Condensation Process Research Articles

Characterization of Distillation and Redistillation Product of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke at Various Temperatures

This study investigates the impact of distillation temperature on phenol content in coconut shell liquid smoke, a product derived from pyrolysis and subsequent condensation processes. Liquid smoke, renowned for its versatile applications including preservation, antioxidation, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties, necessitates distillation for both quality enhancement and safety. The research comprises a two-stage distillation, featuring 11 temperature variations (100-150°C) in the first stage and 9 variations (75-155°C) in the second stage. Characterization involves pH assessment and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify chemical components. The pH range in the initial distillation stage spans 1.18-1.30, and the second stage ranges from 1.11-1.39. GC-MS analysis of raw coconut shell liquid smoke reveals 25 components, including phenol, furan, ketone, acid, alcohol, benzenediol and derivatives, alkyl aryl ether, deoxycytidine, and silicone grease. GC-MS evaluation is conducted on products of the first stage at 125 and 135°C, and the second stage products at 145 and 155°C. In the first distillation stage, liquid smoke contains phenol and assorted compounds. Conversely, the second stage yields purer phenol compounds. The findings suggest potential applications of the redistillation product as raw material in food preservation, antiseptics, and insecticides.

A fuel gas waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a LNG cold energy process, a water desalination unit, and a CO2 separation process

Development of the multigeneration plants based on the simultaneous production of water and energy can solve many of the current problems of these two major fields. In addition, the integration of fossil power plants with waste heat recovery processes in order to prevent the release of pollutants in the environment can simultaneously cover the environmental and thermodynamic improvements. Besides, the addition of a carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing cycles with such plants is a key issue towards a sustainable environment. Accordingly, a novel waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a carbon dioxide separation/liquefaction cycle is proposed and investigated under multi-variable assessments (energy/exergy, financial, and environmental). The offered multigeneration system is able to generate various beneficial outputs (electricity, liquefied CO2 (L-CO2), natural gas (NG), and freshwater). In the offered system, the liquified natural gas (LNG) cold energy is used to carry out condensation processes, which is a relatively new idea. Based on the results, the outputs rates of net power, NG, L-CO2, and water were determined to be approximately 42.72 MW and 18.01E+03, 612 and 3.56E+03 kmol/h, respectively. Moreover, the multigeneration plant was efficient about 32.08% and 87.72%, respectively, in terms of energy and exergy. Economic estimates indicated that the unit product costs of electricity and liquefied carbon dioxide production, respectively, were around 0.0466 USD per kWh and 0.0728 USD per kg-CO2. Finally, the total released CO2 was about 0.034 kg per kWh. According to a comprehensive comparison, the offered multigeneration plant can provide superior environmental, thermodynamic, and economic performances compared to similar plants. Moreover, there was no need to purchase electricity from the grid.

Study on the effect of pressure in humid air dehumidificationournal

In this paper, there are problems such as large energy consumption and complex system in the field of condensation dehumidification. It is found that increasing pressure can strengthen the effect of condensation dehumidification, simplify the system and reduce energy consumption. So this paper simulates the condensation and dehumidification process of humid air in horizontal pipe under positive pressure. The results show that the dehumidification capacity increases by 25%∼30% when the pressure increases by 100kPa on average. The increase of pressure has little effect on the heat transfer coefficient, but the increase of humidity increases the heat transfer coefficient more obvious. When the humidity of wet air increases by 20%, the heat transfer coefficient increases by 18% ∼ 33%. The dehumidification capacity and heat transfer coefficient increase with the increase of pipe diameter and fluid flow rate.

Numerical simulation and experimental study of new design of PV/T as desalination units

ABSTRACT Other researchers have examined alternative methods for desalinating water in arid regions, focusing specifically on the utilization of solar energy due to its abundance and lack of negative environmental impact. Desalination is one of the many applications of solar energy, and this study proposes a novel approach that employs solar radiation to evaporate brackish and saltwater. By harnessing the heat generated by incident solar radiation on photovoltaic panels, water is able to evaporate under-controlled conditions. This paper is divided into two main sections: the first involves conducting experiments in the laboratory of Najaf Engineering Technical College, while the second entails the numerical simulation of proposed models using COMSOL Multiphysics V. 6.1 software. Previous research has demonstrated the use of heat produced on the back surface of solar cells to generate distilled water by passing non-potable water through a cotton wick attached to the back surface. The new design of the solar active photovoltaic distiller incorporates a solar photovoltaic, wick, and Peltier device. In this study, the Peltier device was employed to enhance the evaporation and condensation processes, resulting in a solar still that integrates the distillation system with the solar panel, thereby increasing productivity per unit area. The experimental and numerical results indicate that model 02 achieves a productivity of 0.827 kg/m2 h, and 0.907 kg/m2 h for flow rates of 2 mL/min and 4 mL/min, respectively. Model 02, which incorporates a Peltier device within a glass container, demonstrates higher productivity across all experimental days, with a maximum daily cumulative productivity of 4355.3 g. Furthermore, model 02 exhibits higher temperatures compared to other modules, with a maximum average back sheet temperature of 78°C in March and a minimum of 55°C.

A close look at the H-C phase Diagram and Hydrocarbon Reservoir Classification and Behavior

H-C phase diagram of reservoir fluids is an important tool used in explaining reservoir fluids behavior during the life period of any reservoir. In this paper, detailed analysis of certain terms of the Pressure–Temperature Diagram (P-T diagram) are presented and discussed. Some of these terms are redefined since the already existing definitions does not fit all cases and conditions of reservoir pressure and temperature, and hence, new definitions are given to such terms so as to make them fit all possible conditions that might exist in the reservoir. Special attention was given to explain and analyze the phase behavior inside the phase envelope (two phase region) of the P-T diagram. Among such terms for example, new definitions and analysis are given to the quality lines to give them much more interest and importance in the P-T diagram as they should be given than just representing the percentages of both liquid and gas phases. The new given definition will open new interpretations and add more interesting and valuable importance to the quality lines. Another new definition is given herein to the Cricondenbar Pressure to make it fit all possible conditions on the P-T diagram since the existing definition does not fit all pressure and temperature conditions. This paper also include some explanations regarding the retrograde gas condensation process and region on the P-T diagram. Finally, the herein mentioned factors and definitions will add more important and wider interpretations and applications for the P-T Diagram for a better understanding of H-C reservoirs. Such interpretations might be applied, also to the fluid flow control inside the reservoir and in the choosing of the best EOR method to apply whenever and wherever it is necessary.

Sustainable cellulose nanofiber/hydrophobic silica nanoparticle coatings with robust hydrophobic and water-resistant properties for wood substrates

Hydrophobization of wood is pivotal for enhancing the utility of wood products. Traditional hydrophobic coatings, primarily petrochemical-based, are now being replaced by environmentally friendly silane-coupled inorganic nanoparticles. However, these alternatives face challenges like poor dispersion stability and weak wood surface adhesion. Our research introduces cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) into the condensation process of silica nanoparticles, creating a CNFs/silica nanoparticle composite. This composite exhibits remarkable dispersion stability and adjustable viscosity, leading to an improved hydrophobic silica/CNFs coating. Its versatility allows for various application methods, including spray, dip, and brush coating. Remarkably, the composite maintains a water contact angle of about 151°, demonstrating excellent water repellency, even with hydrophilic CNFs. The CNFs also enhance the interaction with wood surfaces, boosting the durability of the coating. This innovative approach not only improves storage stability and workability but also ensures uniform hydrophobicity and durable coating formation. Our findings suggest that CNFs derived from lignocellulosic biomass could ultimately be incorporated into environmentally friendly wood coating materials, significantly improving the shortcomings of conventional hydrophobic coatings while reducing dependence on petroleum-based products.

A low-carbon polygeneration system based on a waste heat recovery system, a LNG cold energy process, and a CO2 liquefaction and separation unit

Abstract Expanding energy conversion plants that simultaneously produce water and energy can address multiple issues in these two major fields. Additionally, utilizing waste heat energy from fossil fuel-driven plants rather than releasing it into the atmosphere can provide both thermodynamic and environmental benefits. A new polygeneration plant that integrates a waste heat recovery process and a CO2 liquefaction and separation process is developed and analyzed through a multi-criteria assessment (thermodynamic, economic, and environmental). The plant is capable of producing several advantageous products, including power, natural gas, desalinated water, and liquefied CO2. The polygeneration plant employs cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for condensation processes, a novel approach. Results indicate a net power rate of ~41.96 MW, with 166.8, 4912.8, and 972.6 mol/s for liquefied CO2, natural gas, and desalinated water, sequentially. The plant exhibits energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of ~31.6% and ~86.5%, respectively. The cost feasibility shows that electricity production carries a unit cost of 0.0474 US$/kWh, while liquefied CO2 production cost was about 0.0742 US$/kgCO2. The plant is estimated to emit roughly 0.0343 kg/kWh of carbon dioxide. The energy and exergy efficiencies decrease by ~9% and 2%, respectively, as the seawater feed rate increases from 13 to 23 kg/s. A comprehensive comparison indicates that the studied polygeneration plant yields superior economic, thermodynamic, and environmental performance compared to similar facilities. Furthermore, the proposed plant is capable of meeting its own power demands and does not require electricity from the grid.

A technical appraisal of solar photovoltaic-integrated single slope single basin solar still for simultaneous energy and water generation

In the contemporary era, the availability of energy and water stands as an essential foundation for human survival, with water's significance underscored by its role in shaping habitats. However, the modern world faces the pressing challenge of water scarcity, exacerbated by factors like air and water pollution, leading to ecological imbalances. Water, an indispensable resource for various daily human activities, necessitates the generation of freshwater. Simultaneously, the imperative of sustainable energy generation has taken precedence on the national agenda for growth. In this context, the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology with solar stills emerges as the most viable solution. Within these integrated systems, electrical energy generated by solar PV is strategically employed to preheat inlet feeds, enhance air temperature, and optimize the evaporation and condensation processes within the solar still, thereby augmenting its overall performance. This study delves into the integration of solar PV collectors/systems with solar stills, distinguishing between thermal and electrical energy utilization in solar PV systems. The review underscores the pivotal role of solar PV integration in addressing critical issues of water scarcity and sustainable energy generation, contributing to the nation's growth.

Numerical investigation of exit pressure on flow structure in steam ejector by considering condensation and evaporation process

Numerical investigation of exit pressure on flow structure in steam ejector by considering condensation and evaporation process

Conceptual Design of Experimental Test Rig for Research on Thermo-Flow Processes During Direct Contact Condensation in the Two-Phase Spray-Ejector Condenser

Abstract The paper presents the conceptual design of a prototype experimental facility for mixing jet-type flow condensers investigations when the steam in exhaust gases is condensed on the water jet in the presence of CO2. The proposed experimental test rig was designed to give abilities to investigate the effectiveness of jet condensers experimentally as part of the CO2 capture phase and especially to investigate Spray-Ejector Condensers (SEC) developed as the combination of ejector and condenser devices. The paper presents the design and key features of the prototype installation components. The basic design was developed based on the simulation results, and for this purpose, model of installation, including characteristics of individual components, was built. The developed model helps to evaluate the main performances of the conceptual test rig and supports the test-rig design process. The main components and the features of the steam generation unit, CO2 supply and mixing with steam, process water preparation, and H2O and CO2 separation subsystem are discussed. The measuring system was designed to test the efficiency of compression and condensation processes of the SEC fed by the CO2/H2O gas mixture. The performances of the two-phase jet condensers can be analyzed by experimental investigation and calculation of heat transferred to the cooling water during direct contact condensation with the presence of CO2. The paper presents the results of heat flowrates and their uncertainties for the selected period of the experimental test, confirming the application of the novel developed test rig.

Scaling analysis for the condensation induced water hammer effect in horizontal pipe

In nuclear power engineering, researchers pay significant attention to phenomena related to the condensation process involving direct contact between saturated steam and subcooled water, mainly the phenomenon known as Condensation Induced Water Hammer (CIWH). Within the steam pipes of the pressurized water reactor, when saturated steam comes into direct contact with subcooled water, it may form an isolated steam pocket surrounded by water. The condensation of steam within this pocket results in its subsequent collapse, accelerating the surrounding water column to collide with the pipe wall and causing a substantial pressure peak. In this paper, the scaling analysis was conducted on the CIWH phenomenon in the steam line of a small PWR. The research is rooted in a two-fluid, six-equation framework and employs equation-based analysis to investigate the non-dimensional number of CIWH occurring within horizontal pipelines. By analyzing the conservation equations, suitable non-dimensional criteria for thermohydraulic phenomena were determined. These criteria can be employed to ascertain experimental facilities' geometric dimensions and operating conditions, which can study the risks associated with CIWH phenomenon.

Thermal and Visualisation Study of the HFE7100 Refrigerant Condensation Process

Abstract Technological advances are contributing to the search for highly efficient energy designs, and increasing interest in compact heat exchangers. Indeed, small channel diameters determine large heat transfer coefficients and condition a significant heat transfer area about the overall volume of the heat exchanger, as well as a smaller amount of refrigerant flowing in the system. Nevertheless, the operating stability and energy efficiency of compact heat exchangers are influenced by two-phase flow structures, which depend on thermal flow parameters. Knowledge of the structures formed during the condensation process is therefore essential for optimising the operation of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. This article presents the results from experimental studies of the HFE7100 refrigerant, from the hydrofluorocarbon group, condensation process in mini-channels with hydraulic diameters dh = 2.0 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.8 mm and 0.5 mm. Thermal flow characteristics were determined, and the forming structures of two-phase flow were recorded. The results of visualisation were subjected to morphological image analysis, based on a special algorithm written in MATLAB software. The algorithm makes it possible to determine the void fraction, which is necessary for calculating the vapour quality, as well as the area of vapour bubbles and their number, directionality and length along the x- and y-axes.

In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition study of dihydropyrimidinones synthesized via one-pot Biginelli reaction in the presence of a green catalyst

A green catalyst WELPSA-catalyzed three-component condensation (Biginelli) process involving an aldehyde, barbituric/thiobarbituric/1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, and urea/thiourea/guanidine hydrochloride in a single pot in presence of a green solvent for the production of DHPM have been presented. The catalyst is reusable and this methodology is scalable. By using the in vitro experiments, the antidiabetic potentiality of synthesized compounds that inhibit α-amylase along with α-glucosidase efficiencies was assessed. All the synthesized compounds except for 4a and 4e, showed the most significant inhibition for α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Among the synthesized DHPM compounds, 4c and 4b exhibited significant inhibition profiles compared to the standard antidiabetic drug acarbose. Furthermore, synthesized substances' energy-minimized structures, 3D structures, and DFT calculations were performed using Gaussian 09 software, hybrid models, and MM2 force approaches. Strong hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues Arg-672, Arg-600, Trp-613, Asp-404, Asp-282, and Asp-616 indicate that an α-glucosidase-inhibitory peptide may have hypoglycemic efficacy confirmed by the molecular docking study of the synthesized DHPM.

Abnormal condensation of water vapour at ambient temperature.

The homogeneous condensation of water vapor at ambient temperature is studied using molecular dynamics simulation. We reveal that there is a droplet size at the nanoscale where water droplets can be stabilized in the condensation process. Our simulations show that the growth of water droplets is dominated by collision and coagulation between small water droplets after nucleation. This process is found to be accompanied by exceptionally fast evaporation such that droplet growth is balanced by evaporation when water droplets grow to a critical size, approximately 12.5 Å in radius, reaching a stable size distribution. The extremely high evaporation rate is attributed to the curvature dependence of surface tension. Surface tension shows a significant decrease with decreasing droplet size below 20 Å, which causes the total free energy of nanoscaled water droplets to rise after collision and coagulation. Consequently, water droplets have to shrink via fast evaporation. The curvature dependence of surface tension is related to the dielectric ordering of water molecules near the surface of water droplets. Owing to fast evaporation, secondary condensation occurs, and many small water clusters form, ultimately exhibiting a bimodal distribution of water-droplet size.

Catalytic asymmetric Friedländer condensation to construct cyclobutanone-fused quinolines with a quaternary stereogenic centre

An enantioselective Friedländer condensation process between 2-aminobenzophenone and prochiral cyclobutane-1,3-dione has been developed to construct cyclobutanone-fused quinolines with quaternary stereogenic centers in up to 98% yield and 94% ee valve.

Study of hydrodynamics of the condensation process in heat exchanger devices

This article provides insights into the outcomes of developing an experimental device tailored for the condensation of both water and hydrocarbon vapors in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The experimental phase involved conducting a series of experiments along the length of the condenser pipe to thoroughly investigate the condensation process. The experimental device facilitated the transition of gas condensate, with a volume of 15 liters, from a liquid state to vapor. Subsequently, the vapor was subjected to condensation within the shell-and-tube experimental heat exchanger. This rigorous experimentation allowed for a detailed examination of the condensation dynamics, providing valuable data on the performance and efficiency of the heat exchange process. The focus on both water and hydrocarbon vapors underscores the versatility of the experimental device, making it applicable to scenarios involving diverse condensable substances. The findings contribute to the understanding of condensation mechanisms in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, offering insights that can be valuable in various industrial applications, including energy production and environmental engineering.

Advances in Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis, and Manufacturing Methods

By virtue of their unique properties at the nanoscale, nanomaterials have revolutionized the field of material science. The current work provides a thorough analysis of nanomaterials, classifying them into three main categories: nanoparticles, nanosolids, and nanoassembled systems. Further analysis of the classes is conducted based on their morphologies, chemical composition, and structural variety, which include carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene. Moreover, the synthesis and manufacturing techniques of nanomaterials are analyzed, with a particular focus on physical and chemical approaches. The methods highlighted for their ability to produce nanomaterials with a broad variety of applications include gas evaporation, vacuum condensation, sputtering, yeast-cell-based synthesis, and sol-gel processing. The major aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive guide on the classification, properties, and production techniques of nanomaterials, thereby enhancing comprehension of their importance in many scientific and practical domains.

Scalable post-treatment for improved self-assembled monolayer coverage in perovskite solar cells

The Cooled Moisture Condensation (CMC) process improves MeO–2PACz coverage on FTO by increasing surface hydroxyl groups and minimizing oxygen vacancies, resulting in more uniform self-assembled monolayer coverage and enhanced solar cell performance.

A Novel Framework of Video Condensation and Video Retrieval Process using Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Development with Yolo-based Anomaly Detection

A Novel Framework of Video Condensation and Video Retrieval Process using Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Development with Yolo-based Anomaly Detection

Synthesis of nano-SiO2@PTPEG-VPA copolymer and its effects on early-age cement hydration.

Incorporating nano-SiO2 particles into cement paste has garnered significant attention for enhancing the performance of hardened cement paste. However, the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the pore solution of cement-water system poses a challenge for cost-effective and efficient applications. Meanwhile, superplasticizers containing phosphate groups exhibit strong complexation with calcium ions and show promise in improving the dispersion performance. This study introduces a surface chemical modification technique to enhance the dispersibility of nano-SiO2. Firstly, poly(isoprenyl oxy poly(ethylene glycol) ether-random-vinylphosphonic acid) (PTPEG-VPA), a silanized superplasticizer containing phosphate moieties, is copolymerized and chemically grafted onto pristine nano-SiO2 surfaces through condensation and silanization processes. The resulting core-shell SiO2@PTPEG-VPA nanoparticles are comprehensively characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DLS, TEM, BET surface area analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The results indicate that introducing phosphate moieties improves the dispersion capacity of grafted copolymers, thereby reducing the severe agglomeration of nano-SiO2 in solution. Subsequently, the impact of SiO2@PTPEG-VPA on cement hydration and early-age strength development is investigated using microcalorimetry and TGA characterization. Finally, a mechanism is proposed to explain the observed retarding effects of grafted PTPEG-VPA on pristine SiO2. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the chemical design of nanoparticles, aimed at manipulating cement paste properties.