Concurrent Criterion Validity Research Articles

Examining the Technical Adequacy of Progress Monitoring Using Early Writing Curriculum-Based Measures

The purpose of this study was to examine 4 early writing measures used to monitor the early writing progress of 1st-grade students. We administered the measures to 23 1st-grade students biweekly for a total of 16 weeks. We obtained 3-min samples and conducted analyses for each 1-min increment. We scored samples using 2 different methods: correct sequences and correct-minus-incorrect sequences. Delayed alternate-forms reliability was strong for the 3-min increment. We established concurrent criterion validity using the Test of Early Written Language–2 as well as teacher ratings of writing proficiency. We analyzed growth using hierarchical linear modeling, which suggested that all 4 measures were sensitive to biweekly growth. We discuss the results in terms of technical adequacy, utility of the measures, and the ability of the measures to serve as indicators of progress in early writing skills.

Construcción y evaluación de EPInfant: una escala para la medición del esfuerzo percibido en la población pediátrica

Rating scales of perceived exertion (PE) have been used to measure PE during exercise in the adult population with successful results. However, in children, it is necessary to develop adapted instruments due to their cognitive immaturity. The number of Spanish-language validated instruments for the pediatric population is scarce. Our objective was to develop a new PE rating scale. Research design was divided into three stages: development, content validity, and criterion validity. For development, a panel of five expert members was summoned, who provided indications for the new instrument. A systematic review of the literature to identify other validated instruments was performed. This process resulted in the development of the new EPInfant scale to measure PE, which integrates the expert panel’s indications and the result of the literature systematic review. The evaluation of its content showed a high level of agreement regarding the quality of its design; the content validity index was 1. During the field assessment, a high concurrent criterion validity was observed in healthy adolescents due to the strong correlation shown between PE and heart rate in both boys and girls. The methodology used to develop the EPInfant scale aimed at reducing potential biases that may hinder its psychometric properties. Preliminary results suggest that this may be a validated instrument that could be implemented in healthy adolescents.

Kansas Inventory of Parental Perceptions: Spanish Adaptation of a Shortened Form

Previous research has highlighted the critical role of parents’ perceptions of their family member with intellectual disability (ID) in family well-being and adjustment. The Kansas Inventory of Parental Perceptions (KIPP; Behr et al. 1992) was specifically designed to assess parents’ perceptions of their children with disability. The KIPP is composed of four scales: Positive Contributions, Social Comparisons, Causal Attributions and Perceived Control. The goal of this study was to adapt a shortened form of the KIPP to the Spanish population. The study participants comprised 861 families with a family member with ID. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the underlying dimensions of the four scales of the KIPP. The results showed the internal consistency of the subscale scores to be good, and the correlations with Family Quality of Life measures provided evidence of the concurrent criterion validity of the KIPP scores. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Validation of an early childhood caries risk assessment tool in a low-income Hispanic population.

There is a recognized need for valid risk assessment tools for use by both dental and nondental personnel to identify young children at risk for, or with, precavitated stages of early childhood caries (i.e., early stage decalcifications or white spot lesions).The aim of this study is to establish concurrent criterion validity of "MySmileBuddy" (MSB), a novel technology-assisted ECC risk assessment and behavioral intervention tool against four measures of ECC activity: semi-quantitative assays of salivary mutans streptococci levels, visible quantity of dental plaque, visual evidence of enamel decalcifications, and cavitation status (none, ECC, severe ECC). One hundred eight children 2-6 years of age presenting to a pediatric dental clinic were recruited from a predominantly Spanish-speaking, low-income, urban population. All children received a comprehensive oral examination and saliva culture for assessment of ECC indicators. Their caregivers completed the iPad-based MSB assessment in its entirety (15-20 minutes). MSB calculated both diet and comprehensive ECC risk scores. Associations between all variables were determined using ordinal logistic regression. MSB diet risk scores were significantly positively associated with salivary mutans (P < 0.05), and approached significance with visible plaque levels (P < 0.1). MSB comprehensive risk scores were significantly associated with both oral mutans and visible plaque (P < 0.05). Neither was associated with visually evident decalcifications or cavitations. Findings suggest that MSB may have clinical utility as a valid risk assessment tool for identifying children with early precursors of cavitations but does not add value in identifying children with extant lesions.

A validation of the pain interference index in adults with long-standing pain.

Chronic pain is a major health problem and more knowledge is needed regarding the interference of pain on behaviors in different life domains. Clinically useful and statistically sound pain interference measures are highly important. Studies on youths have shown that the Pain Interference Index (PII) is a reliable and valid instrument that is sensitive to change following behavioral treatment. This measure may also have utility for adults, but no study has so far evaluated the statistical properties of the PII for long-standing pain in adults. Data were collected from 239 consecutive adults with non-specific chronic pain referred to a tertiary pain clinic. We investigated the factor structure of items using a principal component analysis. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. The questionnaire's ability to predict levels of, e.g., disability was analyzed by means of regression analyses. Analyses illustrated the adequacy of a one-factor solution with six items. Cronbach's alpha (0.85) suggested a satisfactory internal consistency among items. The PII explained significant amounts of variance in pain disability, physical, and mental health-related quality of life and depression, suggesting concurrent criteria validity. The PII is a brief questionnaire with reliable and valid statistical properties to assess pain interference in adults. Other studies support the reliability and validity of PII for use with youths, and now the PII can be used to analyze the influence of pain on behaviors across age groups. Potentially, the PII can also be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials.

Reliability, validity, sensitivity and internal consistency of the ICF based Basic Mobility Scale for measuring the mobility of patients with musculoskeletal problems in the acute hospital setting: a prospective study.

BackgroundThe assessment of mobility is important in the acute care setting. Existing tests suffer from limitations. The aim of the study was to examine the inter-rater reliability, the validity, the sensitivity to change, and the internal consistency of an ICF based scale.MethodsIn a prospective study inpatients in the acute care setting with restricted mobility aged above 50 years assigned to rehabilitative treatment were included. Assessment of subscales of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the ICF based Basic Mobility Scale (BMS) were performed at admission and before discharge. Furthermore pain, length of stay in hospital, and post-discharge residential status were recorded. Inter-rater reliability, criterion-concurrent validity, sensitivity to change, and internal consistency were calculated. Furthermore, floor and ceiling effects were determined.ResultsOne hundred twenty-five patients (79 women/46 men) were included. The BMS showed an excellent inter-rater reliability for the total BMS (ICC BMS: 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.81–0.88). The criterion-concurrent validity was high to excellent (Spearman correlation coefficient: −0.91 in correlation to FIM) and the internal consistency was good (Cronbach’s alpha 0.88). The BMS proved to be sensitive to improvements in mobility (Wilcoxon’s signed rank test: p < 0.0001; The effect size for the BMS was 1.075 and the standardized response mean 1.10. At admission, the BMS was less vulnerable to floor effects.ConclusionsThe BMS may be used as a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of mobility in the acute care setting. It is easy to apply, sensitive to change during the hospital stay and not vulnerable to floor and ceiling effects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0638-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Psychometric Validation of the Academic Motivation Scale in a Dental Student Sample

The Academic Motivation Scale is one of the most frequently used instruments to assess academic motivation. It relies on the self-determination theory of human motivation. However, motivation has been understudied in dental education. Therefore, to address the lack of valid instruments to assess academic motivation in dental education and contribute to future research in the field, the aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of this instrument in a sample of dental students. Participants were 989 Chilean undergraduate dental students (86% response rate) who completed a survey containing a Chilean face-valid version of the Spanish Academic Motivation Scale and three other motivation-related instruments to assess the survey's construct and criterion validity. Later, 76 of the students (out of 100 invited) took the survey again to assess its test-retest stability. The instrument's construct validity was supported by the superior goodness of fit of the seven-subscale Academic Motivation Scale over competing models through confirmatory factor analysis and by the expected correlations among its subscales. The concurrent criterion validity was supported by the confirmation of correlations between its subscales and external criteria. Adequate internal consistency and test-retest correlations were also found. The evidence from this study suggests that the Academic Motivation Scale is a preliminarily valid and reliable instrument to assess motivation in the predoctoral dental context. Future research in this area is needed to confirm or refute these results.

The Neck Disability Index-Russian Language Version (NDI-RU): A Study of Validity and Reliability.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing. To perform a validated Russian translation and then to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Russian language version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI-RU). Neck pain is highly prevalent and can greatly affect daily activity. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the most frequently used scale for self-rating of disability due to neck pain. Its translated versions are applied in many countries. However, the Russian language version of the NDI has not been developed yet. Cross-cultural adaptation of the NDI-RU was performed according to established guidelines. Then, the NDI-RU was evaluated for content validity, concurrent criterion validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor structure, and minimum detectable change. Two hundred thirty-two patients took part in the study in total: 109 in validity (39.5 ± 10 yr), 123 in reliability (38.4 ± 11 yr; 80 in the test-retest phase). A culturally valid translation was achieved. NDI-RU total scores were distributed normally. Floor/ceiling effects were absent. Good values of Cronbach α were obtained for each item (from 0.80 to 0.84) and for the total NDI-RU (0.83). A 2-factor solution was found for the NDI-RU. The average interitem correlation coefficient was 0.53. Intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.92 for different items and 0.91 for the total NDI-RU. Moderate correlation (Spearman rs = 0.62; P < 0.05) was found between the NDI-RU total score and graphic rating scalepain score. Completion of the NDI-RU takes 3.6 ± 1 minutes. The development of a Russian language version of the Neck Disability Index resulted in a valid, reliable instrument that can be used both in clinical practice and scientific investigations. 1.

Validation of the Roland Morris Questionnaire in Colombia to Evaluate Disability in Low Back Pain.

An observational study was performed to validate a scale. This study validated the Roland Morris Questionnaire (RMQ) in Colombia. The RMQ is a frequently used instrument for the evaluation of disability in patients with low back pain. The psychometric properties of the RMQ are highly reliable, but a validated version is not available in our country. The RMQ 24-item scale ranges from 0 (no disability) to 24 (maximum disability) and it was applied to 133 patients older than 18 years of age with low back pain of any etiology and duration. Reliability, validity of content, construct and criterion were evaluated, and the latter was compared with the Oswestry Disability Index 2.1a, SF-36, and the visual analogue scale. Sensitivity to change was evaluated in patients with subacute low back pain, and a pharmacological and/or physical rehabilitation intervention was performed and the effect size of the treatment was calculated with Cohen's d coefficient. The patients' average age was 43.4 (16.3) years, out of which 67.7% were females. Internal consistency revealed a coefficient of Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. Intraobserver reliability revealed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.92. Construct validity between acute and chronic patients showed no significant differences (P = 0.405). Concurrent criterion validity compared with the Oswestry Disability Index 2.1a revealed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.745 which is a very good correlation. The correlation between RMQ and SF-36 was significant. The Pearson correlation between the RMQ and visual analogue scale was r = 0.438 with a P < 0.005. Sensitivity to change had a Cohen's d coefficient of 1.27, which corresponds to a very large effect size. The RMQ is a useful and reliable instrument for the evaluation of patients with low back pain, and it allows an adequate clinical postintervention follow-up. 3.

Validation of the Turkish version of the Celiac Disease Questionnaire (CDQ).

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to translate, adapt and validate the Celiac Disease Questionnaire (CDQ), which was developed in Germany, for use in Turkey.MethodsThe questionnaire was translated by a forward-backward translation method. Total CDQ score and four subscores (emotional state, gastrointestinal symptoms, worries, social problems) were calculated and their reliability assessed by internal consistency. Reliability of scales was evaluated by internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was assessed by means of a retest after 15 days. Face validity was assessed by patient volunteers and physicians and construct validity was assessed by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was determined by comparing responses to the CDQ with similar subscale scores of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. Discriminative concurrent criterion validity was determined by comparing the CDQ scores of patients with celiac disease (CD) on a gluten-free diet (GFD) with CD patients not on a GFD.ResultsThe Turkish version of the CDQ was completed by 205 patients with celiac disease (Female 146, mean age 31.1 year, ± 10.61). The Cronbach-α coefficent of the subscores ranged between 0.73 and 0.93. Test-retest reliability was 0.99 for all subscores. 42 patients with CD and five gastroenterologists assessed the items of the CDQ to be comprehensible and relevant to the health related quality of life (HRQOL) of CD patients. The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable fit indices for the original four subscales of the CDQ. The correlations between the scales of the CDQ and the instrument for validation covering similar dimensions of the HRQOL ranged between 0.61 and 0.93. In all subscores and in the total score, patients not on a GFD showed a significantly reduced HRQOL (all p < 0.05) compared to patients on a GFD.ConclusionThe Turkish version of the CDQ proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring HRQOL in Turkish patients with celiac disease.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0272-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sınıf Öğretmeleri İçin Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımı Özyeterlilik Algısı Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

This study aimed to develop a self-efficacy scale to be used to measure elementary school teachers’ selfefficacy beliefs regarding computer and internet use. For this purpose validity (content, face, construct, and criterion validity) and reliability (internal consistency and temporal reliability) studies were conducted. After being tested for content and face validity through expert opinion, the draft scale was piloted first on 250 elementary school teachers. Initial exploratory factor analysis yielded two alternative models which accounted for 66.16% and 74.02% of the total variance, respectively. The confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the two-factor model with acceptable goodness of fit indices (X2/sd=200.36/100=2.00; p=0.000; RMSEA= 0.063; GIF= 0.91; AGFI= 0.92; SRMR=0.031; CFI=0.97; NFI= 0.95; and NNFI=0.97). The final scale was administered on 328 elementary school teachers for a follow-up confirmatory factor analysis, which also yielded adequate fit indices. A concurrent criterion validity analysis was also conducted using two distinct criterion scales, which yielded significant moderate-to-high levels of positive correlations. Finally, the results of the reliability analyses suggested that Computer and Internet Self-Efficacy Scale is able to measure elementary school teachers’ senses of efficacy for computer and internet use reliably

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Feeding Emotions Scale. A measure of parent emotions in the context of feeding

Assessing parent affect is important because studies examining the parent–child dyad have shown that parent affect has a profound impact on parent–child interactions and related outcomes. Although some measures that assess general affect during daily lives exist, to date there are only few tools that assess parent affect in the context of feeding. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure parent affect specific to the feeding context and determine its validity and reliability. A brief instrument consisting of 20 items was developed that specifically asks how parents feel during the feeding process. This brief instrument draws on the structure of a well-validated general affect measure. A total of 296 Hispanic and Black Head Start parents of preschoolers completed the Feeding Emotions Scale along with other parent-report measures as part of a larger study designed to better understand feeding interactions during the dinner meal. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model with independent subscales of positive affect and negative affect (Cronbach's alphas of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively). Concurrent and convergent construct validity was evaluated by correlating the subscales of the Feeding Emotions Scale with positive emotionality and negative emotionality from the Differential Emotions Scale – a measure of general adult emotions. Concurrent and convergent criterion validity was evaluated by testing mean differences in affect across parent feeding styles using ANOVA. A significant difference was found across maternal weight status for positive feeding affect. The resulting validated measure can be used to assess parent affect in studies of feeding to better understand how interactions during feeding may impact the development of child eating behaviors and possibly weight status.

Construct validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

ObjectiveThe validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of the DSM 5 category somatic symptom disorder (SSD) needs to be tested outside the setting of psychiatry. MethodsConsecutive patients with an established diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) were evaluated by medical examination, psychiatric interview and self-report questionnaires in an outpatient pain medicine center. The diagnosis of SSD was established using published research criteria. The discriminative concurrent criterion validity of SSD was tested by comparing FMS-patients with and without SSD as to the amount of impairment and of health care seeking. Two clinicians blinded as to the purpose of the study, assessed the medical reports of patients after the evaluation for the determination of the need for psychotherapy based on the German FMS — guideline recommendations (clinical utility). Results25.6% of 156 patients met the criteria of SSD. Patients meeting SSD criteria scored significantly higher in a self-report measure of disability. There were no significant differences in the number of patients on sick leave or applying for disability pension and in self-reported doctor visits and physiotherapy in the previous six months. 95.0% of patients with SSD and 71.6% of patients without SSD met the criteria of a current anxiety or depressive disorder as assessed by the psychiatric interview. 80.0% of patients with SSD and 66.7% of patients without SSD received a recommendation for psychotherapy. ConclusionsThe construct validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of DSM 5 category SSD were limited in German patients with FMS.

The validity and reliability of the functional rating index for evaluating low back pain in athletes.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Functional Rating Index (FRI) for athletes with low back pain (LBP). In this cross-sectional and prospective cohort study, the validated Persian FRI (PFRI) was tested in 100 athletes with LBP and 50 healthy athletes. From the athletes with LBP, data were recollected among 50 athletes with a 7-day interval to examine test-retest reliability. The content validity was excellent, and the athletes with LBP responded to all items with no floor or ceiling effects. The discriminative validity was supported by a statistically significant difference in PFRI total scores between the athletes with LBP and healthy athletes. The concurrent criterion validity was good (rho = 0.72). The construct, convergent validity was good (r = 0.83). The internal consistency reliability estimate was high (Cronbach's α = 0.90). Factor analysis demonstrated a single-factor structure with an explained variance of 52.22%. The test-retest reliability was excellent, indicated by an ICC(agreement) of 0.97, and the agreement observed in the Bland and Altman plot demonstrated no systematic bias. It is concluded that the PFRI has excellent psychometric properties for assessing athletes with LBP.

Reliability and Validity of Instrumented Soccer Equipment

Ankle ligament sprains are the most common injury in soccer. The high rate of these injuries demonstrates a need for novel data collection methodologies. Therefore, soccer shoes and shin guards were instrumented with inertial sensors to measure ankle joint kinematics in the field. The purpose of this study was to assess test-retest reliability and concurrent criterion validity of a kinematic assessment using the instrumented soccer equipment. Twelve soccer athletes performed athletic maneuvers in the laboratory and field during 2 sessions. In the laboratory, ankle joint kinematics were simultaneously measured with the instrumented equipment and a conventional motion analysis system. Reliability was assessed using ICC and validity was assessed using correlation coefficients and RMSE. While our design criteria of good test-retest reliability was not supported (ICC > .80), sagittal plane ICCs were mostly fair to good and similar to motion analysis results; and sagittal plane data were valid (r = .90-98; RMSE < 5°). Frontal and transverse plane data were not valid (r < .562; RMSE > 3°). Our results indicate that the instrumented soccer equipment can be used to measure sagittal plane ankle joint kinematics. Biomechanical studies support the utility of sagittal plane measures for lower extremity injury prevention.

Validity of self-reported fitness across black and white race, gender, and health literacy subgroups.

To compare concurrent criterion validity of the Self-Reported Fitness (SRFit) Survey, a new fitness measure, between black and white race, gender, and health literacy groups. Cross-sectional. Midwest urban primary care center and commercial fitness center. One hundred one black, white, male, and female primary care patients aged ≥40 years. Measures included demographics, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, the SRFit Survey, and the Rikli and Jones Senior Fitness Test battery of physical tests. The BodPod determined percentage of body fat. Body mass index was calculated. Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson and Spearman rank order correlations between corresponding physical tests and SRFit survey items. Correlations between physical tests and SRFit items ranged from r = .52 to .76 (ρ = .41-.85) in males, r = .40 to .79 (ρ = .33-.80) in females, r = .45 to .79 (ρ = .53-.82) in blacks, and r = .49 to .77 (ρ = .33-.82) in whites. Correlations were r = .58 (ρ = .58) to r = .77 (ρ = .79) in persons with low health literacy and r = .50 to .79 (ρ = .39-.85) among persons with moderate to high health literacy. SRFit shows similar concurrent validity across race, gender, and health literacy subgroups.

A suggested approach for imputation of missing dietary data for young children in daycare

BackgroundParent-reported 24-h diet recalls are an accepted method of estimating intake in young children. However, many children eat while at childcare making accurate proxy reports by parents difficult.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to demonstrate a method to impute missing weekday lunch and daytime snack nutrient data for daycare children and to explore the concurrent predictive and criterion validity of the method.DesignData were from children aged 2-5 years in the My Parenting SOS project (n=308; 870 24-h diet recalls). Mixed models were used to simultaneously predict breakfast, dinner, and evening snacks (B+D+ES); lunch; and daytime snacks for all children after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). From these models, we imputed the missing weekday daycare lunches by interpolation using the mean lunch to B+D+ES [L/(B+D+ES)] ratio among non-daycare children on weekdays and the L/(B+D+ES) ratio for all children on weekends. Daytime snack data were used to impute snacks.ResultsThe reported mean (± standard deviation) weekday intake was lower for daycare children [725 (±324) kcal] compared to non-daycare children [1,048 (±463) kcal]. Weekend intake for all children was 1,173 (±427) kcal. After imputation, weekday caloric intake for daycare children was 1,230 (±409) kcal. Daily intakes that included imputed data were associated with age and sex but not with BMI.ConclusionThis work indicates that imputation is a promising method for improving the precision of daily nutrient data from young children.

Relationship between Stage of Change for Three Health Behaviors and Perceived Stress in Chinese Adults

We propose stress management behavior, exercise, and scheduled sleep to represent the general intention and actual practices aimed to relieve stress by the application of the transtheoretical model (TTM). Randomly selected Chinese adults aged 18 - 64 were tested through an internet survey. The stage distributions for the three health behaviors were different across the Chinese adults. Stress was significantly higher in action and maintenance stages than in precontemplation and contemplation stages across three health behaviors. Our findings have provided preliminary findings on the applicability of TTM on the three health behaviors in Chinese adults with evidence of concurrent criterion validity.

A Validity and Measurement Equivalence Study of the Ultra-Short Suicidal Ideation Scale With Older Adults

AbstractThe assessment of suicide risk is a critically important task for practitioners working with older adults. Short-form scales are important tools for use in the assessment of suicide ideation and risk since their brevity makes them ideally suited for use in busy practice settings. This article reports results of a validity study of an ultra-short suicidal ideation scale (USSIS) used with an older adult population. The study tests the hypothesis that scores on the USSIS represent magnitude of suicidal thinking. The USSIS was used to gather data on more than 200 adults, ages 50 to 97 years, recruited from 2 clinical settings that serve older adults. The data are analyzed to provide evidence for concurrent criterion, divergent, factorial, and known-groups discriminant validity. In addition, we conducted analyses to test measurement equivalence across the 2 study sites. Results are consistent with the scores on the USSIS representing magnitude of suicidal ideation, and with measurement equivalence acro...

Criterion-concurrent validity of spinal mobility tests in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review of the literature.

To examine the level of evidence for criterion-concurrent validity of spinal mobility assessments in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Guidelines proposed in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were used to undertake a search strategy involving 3 sets of keywords: accura*, truth, valid*; ankylosing spondylitis, spondyloarthritis, spondyloarthropathy, spondylarthritis; mobility, spinal measure*, (a further 16 keywords with similar meaning were used). Seven databases were searched from their inception to February 2014: AMED, Embase, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (with modifications) was used to assess the quality of articles reviewed. An article was considered high quality when it received "yes" in at least 9 of the 13 items. From the 741 records initially identified, 10 articles were retained for our systematic review. Only 1 article was classified as high quality, and this article suggests that 3 variants of the Schober test (original, modified, and modified-modified) poorly reflect lumbar range of motion where radiographs were used as the reference standard. The level of evidence considering criterion-concurrent validity of clinical tests used to assess spinal mobility in patients with AS is low. Clinicians should be aware that current practice when measuring spinal mobility in AS may not accurately reflect true spinal mobility.