Condensed Tannin Content Research Articles

Application of Pulsed Electric Fields PEF on Pecan Nuts Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. K. Koch: Oil Extraction Yield and Compositional Characteristics of the Oil and Its By-product

Pecan nut oil is conventionally obtained by mechanical extraction characterized by a low oil extraction yield (OEY) compared to solvent extraction. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) have been employed as a pretreatment to enhance OEY from several oilseeds, but no studies have been found regarding tree nut oil. Hence, PEF was applied at different specific energy inputs (0.5–17.6 kJ kg−1) to evaluate its impact on OEY, oil acidity, and antioxidant capacity (AC), along with total phenolics (TP), condensed tannins (CT), and AC of the by-product generated from oil extraction. Kernels treated by PEF were compared against untreated and soaked kernels due to sample water immersion during PEF processing. The water immersion reduced the initial oil content of soaked and PEF-treated kernels (7.3–11.7%), transferring between 3.8 ± 0.0 and 6.2 ± 0.1 g of oil into the soaking water (\({o}_{SW}\)). OEYTOTAL of soaked and PEF-treated samples was calculated considering \({o}_{SW}\). The application of 0.5 kJ kg−1 increased OEYTOTAL by 21.4 and 17.6% compared to untreated and soaked kernels, respectively, while oil acidity and AC of PEF-treated kernels were within values reported for pecan nut oil. The highest concentration of TP and CT in the by-product was achieved at 0.8 kJ kg−1, increasing 9.5 and 30.1%, respectively, compared to untreated kernels. Results evidenced that PEF processing might be a suitable technology to increase OEY from pecan nuts, but the oil extracted during kernels water immersion must be recovered. Furthermore, the by-product of PEF-treated kernels displayed an enhanced content of phenolic compounds increasing its potential as food ingredient.

Composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from Douglas fir bark

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the chemical composition of apolar and polar extractives from Douglas-fir bark, cork and phloem, establishing a possible correlation with the structural variation along the tree stem and geographic location. Douglas-fir bark extractives’ composition were analyzed at three stem heights in trees from two locations. Cork and phloem extracts’ composition were analyzed in samples collected at stem base. Extractives content in Douglas-fir bark varied between 14 and 31% and polar extractives (11–29%) were dominant over non-polar. Lipophilic extracts were mainly composed of terpenoids, representing 27–77% of all compounds, highlighted by callitrisic acid (11–34%). Sterols were also abundant (6–45%), with β-sitosterol representing 7–33% of all compounds. Alkanoic acids were present in smaller amounts. Ethanol–water extracts showed high phenolic (562–762 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid and condensed tannins contents (399–683 mg CE/g extract and 120–262 mg CE/g of extract), high scavenging (IC50 2.8 µg extract/mL) and reducing (12 mM Fe2+/g extract) abilities. Cork had high phenolic (819 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (524 mg CE/g extract) and high antioxidant capacity (1080 mg TEAC/g extract). Detailed knowledge of Douglas-fir extracts demonstrates their potential as a source of fine chemicals towards different applications.

Effect of polyphenols extracted from Punica granatum and Acacia saligna plants on glutathione S-transferase of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Ticks are hematophageal ectoparasites that transport major pathogens around the world. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in resistance to acaricide and redox balancing during the life cycle of the tick. The inhibition of tick GST enzymes by certain phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and tannins, can be a promising approach to tick control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Punica granatum red peel and Acacia saligna leaf extracts on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus GST activity in order to reduce the resistance of cattle to acaricide. The results showed that P. granatum ethanol extract (70%) contained the highest total phenol content (350 ± 1.2μM GAE g-1), the highest condensed tannin content (270 ± 1.3μM CE g-1) and the highest hydrolysable tannin content (70 ± 5.0μM TAE g-1). Adult immersion test with a dosage of 100mg ml-1 of A. saligna ethanol extracts had a significant mortality of 50% and 75% after 24h and 96h, respectively (p < 0.01). A simple and reproducible procedure was established to purify the whole R. annulatus GST (wRaGST) while a full-length cDNA of GST was cloned from a cDNA library of the local Egyptian cattle tick R. (B.) annulatus (rRaGST). Aqueous extracts of P. granatum inhibited both wRaGST and rRaGST with values of IC50 = 0.114 and 0.07µgml-1, respectively, compared to A. saligna extracts (IC50 values = 2.08 and 1.35µgml, respectively). These inhibitory effects were attributed to the presence of a high tannin concentration (≥ 80%). HPLC analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid and catechin in both extracts, in addition to the rutin, which was only observed in A. saligna extracts. The addition of a tannin inhibitor, polyethylene glycol, suggested the existence of other phenolic compounds in combination with catechins responsible for inhibiting the activity of these extracts. Non-competitive behaviour of catechins may be helpful in preventing, or at least delaying, the development of chemical acaricide resistancein R. annulatus.

SEASONALITY OF THE BARK TANNINS CONTENT OF FIVE-YEAR-OLD Acacia mangium TREES GROWN IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the influence of the seasonality on the bark tannins content of Acacia mangium trees grown in the Northeastern Brazilian Region and the effect of soil preparation on the results. Two experimental plots of 1.0 ha each were submitted to different soil preparation methods, with two different intensities. The experimental design consisted of four treatments, two types of soil preparation and, two different bark collection seasons (end of the rainy and dry seasons). The bark of the trees was collected in each treatment and the contents of condensed tannins were determined. For each experimental treatment, 15 trees were harvested and debarked. Bark material was submitted to extraction with hot water, obtaining the total solids content (TSC), Stiasny index (I), and the condensed tannins content (CTC). There was no influence of the soil preparation method on the TSC, I, and CTC. However, there was a significant difference in these parameters for tree bark collected in the rainy season, with higher values. The less intensive soil preparation method is recommended due to its lower cost, and bark should be collected at the end of the rainy season for the best yield of condensed tannins.

EXTRACTION, QUANTIFICATION, AND FTIR CHARACTERIZATION OF BARK TANNINS OF FOUR FOREST SPECIES GROWN IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Condensed tannins are chemical compounds derived from the secondary metabolism of plants. They are of particular interest due to their broad range of technological uses and applications. The objective of this study was to extract, quantify, and characterize by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) the bark tannins of four forest species grown in Northeast Brazil: Acacia mangium, Azadirachta indica, Mimosa tenuiflora, and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia. Bark samples were collected from 5 trees of each species grown in a five-year-old forest stand. Samples were collected, grounded, and submitted to extraction with hot water, then measured to determine total solids content (TSC), Stiasny number (SN), and condensed tannins content (CTC). FTIR spectra were acquired from tannin samples fixed in potassium bromide pellets. Among the four species, M. tenuiflora presented the highest CTC, equal to 23.4%, and the purest crude hot-water extract with SN of 91.27%. Based on FTIR characterization, tannins from M. caesalpiniifolia, A. indica, and A. mangium barks were classified as proanthocyanidins and those from M. tenuiflora bark as prodelphinidins.

Effect of Elicitation on Polyphenol Metabolism and Antioxidant Properties of Broccoli and Knolkhol Sprouts

The present study evaluated the effect of different elicitors (salicylic acid, methyl salicylate and neem leaf extract) along with precursor feeding on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of broccoli and knolkhol sprouts. The results of the study revealed that elicitation increased the PAL and TAL enzyme activity which resulted in the enhancement of antioxidant and phenolic content of broccoli and knolkhol sprouts. Salicylic acid (200μM) plus L-phenylalanine treatment was found to be optimum as it showed the highest increase of phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannin content and antioxidant activity for both broccoli and knolkhol sprouts. The optimum treatment also enhanced the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), and peroxidase (POD) activity in broccoli sprouts by the 1.45-fold, 1.61-fold, and 1.51-fold, respectively and in knolkhol sprouts, the increase was 2.25-fold, 0.68-fold and 1.44-fold, respectively. Based on the findings of the present research, elicitation supported by precursor feeding appeared to be a easy and cheap method for increasing the bioactive components and antioxidant potential of broccoli and knolkhol sprouts.

In vitro fermentation performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed with different proportions of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaves (PML) or condensed tannins extracted from PML

Ruminants would suffer from gastric distension (bloat) when feeding on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Alf), while tannins can relieve this problem. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Alf mixed with paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaves (PML) or condensed tannins (CT) extracted from PML on in vitro fermentation performance. Seven experimental treatments based on the mass ratios of Alf and PML were set up: Alf, PML, 3A1P (Alf:PML = 3:1), 1A1P (Alf:PML = 1:1), 1A3P (Alf:PML = 1:3), A1P (Alf with 1% CT extracted from PML), A2P (Alf with 2% CT extracted from PML), and a blank. The results after fermentation were as follows. (1) The degradable dry matter (DDM) and degradable organic matter (DOM) contents increased simultaneously with the increase in the proportion of PML (p < .05). However, the DDM and DOM contents decreased with the increase in PML CT concentration. Moreover, mixing PML with ALF improved (p <.05) the concentrations of acetic (except in 3A1P, p > .05), propionic, and butyric acids compared to Alf alone. Adding CT improved the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids over the Alf treatment (p < .05). (2) The 1A1P, 1A3P, and PML treatments showed the maximum rate of gas production during fermentation when compared with the other treatments (p < .05). The asymptotic gas volumes of the treatments with added CT were less than the Alf treatment (p < .05). It can be concluded that a mixture of Alf and PML after in vitro fermentation for 96 h could improve the DDM and DOM contents, reduce gas production, and produce more short-chain fatty acids. Highlights Adding paper mulberry leaves to Alfalfa could improve the degradable dry matter and degradable organic matter. Adding paper mulberry leaves to Alfalfa could reduce gas production, and produce more short-chain fatty acids than Alfalfa. Adding condensed tannin extracted from paper mulberry leaves to Alfalfa could reduce gas production and the maximum rate of substrate digestion, thereby preventing bloat.

Effects of roasting process on nutritional and antinutritional factors of two lentils varieties (Lens culinaris. Medik) cultivated in Algeria

The present study aimed to incite the lentil seeds consumption among people by innovating a healthy method of preparation which improves its nutritional quality. Roasting process at different temperature and time was tested for reducing antinutritional (phytic acid and condensed tannins), and nutritional components (Phenolics and flavonoids), as well as in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays for two varieties (Dahra and Syria.229) of lentils lens culinaris. Medik cultivated in Algeria. A significant de-crease (P&lt;0.01) of phytates and condensed tannin contents was recorded for all roasted varieties (reduction up to 63.01% and 41.41% respectively for phytates and condensed tannin contents at 140°C for 30 min), indicating that roasting of lentil seeds improve nutritional quality by reducing their antinutritional factors. The loss of total phenolic content reaches 12.71% for the Syria.229 cultivar and 23.04 % for the Dahra cultivar, while approximatively half of the total flavonoids content (46.96% for the S.229 cultivar and 48.93% for the Dahra cultivar) were lost during this treatment. Roasting at 140° C for 15 min and at 120° C for 30 min respectively for the varieties DAHRA and SYRIE 229 seem to be the most appropriate heat treatments among other studied one, with more phytates and condensed tannins reduction, and less regression of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the tested lentils. Results indicate that roasted lentils flour can be used as a culinary recipe and an industrial raw material for the production of innovated baking foods with great nutritional value.

Biochemical responses of Moringa oleifera Lam. plants to graded moisture deficit

Continual water loss through transpiration and evaporation as a result of drought leads to stomatal closure and subsequently the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes oxidative stress in plants. A set of biochemical mechanisms are concurrently triggered to set in motion a defence line, which, among others, involves the synthesis of antioxidant and osmoprotectants compounds. These play a protective role to overcome stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying moisture regimes on the accumulation patterns and concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and osmolyte proline in Moringa oleifera. The study was conducted in a greenhouse (25 ± 3°C) at ARC, Roodeplaat in Pretoria, South Africa. Moringa oleifera seeds were individually planted in pots using hygro-mix as the growth media. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with four watering regimes of 100%, 75%, 50% and 35% field water capacity (FWC) each with 50 replicate plants. Proline content increased with the severity of moisture stress in all plant parts (root, stem and leaf), with the leaves under severe stress (35% FWC) recording the highest concentration. Folin C, aluminium chloride and butanol-HCL assays were used to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin concentrations, respectively, in the different plant parts at different growth stages and harvests. The concentrations of these secondary metabolites were consistently higher in leaves and increased with an increase in moisture stress. The highest concentrations were recorded in the second harvest under severe stress (35% FWC) for total phenolics and proanthocyanidins at 50% FWC for flavonoids . Leaves showed a better antioxidant ability and antioxidant activities increased with drought progression as determined by FRAP while DPPH radical scavenging and the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system did not show a distinct trend in antioxidant activities in relation to the different moisture levels. Based on the results of this study, antioxidant and osmoprotectant compounds as well as antioxidant activity appears to increase corresponding to severity of moisture stress in all plant parts at both harvests. This trend suggests that M. oleifera employs these mechanisms in adapting to moisture stress.

Evaluation of Nutritional Properties of dried Moringa (Moringa stenopetala) Leaves and Dried Moringa Leaves Infusion

Moringa demand is currently increased in Ethiopia due to its nutritional and medicinal values. However, there is no as such information about their dried leaves and infusion nutritional properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dried leaves and infusion nutritional properties. The dried leaves of Moringa were characterized for proximate, minerals, phytochemicals, and antioxidants. The result shows dried Moringa leaf had 6 g/100 g moisture, 11.2 g/100 g ash, 25.3 g/100 g crude protein, 6.9 g/100 g crude fat, 9.3 g/100 g crude fiber, 41.30 g/100 g carbohydrate, 1300.7 mg/100 g Ca, 128.9 mg/100 g Na, 330.9 mg/100 g K, 1056.6 mg/100 g Mg, 47.7 mg/100 g Fe, 1.8 mg/100 g Zn, 0.8 mg/100 g Cu, 3.4 mg/100 g Mn, 2.6 mg GAE*/g total phenolic content, 11.9 mg CE/g total flavonoid content, 3.3 mg CE/g Condensed tannin content, 0.48 (IC-50, g/mL) DPPH scavenging, 2.27 mg AAE/g Ferric reducing power and 1.23 mg BHTE/g total antioxidant. This study provides evidence on the dried Moringa leaves nutritional properties and its leave infusion antioxidant and phytochemicals properties.

Effect of leaf type on browse selection by free-ranging goats in a southern African savanna.

Broad- and fine-leaved woody species respond to seasonal changes from wet to dry season differently. For example, broad-leaved species shed their leaves earlier, while fine-leaved species, especially acacias retain green foliage well into the dry season. These differences are expected to result in variation in selection of broad- and fine-leaved woody species as browse by free-ranging goats. We tested the hypothesis that free-ranging goats select broad-leaved woody species more than fine-leaved species during wet (growth) season and fine-leaved woody species more than broad-leaved species during dry season. In addition, we tested if broad- and fine-leaved woody species had different foliar dry matter digestibility and chemical composition (crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, total phenolics and condensed tannins concentration). Free-ranging goats were observed foraging on broad- and fine-leaved woody species over a two-year period (2014 and 2015) during three seasons: early wet (October/November), late wet (February/March) and dry (May/June). Ivlev’s selectivity or Jacob’s index (Ei) was calculated for five woody species (two broad-leaved and three fine-leaved) browsed by goats during wet and dry season. Jacob’s selectivity index was higher for broad–leaved (Ziziphus mucronata and Searsia (Rhus) tenuinervis) than fine-leaved woody species (Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo and Dichrostachys cinerea) during wet season. However, the trend was reversed during dry season with fine-leaved species having higher Jacob’s selectivity index than broad-leaved species. Leaf dry matter digestibility and chemical composition was similar between broad- and fine-leaved woody species throughout the year. We conclude that goats selected broad-leaved woody species during wet season when browse was plentiful and then switched to fine-leaved species which retained leaves during dry season.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from a Jujube By-Product with Valuable Bioactivities

Jujube plant is a potential source of polyphenols with biological propreties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of ultrasound technique for extracting phenolic compounds (TPC) from seeds of Zizyphus lotus under optimization conditions based on response surface methodology. A maximum TPC, total flavonoids content (TFC), and total condensed tannins content (TTC) of 2383.10 ± 0.87 mg GAE/100g, 486.50 ± 0.38 mg QE/100g and 15,787.10 ± 0.10 mg CE/100g, respectively obtained under ethanol concentration 50.16%, sonication temperature 29.01 °C, sonication time 15.94 min and solvent-to-solid ratio 34.10:1 mL/g. The optimized extract was then evaluated for its antioxidant, antiacethylcholinesterase, antihypercholesterolemia, and antiproliferative activities. The results showed that ultrasound method is a green and safe method that can be used to effectively extract TPC from jujube seeds. The biological activity of Zizyphus extract exhibited a very good antioxidant against DPPH (EC50 = 0.39 µg/mL) and FRAP (1670.42 ± 6.5 mg/100 g). Additionally, it possesses acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.93 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and HMGR inhibition (45.41%) using 100 µg/mL. The extract significantly inhibits cell proliferation on the MCF-7 and HepG2 tumor cell lines with an IC50 values of &lt;0.05 and 3 ± 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the ultrasound method can be considered a method for obtaining a significant anticancer activity with respect to the lines and therefore makes it possible to recover a maximum of phenolic compounds in less time with an AChE and HMGR inhibitory activity. Thus, it can be suggested that Zls extract is a promising fruit for the development of supplementary dietary due to its potential behaviour as nutraceutical.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activities of Various Solvent Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Cynara cardunculus&lt;/i&gt; Stalks

The aim of this study was to assess the phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial and allelopathic properties of various solvent extracts of Cynara cardunculus (L.) stalks. Dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used for the preparation of extracts. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract has large amounts of polyphenols (180.35 ± 2.97 mg EAG/g DW), flavonoids (74.32 ± 4.46 mg QE/g DW), and flavonols (7.79 ± 0.00 mg QE/g DW). Furthermore, the ethanol extract of C. cardunculus was the richest in condensed tannin content (45.24 ± 0.36 mg CE/ g DW). The antioxidant effects of the extracts were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method, which showed that the ethyl acetate extract possesses the strongest activity (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.02 mg/ml). The extracts were also tested against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms using the microdilution assay. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.019 and 0.039 mg/ml, respectively. The allelopathic activity results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract at the highest concentration of 1 mg/ ml induces maximum reduction, showing 100% inhibition of Coriandrum sativum (L.) and Cuminum cyminum (L.) seeds. Thus, these findings suggest that C. cardunculus extracts may serve as potential sources for new antioxidant, antibacterial phytochemicals and natural herbicides.&#x0D; Keywords: Cynara cardunculus, phytochemical profile, antioxidant effect, antibacterial activity, allelopathic potential

Inclusion of condensed tannins in Lateolabrax japonicus diets: Effects on growth, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant and immune capacity and copper sulphate stress resistance

Condensed tannins (CT) possess antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities and thereby are regarded as a promising alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Although the effect of CT on growth of fish has been evaluated, little information is available about the effect of CT on the oxidative stress resistance of Lateolabrax japonicus. This study was conducted to assess the effects of CT on growth, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant and immune capacity and copper sulphate stress resistance of L. japonicus. A total of 960 juvenile L. japonicus (5.5 ± 0.11 g body weight) were randomly allocated into six groups with four replicates each (40 fish per replicate) and fed six diets containing 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/kg of grape seed CT respectively for 56 d. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily during the entire experimental period and feces were collected daily for the last 14 d of feeding trial to determine nutrients digestibility using yttrium oxide as an indigestible marker. Fish were suffered with a 3-h acute copper sulphate stress test at the end of feeding trial. Blood and liver samples were collected to analyze antioxidant enzymes and non-specific immune indices, histomorphology and antioxidant-related genes expression. Dietary CT did not affect growth, body composition, liver histological appearance of fish but linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the intraperitoneal fat ratio, serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and tumor necrosis factor α as dietary CT increasing from 0 to 1 g/kg. Dry matter digestibility was linearly and quadratically decreased (P < 0.001), whereas digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were similar (P> 0.05) among treatments. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and catalase (CAT) in serum as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase in the liver were linearly increased (P < 0.01), and serum SOD and liver TAOC were linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.05), whereas liver interleukin 6 was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with the increased dietary CT concentrations. Expressions of SOD and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA were up-regulated (P < 0.05) as dietary CT increasing, whereas expression of CAT and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA were not affected by the treatments. Fish fed diets containing 0.8–1.0 g/kg of CT had lower (P < 0.05) cumulative mortality rate than those fed other diets as observed in the acute copper sulphate stress test. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in serum and TAOC and CAT in the liver were linearly increased (P < 0.05), liver CAT and Nrf2 mRNA were up-regulated (P < 0.05), whereas HSP70 mRNA was down-regulated (P < 0.05) with increased dietary CT concentrations. Dietary grape seed CT up to 1 g/kg did not affect growth and nutrient digestibility, but enhanced antioxidant and immune capacity as well as copper sulphate stress resistance of juvenile L. japonicus probably by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Condensed tannins are beneficial for the lipid metabolism of L. japonicus owing to decreased intraperitoneal fat ratio and blood lipid.

Modeling of polyphenols extraction from pomegranate by-product using rotatable central composite design of experiments

There is a growing request to find an effective method of polyphenols extraction from agro-industry by-product as pomegranate. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to explore the effect of three factors on ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannins (CT) from pomegranate peels. The optimal conditions were determined for each phenolic compound using regression model equations and 3-D plots. The high TP, TF and CT content were obtained with, respectively, liquid/solid ratio of 20.00, 9.77, 9.77, extraction time of 36.38, 41.82, 30.39 min and 36.00, 83.64, 59.26% of ethanol percentage. In fact, liquid/solid ratio of 20, extraction time of 30.94 min and 59.26% of ethanol gives the highest contents of TP, TF and CT simultaneously. The experimental values using optimal conditions agreed with the predicted values. The pomegranate peels extract obtained under optimum conditions have an effective antioxidant activity as determined by ABTS and DPPH assays.

Measurement of Nutritive Value and Phenolic Compounds in Forage Plants Used in Animal Production

Secondary metabolites are important organic metabolites produced by plants. These metabolites include phenolic compounds, which have been of research interest because phenolics are considered an antinutritional factor for ruminants, compromise the bioavailability of nutrients. This study included a chemical composition analysis, an analysis of the condensed tannin content and the identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds present in the following plants cultivated with and without fertilisation: Coastcross-1 grass (G) and the legumes Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineir&amp;atilde;o (MS), Stylosanthes capitata &amp;times; Stylosanthes macrocephala cv. Campo Grande (CGS), Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo (AA) and Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte (AB). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse 13 phenolic compounds. The forage with the best nutritive value was Amarillo pinto peanut. The condensed tannin content was higher in the legumes than that in the grass. Vanillin and o-coumaric, m-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acid were detected in all the cultivars. The cultivar with the largest variety of phenolic compounds was Coastcross-1 grass. Diversity existed in the occurrence of phenolic compounds, which indicated the presence of condensed tannins in the cultivars and possibly that the diversity does not affect the concentration of these compounds. The AA cultivar was the most interesting alternative for the establishment of pasture intercropped with Coastcross-1 grass.

An in Vitro Study on Antifungal Properties, Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Selected Fruit Trees

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal properties, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of sapwood, heartwood and bark parts obtained from three different fruit trees; olive (Olea europaea L.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) grown in Turkey. Firstly, the hydrodistillation products (essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract) were acquired from these parts of selected trees, and methanol and ethanol extracts of the same samples were also prepared for the analysis. The antifungal activities of essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract, ethanol and methanol extracts were determined against wood-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. In addition, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of ethanol and methanol extracts were investigated. According to the results, generally, the essential oil of the parts of three fruit trees was found to inhibit the fungal growth. All hot water extracts and hydrosols of these trees showed no antifungal activity against C. puteana. It was found that olive tree had higher antifungal activity than loquat and date plum trees. The methanol extract of loquat bark gave the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and condensed tannin content compared to parts of the other trees. Furthermore, the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity among three fruit trees were determined in ethanol and methanol extracts of the bark and heartwood of loquat tree. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the parts of studied fruit trees have less or more antifungal and antioxidant activity depending on the experimental parameters, and therefore they can be evaluated as alternative natural antifungal and antioxidant sources.

Clonal Variation in the Bark Chemical Properties of Hybrid Aspen: Potential for Added Value Chemicals.

This study aims to promote comprehensive utilization of woody biomass by providing a knowledgebase on the utility of aspen bark as a new alternative source for fossil-based chemicals. The research focused on the analysis of clonal variation in: (1) major chemical components, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin; (2) extraneous materials, i.e., bark extractives, and suberic acid; (3) condensed tannins content and composition; and (4) screening differences in antioxidative properties and total phenolic content of hot water extracts and ethanol-water extracts of hybrid aspen bark. Results of this study, the discovery of clonal variation in utilizable chemicals, pave the way for further research on added-value potential of under-utilized hybrid aspen and its bark. Clonal variation was found in notable part of chemicals with potential for utilization. Based on the results, an appropriate bark raw material can be selected for tailored processing, thus improving the resource efficiency. The results also indicate that by applying cascade processing concepts, bark chemical substances could be more efficiently utilized with more environmentally friendly methods.

Biochemical characteristics of urban maple trees.

The study, which covers the period between 2014 and 2018, was carried out in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical response of maple trees growing in the anthropogenic environments. Leaf samples from 600 trees (Acer platanoides L. and Acer negundo L.) were collected at monthly intervals from June through August. Sampling was performed early in the morning (11 a.m.) in the middle of the month. The study offers statistical data on the tannin content, determined via permanganometry; the ascorbic acid concentration, found via titration with 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol; the ascorbate oxidase activity determined by absorbance at 265 nm; and the polyphenol oxidase activity, found by the spectrophotometric method. Relatively higher ascorbate oxidase activity was detected in August among ash-leaved Acer platanoides L. and Acer negundo L. in areas with strong anthropogenic impact. Due to increased air pollution, maple trees were found to exhibit an increase of polyphenol oxidase activities. The condensed tannin content in Norway maple trees dropped over time: by 1.24 in July (avenue); by 0.94 (buffer area) and 0.76 (avenue) in August. The condensed tannin content in the ash-leaved maple trees also decreased: by 0.69 (buffer area) and 0.22 (avenue) in July; by 0.37 (buffer area) and 0.61(avenue) in August.

English

Diabetes, has become a public health problem whose prevalence is increasing in subsahelian Africa. The present study aimed to determine the consensus level of plant use and their antidiabetic potentiality. Thus, a semi-structured interview carried out from May 2014 to April 2018 with 120 traditional healers allowed retaining nine species after selection according to the frequency of citation and the bibliographic review: Crescentia cujete L., Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Ficus platyphylla Delile, Lannea acida A. Rich., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel, Feretia apodanthera Delile, Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W. Andrews and Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extracts was performed by high performance thin layer chromatography and the total flavonoids, hydrolyzable and condensed tannins were determined by spectrophotometer method. Results showed that thirty-seven, fifty-five and sixty-five species were inventoried in the provinces of Bazega, Zounweogo and Sanmatenga respectively but the Informant Consensual Factor related to the plant use remains low (FIC<50%). Notwithstanding this, phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of flavonoids and tannins. The highest flavonoids and hydrolysable tannins content were obtained with Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W. Andrews methanolic extracts (11.03±0.07 mg EQ/100 g dry matter and 34.82±0.14 mg ETA /100 g dry matter respectively). The best condensed tannins content was noted with Lannea acida A. Rich. methanolic extract (543.94±18.67 mg ETA /100 g dry matter). These results constitutes a scientific basis that can be directed towards a pharmacological and toxicological investigation. Keywords: Ethnobotanical surveys; Traditional healers; Consensus; Phytochemical screening; Diabetes.