Concurrent Exercise Training Research Articles

Concurrent Training Increases Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Older Adults Regardless of the Exercise Frequency.

BackgroundHuman brain function declines with aging. In this sense, exercise-based interventions has a promising effect on brain plasticity for older adults. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a positive biomarker for brain neuroplasticity in healthy older adults also modified by exercise training. Selected features of the exercise prescription for improving brain health are missing; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of concurrent exercise training frequency on serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults.MethodsNineteen volunteers (age: 65 ± 4 year; body mass index: 28.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) completed either a three times/week (3-t/w) (n = 8) or five times/week (5-t/w) (n = 11) concurrent exercise program. The exercise program lasted 11 weeks and all exercise sessions were performed for 50 min at moderate intensity. Serum BDNF, body composition, cardiovascular, and physical fitness variables were assessed before and after the exercise training program.ResultsRegardless of the group, the serum BDNF increased following the intervention (p < 0.001), and there were no significant group (p = 0.827) or interaction (p = 0.063) effects. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased regardless of the group (p = 0.007), with a non-significant group (p = 0.722) or interaction (p = 0.223) effects. Upper- and lower-body strength increased in both groups (p = 0.003); however, there was no effect of the training frequency (p = 0.53). For the skeletal muscle mass, there was a trend in the interaction effect (p = 0.053). Finally, the body fat percentage was unchanged.ConclusionEleven weeks of combined exercise training increased serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults, a response independent of the training frequency. The overall fitness level improved similarly in both exercise groups. These data reveal that a minimal dosage of concurrent exercise enhance functional capacity and a brain health biomarker in older adults.

Effects of moderate-intensity concurrent exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized control trial

Effects of moderate-intensity concurrent exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized control trial

A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Resistance Exercise and Concurrent Exercise Training on Power and Strength of Lower Limbs in Football Players

Background: Football players can sustain repeated muscular effort that requires adequate muscular strength and power and adequately conditioned cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Resistance training improves muscular strength and endurance. Concurrent training involves cardiovascular endurance and resistance training within the same session or closely together within the same day. Concurrent training was promoted as a way promoted to save time while multiple training goals. The study's objective is to compare the effectiveness of resistance exercise and concurrent exercise training on the power and strength of lower limbs in football players.Methods: This was an experimental study design with a convenient sampling method. This was conducted on subjects from the Faculty of physiotherapy, Dr.M.G.R. Educational, and Research Institute and took nearly one month to analyze the study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 samples were selected and divided into Group A and Group B by convenient sampling method. Group A received Resistance training exercise, and Group B received Concurrent training for two sets of 15 repetitions/twice a week for four weeks. Pre and post-test were measured before and after the study for 1 month, using a vertical jump test. The data were compared and analyzed within and between groups.Result: Comparing the Pre and Post-test scores between Groups (A &amp; B) on maximum Isometric Voluntary Contraction (MIVC) &amp;Vertical Jump Test shows a significant difference in Mean values with P ≤ 0.001.Conclusion: Concurrent exercise training is more effective than resistance exercise on the power and strength of lower limbs.

Concurrent Exercise Training on Appetite Suppressant Hormones in Overweight Women

Concurrent Exercise Training on Appetite Suppressant Hormones in Overweight Women

P085 Body composition effects of High Intensity Functional Exercise training during rapid weight loss in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: A pilot randomised controlled trial

Abstract Introduction While Very Low Energy Diets (VLEDs) have been proven to reduce weight in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and co-morbid obesity, they can also result in excessive loss of muscle mass which adversely impacts health. Concurrent exercise training is considered an effective method of preventing muscle mass loss. Methods This prospective randomised controlled trial will recruit 30 overweight and obese men with untreated moderate-to-severe OSA to undergo a 12-week VLED with or without high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE) training. HIFE will be delivered through a commercially available supervised exercise program and incorporates interval training with a combination of progressively graded aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The primary outcome measures are changes in body composition, assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and OSA severity (measured by apnoea hypopnea index). Secondary outcomes include glucose tolerance, ventilatory response, and peak oxygen uptake. Data will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Paired T-tests will be used to test the treatment effect of exercise compared to control. Confidence intervals will be used to analyse change in muscle mass and other secondary outcomes. Results Only one participant has completed the protocol to date. No results are available at this time. Discussion The results of this pilot study will look to confirm whether HIFE can protect against muscle mass loss, and additively benefit OSA severity during VLED, compared to VLED alone. It will also inform estimation of feasibility for a larger definitive study.

Comparative effects of high-intensity versus moderate-intensity concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese females

article: Comparative effects of high-intensity versus moderate-intensity concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese females - Medicina dello Sport 2021 September;74(3):528-36 - Minerva Medica - Journals

Myofibre Hypertrophy in the Absence of Changes to Satellite Cell Content Following Concurrent Exercise Training in Young Healthy Men

Concurrent exercise training has been suggested to create an ‘interference effect,’ attenuating resistance training-based skeletal muscle adaptations, including myofibre hypertrophy. Satellite cells support myofibre hypertrophy and are influenced by exercise mode. To determine whether satellite cells contribute to the ‘interference effect’ changes in satellite cell and myonuclear content were assessed following a period of training in 32 recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 5 year; body mass index: 24 ± 3 kg⋅m–2; mean ± SD) who undertook 12-week of either isolated (3 d⋅w–1) resistance (RES; n = 10), endurance (END; n = 10), or alternate day (6 d⋅w–1) concurrent (CET, n = 12) training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained pre-intervention and after 2, 8, and 12 weeks of training to determine fibre type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell content (Pax7+DAPI+), and myonuclei (DAPI+) using immunofluorescence microscopy. After 12 weeks, myofibre CSA increased in all training conditions in type II (P = 0.0149) and mixed fibres (P = 0.0102), with no difference between conditions. Satellite cell content remained unchanged after training in both type I and type II fibres. Significant correlations were observed between increases in fibre type-specific myonuclear content and CSA of Type I (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), Type II (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001), and mixed fibres (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Resistance, endurance, and concurrent training induce similar myofibre hypertrophy in the absence of satellite cell and myonuclear pool expansion. These findings suggest that myonuclear accretion via satellite cell fusion is positively correlated with hypertrophy after 12 weeks of concurrent training, and that individuals with more myonuclear content displayed greater myofibre hypertrophy.

Time-restricted eating and concurrent exercise training reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in overweight and obese adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether time‐restricted eating (TRE), also known as time‐restricted feeding, was an effective dietary strategy for reducing fat mass and preserving fat‐free mass while evaluating changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers, hormones, muscle performance, energy intake, and macronutrient intake after aerobic and resistance exercise training in physically inactive and overweight or obese adults. This study was a randomized, controlled trial. Overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD; age: 44 ± 7 years; body mass index [BMI]: 29.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2; female: 85.7%) were randomly assigned to a TRE or normal eating (NE) dietary strategy group. The TRE participants consumed all calories between 12:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., whereas NE participants maintained their dietary habits. Both groups completed 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and supervised resistance training. Body composition, muscle performance, energy intake, macronutrient intake, physical activity, and physiological variables were assessed. A total of 21 participants completed the study (NE: n = 10; TRE: n = 11). A mild energy restriction was observed for TRE (~300 kcal/day, 14.5%) and NE (~250 kcal/day, 11.4%). Losses of total body mass were significantly greater for TRE (3.3%) relative to NE (0.2%) pre‐ to post‐intervention, of which TRE had significantly greater losses of fat mass (9.0%) compared to NE (3.3%). Lean mass increased during the intervention for both TRE (0.6%) and NE (1.9%), with no group differences. These data support the use of TRE and concurrent exercise training as a short‐term dietary strategy for reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in overweight and obese adults.

Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications.

We evaluated the impact of protein supplementation on adaptations to arduous concurrent training in healthy adults with potential applications to individuals undergoing military training. Peer-reviewed papers published in English meeting the population, intervention, comparison and outcome criteria were included. Database searches were completed in PubMed, Web of science and SPORTDiscus. Study quality was evaluated using the COnsensus based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist. Of 11 studies included, nine focused on performance, six on body composition and four on muscle recovery. Cohen’s d effect sizes showed that protein supplementation improved performance outcomes in response to concurrent training (ES = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.08–1.70). When analysed separately, improvements in muscle strength (SMD = +4.92 kg, 95% CI = −2.70–12.54 kg) were found, but not in aerobic endurance. Gains in fat-free mass (SMD = +0.75 kg, 95% CI = 0.44–1.06 kg) and reductions in fat-mass (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI = −1.43–0.23 kg) were greater with protein supplementation. Most studies did not report protein turnover, nitrogen balance and/or total daily protein intake. Therefore, further research is warranted. However, our findings infer that protein supplementation may support lean-mass accretion and strength gains during arduous concurrent training in physical active populations, including military recruits.

Increased Leg Strength After Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults Is Augmented by a Whole Food-Based High Protein Diet Intervention.

Most studies in older adults have utilized powdered protein supplements or oral nutrition solutions as a source of additional dietary protein, but whole foods may provide a greater anabolic stimulus than protein isolated from food matrices. Therefore, the present study investigated a concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training program in older adults, in the absence or presence of a high protein whole food-based dietary intervention, for effects on strength, physical function, and body composition. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 56; M/F, 28/28; age, 69.3 ± 4.0 years; BMI, 26.6 ± 3.7 kg m−2) participated in a 12-week intervention after randomization to either nutrition only (NUTR; n = 16), exercise only (EX, n = 19), or nutrition plus exercise (NUTR + EX, n = 21) groups. NUTR and NUTR + EX followed a dietary intervention targeting an increase in protein-rich meals at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Exercise training in EX and NUTR + EX consisted of 24 min sessions of concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise performed three times per week. Daily protein intake increased in NUTR and NUTR + EX, but not EX. The increase in 1RM leg press strength was greater (Interaction effect, P = 0.012) in NUTR + EX [29.6 (18.1, 41.0) kg] than increases observed in NUTR [11.1 (−1.3, 23.6) kg] and EX [12.3 (0.9, 23.8) kg]. The increase in 1RM chest press strength was greater (interaction effect, P = 0.031) in NUTR + EX [6.3 (4.0, 8.6) kg] than the increase observed in NUTR [2.9 (0.3, 5.5) kg], but not EX [6.3 (3.9, 8.7) kg]. Hand-grip strength and sit-to-stand performance were each improved in all three groups, with no differences observed between groups (interaction effect, P = 0.382 and P = 0.671, respectively). An increase in percentage body fat was observed in NUTR, but not in EX or NUTR + EX (interaction effect, P = 0.018). No between-group differences were observed for change in lean body mass (interaction effect, P = 0.402). Concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training improves strength and physical function in older adults, but combining this training with an increase in daily protein intake through whole foods may be advantageous to increase lower limb strength.

When Matched for Relative Leg Strength at Baseline, Male and Female Older Adults Respond Similarly to Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training.

Abstract Timmons, JF, Hone, M, Duffy, O, and Egan, B. When matched for relative leg strength at baseline, male and female older adults respond similarly to concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2927–2933, 2022—Comparisons between sexes of adaptive responses with concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training are largely unexplored. A supervised 12-week intervention of concurrent exercise training was used to investigate sex-specific differences, if any, in the response to concurrent exercise training in older adults. Community-dwelling men (n = 14; 68.0 ± 1.8 years; 27.8 ± 3.8 kg·m−2) and women (n = 14; 68.9 ± 3.8 years; 25.1 ± 3.8 kg·m−2) were pair-matched for relative leg strength expressed as leg press 1 repetition maximum per kg of leg lean body mass (LBM; assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Subjects undertook 24 minutes of concurrent aerobic (12 minutes) and resistance (12 minutes) exercise training 3 times per week i.e., 72 minutes of active exercise time per week. Muscle strength, physical function, and body composition were assessed before (PRE) and after 12 weeks (POST) of exercise training. The increase in absolute leg press strength was larger in men (mean difference ± SE, 25.3 ± 11.8 kg; p = 0.041, = 0.156), but when expressed as leg press strength relative to leg LBM, training-induced increases were not different between the sexes (mean difference ± SE, 0.30 ± 0.46 kg·kg−1; p = 0.526, = 0.016). No other measure of muscle strength (hand-grip and chest press), physical function (gait speed, timed-up-and-go, sit-to-stand, and Chester step test), or body composition (LBM and fat mass) differed in response to exercise training for between-sex comparisons. When male and female older adults are pair matched for relative leg strength at baseline before commencing exercise training, sex-specific adaptive responses to concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training are largely similar for muscle strength, physical function, and body composition.

A 16-week concurrent exercise program improves emotional well-being and emotional distress in middle-aged women: the FLAMENCO project randomized controlled trial.

To analyze the influence of a supervised concurrent exercise program on emotional well-being and emotional distress in middle-aged women. This randomized controlled trial included 150 middle-aged women recruited for the FLAMENCO project. Participants were allocated into counseling (n = 75) or exercise (n = 75) groups. The counseling group attended conferences on healthy lifestyle (including diet and physical activity topics). The exercise group followed a 60-min concurrent (aerobic + resistance) exercise training 3 days/wk for 16 weeks. Emotional health was assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in two diverse timeframes, state (PANAS-S) and trait (PANAS-T) ranging from 10 to 50, where higher scores reflect greater affective emotional health/experience (positive affect subscale) and greater emotional distress (negative affect subscale). The differences between the counseling and exercise groups in PANAS were analyzed by linear regression. The total number of women for the per-protocol analyses was 111 divided into the counseling (n = 53) and exercise (n = 58) groups. After adjusting for body mass index and Mediterranean diet adherence, PANAS-S and PANAS-T-positive affect scores increased by 3.81 and 3.02, respectively, in the exercise group whereas they decreased by 0.15 and increased by 0.51 in the counseling group (both, P < 0.05). PANAS-T negative affect decreased by 4.10 in the exercise group whereas only decreased by 0.9 in the counseling group (P < 0.05). A 16-week concurrent exercise program improved emotional experience in middle-aged women. Specifically, women in the exercise group significantly improved their emotional well-being and emotional distress through greater changes in positive affect and negative affect compared with the counseling group.

A 16-week aerobic exercise and mindfulness-based intervention on chronic psychosocial stress: a pilot and feasibility study

ObjectivesResearchers have begun delivering mindfulness and aerobic exercise training concurrently on the premise that a combination intervention will yield salutary outcomes over and above each intervention alone. An estimate of the effect of combination training on chronic psychosocial stress in a nonclinical population has not been established. The objective of this study was to establish protocol feasibility in preparation of a definitive RCT targeting healthy individuals, and to explore the preliminary effect of combination training on reducing chronic psychosocial stress in this population.MethodsTwenty-four participants were allocated to a single-arm pre-post study and subjected to 16 weeks of concurrent mindfulness psychoeducation and aerobic exercise training. Feasibility criteria were collected and evaluated. Within-group changes in chronic psychosocial stress, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also assessed. Primary analyses were based on 17 participants.ResultsRetention rate, response rate, recruitment rate, and sample size analyses indicate a definitive trial is feasible for detecting most effects with precision. There was also a decline in our primary dependent measure of chronic psychosocial stress (dpretest = −0.56, 95% CI [ −1.14,−0.06]). With regard to secondary measures, there was an increase in the use of cognitive reappraisal, and a reduction in use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. We are insufficiently confident to comment on changes in mindfulness and aerobic capacity left (dot {V}O_{2max}right). However, there were subgroup improvements in aerobic economy at submaximal exercise intensities.ConclusionsWe recommend a definitive trial is feasible and should proceed.Trial registrationANZCTR (ID: ACTRN12619001726145). Retrospectively registered December 9, 2019.

Concurrent exercise training effect on salivary immunoglobulin A and alpha-amylase in children with cerebral palsy

Concurrent exercise training effect on salivary immunoglobulin A and alpha-amylase in children with cerebral palsy

Nitrate Use And Changes In Functional Status In Black Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From The HF-ACTION Trial

Introduction Nitrate therapy (in combination with hydralazine) is recommended in black patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and NYHA class III-IV symptoms receiving optimal ACE/ARB and beta-blocker therapy to improve clinical outcomes; yet the effect of nitrates on functional status is not well characterized. Hypothesis We hypothesized that black patients taking nitrates would have greater improvements in measures of functional status over time compared with those not taking nitrates. Methods The HF-ACTION trial randomized 2,331 patients with chronic HFrEF (EF ≤35%) to usual care plus exercise training versus usual care alone. We analyzed data from self-identified black participants stratified by baseline nitrate use. Unadjusted and adjusted hierarchical linear regression models were used to determine the association of nitrate use with changes in functional status (6-minute walk distance [6MWD], and peak VO2) from baseline to 3 months and to explore an interaction with exercise training. Results Among 749 black patients, 198 (26%) were on nitrates at baseline. Patients taking nitrates were older, with worse NYHA class symptoms, more ischemic disease and diabetes and worse renal function than those not on nitrates. Baseline 6MWD and peak VO2 were worse among patients on nitrates than those not on nitrates (median 308 vs. 361 m and 12.4 vs. 13.4 mL/kg/min, respectively). After adjustment, there was no significant association between nitrate use and change in 6MWD or peak VO2 (Table). These results were consistent irrespective of randomization to exercise training or usual care (interaction p-values>0.05). Conclusions In this clinical trial population of self-identified black patients with chronic HFrEF, approximately one-fourth of patients were receiving nitrates at baseline and these patients tended to have worse baseline functional status. After adjustment, nitrate use was not associated with greater improvements in functional status from baseline to 3 months, and findings were consistent irrespective of concurrent exercise training. Further efforts are needed to determine optimal approaches for improving exercise capacity in black patients with HFrEF.

Physiological Adaptations To A Concurrent Exercise Training Program In Physically Inactive Women

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of a 10-week, high-intensity concurrent exercise training program on body composition, bone density and muscular strength in physically inactive aging women. METHODS: 53 inactive women (age 40-64) were randomized into two sprint interval training (SIT) programs, 0% incline (age 51.9 ± 6.6) and 6% incline (age 53.4 ± 7.6). SIT was performed to achieve 95% of each participant’s age-predicted maximal heart rate for 40 seconds followed by 20 seconds of passive recovery for approximately 15 minutes. Additional, each group performed a resistance training protocol, alternating between two programs: back squat, bent over row, bench press; and squat jumps, weighted lunges, standing press, back extensions. Participants attended 30 workouts over the course of 10 weeks. DXA scans assessed body composition and bone density of the femoral neck. 1RM was performed to assess muscular strength changes in bench press and back squat. A repeated measure ANOVA examined group (0% incline and 6% incline) by time interactions. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of group (p>.05). Significant decreases in fat mass (p = .02), visceral adipose tissue (p = .048) and significant increases in muscular strength for both bench press (p<.0001) and back squat (p<.0001) occurred for both groups. No significant differences were found for lean body mass (p=.872) and bone density of the femoral neck (p=.092). CONCLUSIONS: A SIT and resistance training program is an effective strategy to improve fat mass and muscular strength in inactive, aging women. Muscular strength improvements resulting from this intervention are particularly important as muscular strength losses are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality.

Western Diet And Exercise Training Increase Mitochondrial Lipid Respiration In Male But Not Female Mice

High-fat feeding in mice is a common model to investigate mitochondrial lipid metabolism during diet-induced obesity. Our previous work demonstrates 60% high-fat diet stimulates mitochondrial lipid respiration yet such fat content is higher than a typical western diet (~35% fat with higher sugar). Aerobic exercise training also stimulates mitochondrial lipid respiration, but the interaction with western diet is not clear. PURPOSE: We determined mitochondrial oxidative function in response to western diet in the absence and presence of concurrent exercise training. We hypothesized western diet would induce greater mitochondrial lipid respiration that would be further enhanced with exercise training. METHODS: Male and female C57BL/6J mice (n=5-7 per group for each sex) ate either western diet (WD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 4 weeks, with a group of WD mice randomized to perform concurrent treadmill training (WD+Ex). At week 4, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition and in-vivo substrate oxidation was assessed using metabolic cage indirect calorimetry. Ex-vivo mitochondrial oxidation was measured via high-resolution respirometry using isolated mitochondria from quadriceps muscles collected 36-hours after final exercise session (or rest). Respiration protocols included lipid (octanoyl-carnitine+malate) and non-lipid (glutamate+succinate) substrates. RESULTS: Among sedentary mice, WD had higher body weight and fat mass than LFD (P<0.0001), but only in males. WD had lower in-cage respiratory exchange ratio than LFD (P<0.05) regardless of sex, indicating greater whole-body reliance on lipids. In males, WD+Ex stimulated mitochondrial lipid respiration more so than WD alone (P<0.05). Females had no significant changes in mitochondrial lipid respiration. Non-lipid supported mitochondrial respiration was not significantly altered by WD or WD+Ex regardless of sex. CONCLUSION: In agreement with our hypothesis, WD stimulated lipid-specific mitochondrial respiration that further increased with Ex, but only in male mice. There were apparent sex differences such that females were protected against WD-induced weight gain alongside limited changes in mitochondrial lipid respiration.

Exercise Training Combined with Hydrochlorothiazide is More Efficient than Antihypertensive Treatment Alone to Promote Cardiofunctional Benefits in a Model of Hypertension and Menopause

The largest proportion of hypertensive women are in postmenopause and this hypertension is poor controlled. Experimental model has shown that exercise training (ET) is effective to reduce arterial pressure (AP) and to mitigate of autonomic dysfunction. Following current guidelines for hypertension treatment, the association of antihypertensives therapy (AT) with ET is strongly recommended. Here, we investigate the effects of the ET plus AT on functional and hemodynamic parameters in an experimental model of hypertension and menopause. Female spontaneously hypertensive rats (150–180g, 3 months old) were ovariectomized and randomly assigned into 3 groups (4–6 animals/group): ovariectomized (OVX) sedentary (OS), OVX sedentary treated with hydrochlorothiazide (OSH) and OVX trained treated with hydrochlorothiazide (OTH). Ovarian hormone deprivation was performed through bilateral ovariectomy. Rats underwent the maximal running test and 1‐repetition maximum (RM) test in the first, fourth and eighth weeks. Hydrochlorothiazide (30 mg/kg) was dissolved in the drinking water. Noninvasive arterial pressure (AP) was assessment by the tail cuff plethysmography. Concurrent ET (40–60% maximal capacity) was performed on a motor treadmill (aerobic training) and on a ladder adapted to rats (resistance training), 3 days/wk for 8 weeks. Carotid artery and jugular vein catheterization were performed and the systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean AP (MAP), as well as heart rate (HR) were recorded. OTH presented a higher aerobic capacity compared to OS group (group effect, p&lt;0.05). In addition, trained and treated with antihypertensive therapy showed a higher load resistance capacity in relation to OS and OSH groups (group effect, p&lt;0.05). There was an interaction effect between time and group in both aerobic capacity (p&lt;0.05) and load resistance capacity (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, interaction effect was observed for noninvasive SAP (p&lt;0.05), and OTH presented a lower value compared to OS group (group effect, p&lt;0.05). In addition, DAP and MAP were lower in the OSH compared to OS group, as well as the OTH group showed lower HR in relation to OS group. No differences were observed for DAP and MAP between OSH and OTH groups. To date, our results suggest that exercise training associated with hydrochlorothiazide treatment induce additional cardiofunctional benefits than antihypertensive treatment alone.Support or Funding InformationCAPES‐DS and FAPESP.

Concurrent exercise training and Murf-l and Atrogin-1 gene expression in the vastus lateralis muscle of male Wistar rats

Abstract Introduction The present study was to determine the effect of 8-week of the concurrent exercise training on Murf-l and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression of the vastus lateralis muscle in male Wistar rats. Material and methods This study was conducted as an experimental project consisting of four groups of 35 two-month-old male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided in 4 groups: (1) endurance training, (2) resistance training, (3) combined training, and (4) control. The animals in the training groups took part in training programs for 8-week. 48 h after the last exercise session, the Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 genes of the vastus lateralis muscle were examined through the use of qPCR method. Results The results obtained from this study revealed that after 8-week of endurance exercise, Murf-1 and Arogin-1 gene expression significantly increased compared to the control group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.043). In contrast, in the resistance training group, the gene expression of Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 decreased significantly in comparison with the control group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04). In addition, the concurrent training group showed no difference in Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression after 8-week of exercise compared to that of the control group (p = 0.43 and p = 0.38). Conclusions Based on the results of the present research, it can be expressed that resistance training prevents muscular atrophy by decreasing Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression. Conversely, endurance exercises cause an increase in the expression of these genes, thereby leading to atrophy in the muscles. The results also showed that concurrent exercises do not have a meaningful effect on muscular atrophy.

Influence of a Concurrent Exercise Training Intervention during Pregnancy on Maternal and Arterial and Venous Cord Serum Cytokines: The GESTAFIT Project.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of a supervised concurrent exercise-training program, from the 17th gestational week until delivery, on cytokines in maternal (at 17th and 35th gestational week, and at delivery) and arterial and venous cord serum. Fifty-eight Caucasian pregnant women (age: 33.5 ± 4.7 years old, body mass index: 23.6 ± 4.1kg/m2) from the GESTAFIT Project (exercise (n = 37) and control (n = 21) groups) participated in this quasi-experimental study (per-protocol basis). The exercise group followed a 60-min 3 days/week concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise-training from the 17th gestational week to delivery. Maternal and arterial and venous cord serum cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin (IL)–1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)–γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α) were assessed using Luminex xMAP technology. In maternal serum (after adjusting for the baseline values of cytokines), the exercise group decreased TNF-α (from baseline to 35th week, p = 0.02), and increased less IL-1β (from baseline to delivery, p = 0.03) concentrations than controls. When adjusting for other potential confounders, these differences became non-significant. In cord blood, the exercise group showed reduced arterial IL-6 and venous TNF-α (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively) and higher concentrations of arterial IL-1β (p = 0.03) compared to controls. The application of concurrent exercise-training programs could be a strategy to modulate immune responses in pregnant women and their fetuses. However, future research is needed to better understand the origin and clearance of these cytokines, their role in the maternal-placental-fetus crosstalk, and the influence of exercise interventions on them.