discursive formation and interdiscourse, and their respective intertwinings, are used. The analytical vectors described above are applied to examine the discursivity invested in the sayings about the voices projected in the media, in the interpretive procedure. As one of the main results, it appears that the liberal discursive formation of the market predominates in both periodical products, forming the sayings about the voice and, through this expedient, pointing to a conservative aesthetic of the successful voice, in the media outlet in question, with his perception goes back to other voices in the entertainment industry.

The use of ultra-violet visible spectroscopy to determination some antibiotics beta-lactam in some drugs

This research aims to use chemical reaction to determine some of beta lactam antibiotics which include cephalexin and ceftriaxone in some pharmaceuticals by formation Prussian Blue complexes and using them for the UV-Vis., determination of drugs at wavelengths range (700- 720)nm by reaction them with FeCl3 in the presence of reagent K3[Fe(CN)6] in acid media . The optimal experimental conditions for the complex formation have been studied such as volume of HCl , K3[Fe(CN)6] , FeCl3 ,temperature and reaction time .Analytical figures of merits obtained on applying the developed procedure for cephalexin and ceftriaxone resp. are Linearity,(2-10),(1-7)?g.ml-1 LOD(0.0601,0.0330) ?g.ml-1. The developed procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of the antibiotics Cephalexin and Ceftriaxone in pharmaceutical preparations , Cephalexin and Gramocef using direct and standard additions method. The analytical results match well with the drug contents as indicated by recovery percent had been found as follows (103.50%,93.27%.) for cephalexin, and ceftriaxone resp..

Characterization of a Charged Biomimetic Lipid Membrane for Unique Antifouling Effects against Clinically Relevant Matrices in Biosensing.

Clinically relevant matrices such as human blood and serum can cause substantial interference in biosensing measurements, severely compromising the effectiveness of the sensors. We report the characterization of a positively charged lipid membrane that has demonstrated unique features to suppress the nonspecific signal for antifouling effects by using SPR, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and MALDI-TOF-MS. The ethylphosphocholine (EPC) lipid membrane proved to be exceptionally effective at reducing irreversible interactions from human serum on a Protein A surface. The membrane formation conditions and their effects on membrane fluidity and mobility were characterized for understanding the antifouling functions when various capture molecules were immobilized. Specifically, EPC lipid membranes on a Protein A substrate appear to exhibit a strong interaction, likely through the electrostatic effect with the negatively charged proteins that resulted in a stable hydration layer. The strong interaction also limited lipid mobility, contributing to a robust, protective interface that remained undamaged in undiluted serum. Tailoring a surface with antifouling lipid membranes allows for a range of biosensing applications in highly complex biological media.