Concurrent Criterion Validity Research Articles

TRADUÇÃO, ADAPTAÇÃO E VALIDAÇÃO DA ESCALA FULL OUTLINE OF UNRESPONSIVENESS PARA O PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale into Brazilian Portuguese. Method: a methodological study carried out at the Clinical Hospital of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil, through the following stages: translation, synthesis, evaluation by the experts' committee, back-translation, consensus, semantic evaluation and pre-test. A sample of 188 adult patients was reached. Data collection took place between August and December 2020. Concurrent criterion validity was analyzed by comparing the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale with the Glasgow Coma Scale by means of Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficients; and predictive validity analysis was performed with Cox Regression, Sensitivity and Specificity and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. The Cronbach's alpha, weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation coefficients were also adopted for interobserver reliability. Results: Spearman’s test for the motor and eye response items, respectively, resulted in 0.81 and 0.96, and Pearson's test for the total score was 0.97. A relative risk of 0.80, 95.5% specificity, 51.6% sensitivity and accuracy of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.688-0,905, p<0.001) were obtained. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, weighted Kappa varied from 0.89 to 1.0, and ICC resulted in 0.99. Conclusion: the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale (Brazilian version), maintained four domains and the 20 items from the original scale, making it appropriate for use in Brazil and contributing to the assessment of the level of consciousness and prognosis of adult patients in severe conditions.

Avaliação em delinquência juvenil: validade convergente e de critério do Inventário de Jesness - revisado - brasileiro - reduzido

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze evidence of convergent and concurrent criterion validity of the scales of the short form of the Jesness Inventory - Revised - Brazilian version. A sample of 597 male adolescents, aged between 12 and 20 years, participated in the study. The evidence of convergent validity obtained indicates that most scales would have maintained their interpretive meaning in the short form. They also indicated the need for further investigations on the Immaturity scale. The concurrent criterion validity suggests that high scores on the scales can differentiate adolescents based on both criteria, Judicialization and Frequency of self-reported delinquency in the last 12 months. Investment in standardized and brief instruments can drive the development of evidence-based practices in the juvenile justice system and, for this, a research agenda is presented.

Reliability, criterion-concurrent validity, and construct-discriminant validity of a head-marking version of the taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of a head-marking version of the taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test (TAIKT-head). Twenty-seven (21 males and 6 females) taekwondo athletes performed TAIKT-head on two occasions (test-retest). In addition, they performed the chest-marking version of the TAIKT (TAIKT-chest), 30-s continuous jump (CJ30s), countermovement jump (CMJ) and flexibility tests. To establish TAIKT-head’s construct validity (discriminatory capability), two subgroups were identified based on their international and national taekwondo results: 15 elite (12 males and 3 females) and 12 sub-elite (9 males and 3 females) athletes. TAIKT-head showed high relative (ICCs ≥ 0.90) and absolute (SEMs < SWCs) reliability. The comparison between TAIKT-head and TAIKT-chest revealed that absolute and relative peak and mean powers were higher (p < 0.001) in TAIKT-head than in TAIKT-chest. In contrast, the fatigue index and rating of perceived exertion were lower in TAIKT-head than in TAIKT-chest (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), with no significant difference between the two tests regarding physiological variables. Significant correlations between TAIKT-head and TAIKT-chest (r ranged from 0.74 to 0.53), CJ30s (r ranged from 0.84 to 0.43), and CMJ (r ranged from 0.88 to 0.79) were mostly “very large”. There was no association between TAIKT-head and flexibility tests. Elite athletes showed greater TAIKT-head performances than sub-elite counterparts. Receiving operating characteristic analysis indicated that the TAIKT-head effectively discriminated between elite and sub-elite athletes. In conclusion, the TAIKT-head is a reliable and valid test to evaluate the specific intermittent anaerobic power of taekwondo athletes through the most used kicking technique at the head level.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE BRAZILIAN VERSION OF THE INSTRUMENT THE ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES IN FAMILIES-EFFECTIVENESS (ASF-E)

ABSTRACT Objective: to test the psychometric validity of an instrument to assess family effectiveness strategies and its reliability for use with Brazilian families. Method: this is a methodological study, content validation, construct, criterion, which used exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability. The sample consisted of 100 families. Data were collected from October 2017 to March 2018. Results: the percentage of agreement among family health experts was 100%, with a perfect Content Validity Index and reliability (1.00). For the target audience (pre-test), 89.3% of agreement and Content Validity Index of 0.89 were obtained. Construct validity had a total explained variance of 73.8%. The concurrent criterion validity presented a correlation coefficient (ρ) of 0.75 (p = 0.004). Reliability had a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.82 for the full scale and a range of 0.62 to 0.82 in the instrument’s goals. Conclusion: the instrument proved to be valid and reliable to assess the effectiveness of the functioning of Brazilian families.

Validation of the automated neuropsychological assessment metrics for assessing cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus.

ObjectiveWe previously demonstrated the utility of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) for screening cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and developed composite indices for interpreting ANAM results. Our objectives here were to provide further support for the ANAM’s concurrent criterion validity against the American College of Rheumatology neuropsychological battery (ACR-NB), identify the most discriminatory subtests and scores of the ANAM for predicting CI, and provide a new approach to interpret ANAM results using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis.Methods300 adult SLE patients completed an adapted ACR-NB and ANAM on the same day. As per objectives, six models were built using combinations of ANAM subtests and scores and submitted to CART analysis. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the ANAM’s criterion validity compared to the adapted ACR-NB; the most discriminatory ANAM subtests and scores in each model were selected, and performance of models with the highest AUCs were compared to our previous composite indices; decision trees were generated for models with the highest AUCs.ResultsTwo models had excellent AUCs of 86 and 89%. Eight most discriminatory ANAM subtests and scores were identified. Both models demonstrated higher AUCs against our previous composite indices. An adapted decision tree was created to simplify the interpretation of ANAM results.ConclusionWe provide further validity evidence for the ANAM as a valid CI screening tool in SLE. The decision tree improves interpretation of ANAM results, enhancing clinical utility.

Validation of the Patient Generated Index for people with severe mental illness.

The Patient Generated Index (PGI) is a personalized quality of life (QOL) measure. This secondary analysis examined its psychometric properties with people with severe mental illness. Three hundred and eleven people with severe mental illness participated in structured interviews at baseline, 9 months, and 18 months. The PGI captured a range of self-defined life areas. PGI scores were correlated with measures of QOL, hope, and functioning, indicating concurrent (criterion) validity. The correlation with QOL, with the finding that PGI scores were significantly higher for people who were employed (n = 42) versus unemployed (n = 269) and for people without substance use disorder (n = 269) versus those with substance use disorder (n = 42), is indicative of construct validity. The results support the suitability of the PGI as an idiographic measure for monitoring personalized QOL of people with severe mental illness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Conceptualising and measuring householder bushfire (wildfire) risk perception: The householder bushfire risk perception scale (HBRPS-4)

With increasing numbers of householders living in high bushfire (wildfire) risk areas, there is a need to better understand householders' bushfire risk perceptions. In the community bushfire safety research literature, there appears to be no consensus on how best to conceptualise and measure householders' bushfire risk perceptions. The aim of this research was to investigate the concept of bushfire risk perception and its measurement, and to develop a brief, reliable and valid measure of householders’ bushfire risk perceptions. Following a review of 26 studies, a four-item householder bushfire risk perception scale (HBRPS-4) was developed. Analysis of responses to an online survey of 375 householders indicated that the measure had high internal consistency (α = 0.93). There was evidence of: construct validity, concurrent convergent criterion validity (|r| range 0.21–0.58), and concurrent discriminant criterion validity (r ≤ 0.15). A supplementary study with 27 participants found a high level of test-retest reliability over a six-week period (r = 0.95). It is suggested that householder bushfire risk perception can be construed as a fuzzy concept, incorporating three risk perception elements (probability, consequences, concern) whose meaning boundaries are not well-differentiated. The HBRPS-4 appears to hold promise of being a useful measure for community bushfire safety research.

Validity and Reliability of the Self-administered Psycho-TherApy-SystemS (SELFPASS) Item Pool for the Daily Mood Tracking of Depressive Symptoms: Cross-sectional Web-Based Survey.

Backgrounde-Mental health apps targeting depression have gained increased attention in mental health care. Daily self-assessment is an essential part of e-mental health apps. The Self-administered Psycho-TherApy-SystemS (SELFPASS) app is a self-management app to manage depressive and comorbid anxiety symptoms of patients with a depression diagnosis. A self-developed item pool with 40 depression items and 12 anxiety items is included to provide symptom-specific suggestions for interventions. However, the psychometric properties of the item pool have not yet been evaluated.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the SELFPASS item pool.MethodsA weblink with the SELFPASS item pool and validated mood assessment scales was distributed to healthy subjects and patients who had received a diagnosis of a depressive disorder within the last year. Two scores were derived from the SELFPASS item pool: SELFPASS depression (SP-D) and SELFPASS anxiety (SP-A). Reliability was examined using Cronbach α. Construct validity was assessed through Pearson correlations with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and the WHO-5-Wellbeing-Scale (WHO-5). Logistic regression analysis was performed as an indicator for concurrent criterion validity of SP-D and SP-A. Factor analysis was performed to provide information about the underlying factor structure of the item pool. Item-scale correlations were calculated in order to determine item quality.ResultsA total of 284 participants were included, with 192 (67.6%) healthy subjects and 92 (32.4%) patients. Cronbach α was set to .94 for SP-D and α=.88 for SP-A. We found significant positive correlations between SP-D and PHQ-9 scores (r=0.87; P<.001) and between SP-A and GAD-7 scores (r=0.80; P<.001), and negative correlations between SP-D and WHO-5 scores (r=–0.80; P<.001) and between SP-A and WHO-5 scores (r=–0.69; P<.001). Increasing scores of SP-D and SP-A led to increased odds of belonging to the patient group (SP-D: odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05; P<.001; SP-A: 1.05, 1.05-1.01; P=.01). The item pool yielded 2 factors: one that consisted of mood-related items and another with somatic-related items.ConclusionsThe SELFPASS item pool showed good psychometric properties in terms of reliability, construct, and criterion validity. The item pool is an appropriate source for daily mood tracking in future e-mental health apps among patients with depression. Our study provides general recommendations for future developments as well as recommendations within the item pool.

Psychometric assessment of the Swedish version of the injustice experience questionnaire among patients with chronic pain.

The use of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) in psychological assessment of individuals with chronic pain is supported by research. The psychometric properties of the Swedish version, the IEQ-S, has not yet been evaluated. Hence, the aim was to investigate structural validity, and concurrent criterion validity of the IEQ-S against the Work Ability Index (WAI), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-SW), the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression module (PHQ-9), and the Generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also studied. Sixty-five participants, referred to a University hospital, with a pain duration over three months were consecutively sampled. They completed the IEQ-S at admission and again within six weeks. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the study of structural validity. Concurrent criterion validity was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Internal consistency reliability for the full IEQ-S was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was calculated using an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The median total score (0-48, where high scores indicate high levels of injustice) at admission (test 1) was 27.0 (n=64), 25th percentile=15.3, 75th percentile=37.8, range=3-48 points. A one-factor model was supported with item-loadings between 0.67-0.92. Spearman's correlation coefficient between the IEQ-S and the WAI (n=56) was rS =-0.46; the PCS-SW (n=63) was rS =0.68, the PHQ-9 (n=64) was rS =0.50 and the GAD-7 (n=64) was rS =0.57, p<0.01. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 (n=64). The ICC was 0.80 (n=55), with a 95% confidence interval, ranging between 0.69-0.88. Our study supported structural validity and concurrent criterion validity of the IEQ-S against other measures of psychological constructs and work ability. It also supported the internal consistency reliability of the IEQ-S and the test-retest reliability with a retest interval up to six weeks, was good. These findings support the use of the IEQ-S as an adjunct tool to assess appraisals of injustice in patients with chronic pain who are referred to tertiary care in Sweden. The added value might be identification of those who are at risk for slow or no improvement in their pain condition over time, and sick-leave, but this has to be confirmed in future studies. EPN Uppsala D-No 2016-376.

The Persian Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire: Validation in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain

Background Illness perceptions may influence coping behaviors as well as treatment and recovery among patients with chronic pain including low back pain (LBP). These perceptions may vary across different conditions. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) is used as an instrument to assess the patients' perception of illness. Although the BIPQ has been previously translated into Persian, its psychometric properties have not been evaluated among patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian BIPQ in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. Methods 116 patients with chronic nonspecific LBP with a mean (standard deviation) age of 36.4 years (10.7) participated in this cross-sectional study. Fifty patients were reexamined after 10 to 12 days for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency reliability, construct validity, concurrent criterion validity, and structural validity were evaluated. The concurrent validity was examined by using the Short Form-36 Health Survey. Results There were no floor and ceiling effects. Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.90. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability was 0.90. The standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change was found to be 3.26 and 9.04, respectively. The convergent correlations confirmed the construct validity. The concurrent criterion validity was demonstrated by significant negative correlations with the SF-36. The Exploratory Factor Analysis produced the 2 factors (emotional illness representations and cognitive illness representations) with an eigenvalue >1.0 that jointly accounted for 58.86% of the total variance. Conclusion The Persian BIPQ is a reliable and 2-factor instrument and can be used for assessing illness perception in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP.

Validation of the revised 9-scale clinical frailty scale (CFS) in Greek language

BackgroundAmong many screening tools that have been developed to detect frailty in older adults, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a valid, reliable and easy-to-use tool that has been translated in several languages. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable version of the CFS to the Greek language.MethodsA Greek version was obtained by translation (English to Greek) and back translation (Greek to English). The “known-group” construct validity of the CFS was determined by using test for trends. Criterion concurrent validity was assessed by evaluating the extent that CFS relates to Barthel Index, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Both inter-rater and test–retest reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsKnown groups comparison supports the construct validity of the CFS. The strong negative correlation between CFS and Barthel Index (rs = − 0,725, p ≤ 0.001), supports the criterion concurrent validity of the instrument. The intraclass correlation was good for both inter-rater (0.87, 95%CI: 0.82–0.90) and test-retest reliability (0.89: 95%CI: 0.85–0.92).ConclusionThe Greek version of the CFS is a valid and reliable instrument for the identification of frailty in the Greek population.

Is the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) a valid assessment tool for measuring physical activity of patients with axial spondyloartritis?

BackgroundDetermining the level of physical activity (PA) is an essential part of patient evaluation in axial spondylarthritis (axSpA). Subjective and objective methods are both frequently used methods for evaluating PA. Although subjective methods are cost-effective and easy to use, their accuracy for measuring PA is still questionable. ObjectiveTo investigate the concurrent criterion validity of a self-reported questionnaire (IPAQ-Short Form) when compared to an accelerometer (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) for measuring PA level in patients with axSpA. DesignCross-sectional design. MethodsFifty-eight patients with axSpA with a median age of 39.0 (IQR 25/75: 30.0/46.0) years were included in the study. An accelerometer (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) was attached to the waist of patients at their first visits and was removed at their second visits, seven days later. Patients were asked to complete the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ) at their second visits. ResultsNo significant correlations were determined between IPAQ and accelerometer (p > 0.05), except for the moderate PA (rho: 0.367, p < 0.05), and total PA (rho: 0.330, p < 0.05). It was also observed that IPAQ was underestimating energy expenditure for all types of PA. ConclusionIPAQ might not be a valid tool for measuring PA level in patients with axSpA. Disease-specific subjective methods for determining the PA should be developed and validated for those patients.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Cognitive Emotional Regulation Difficulties Questionnaire (CERQ) in Higher Education Students in Times of Covid-19

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is an instrument developed to assess the cognitive strategies of emotional regulation used by people after experiencing a negative event. The present study aimed to validate the Spanish version of the CERQ in students of the University of Granada (Spain) during the Covid-19 homebound. An online scale was developed and applied based on the Spanish version of the CERQ-S36, consisting of 36 items structured around nine cognitive strategies. Using a mixed sampling, the scale was applied to 450 students from different degree programmes. Regarding the psychometric results of the scale, firstly, in relation to reliability as internal consistency, we found that the scale applied to University students in a Covid-19 setting is highly stable. Secondly, in reference to concurrent criterion validity, we can conclude that the items individually measure the same as the total scale (taken as internal criterion), and thirdly and finally, in relation to construct validation, the two factor analyses implemented, one exploratory and the other confirmatory in nature, conform a factor structure of latent dimensions identical to the original one. In conclusion, the results obtained as a whole suggest that the CERQ-S36 scale could be useful for assessing cognitive coping in University populations in times of crisis. In situations such as the current global emergency due to the presence of Covid-19, the scale is useful for understanding emotional regulation strategies. More studies should be carried out with this scale to find out how emotions influence and what consequences they have on the health and psychological functioning of University students in times of social crisis.

Examining the Validity of the Total Nutrient Index for Assessing Intakes of Nutrients From Foods, Beverages, and Dietary Supplements

ObjectivesTo develop and validate the total nutrient index (TNI), a nutrient-based scoring system that assesses nutrient exposures from foods/beverages and dietary supplements (DS). MethodsThe TNI includes 8 shortfall micronutrients identified in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: calcium, magnesium, potassium, choline, and vitamins A, C, D, E. Predicted usual intake is expressed as a percentage of the appropriate Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake and truncated at 100 to compute component scores. The average of the component scores yields the total TNI score (range 0–100). Usual intakes from foods/beverages and DS of U.S. adults (≥19y) were estimated using a multivariate extension of the National Cancer Institute method. Data sources were two 24-hour recalls and a questionnaire/in-home inventory on DS use, collected in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 9,954). Concurrent criterion validity was evaluated by comparing TNI scores between subpopulations with known differences in diet quality and by correlating component scores for vitamins A, C, D, and E with biomarker data. Due to data availability, biomarker analysis for vitamins A, C, and E used data from 2003–2006 NHANES (N = 8,861). Convergent validity was determined by correlating the TNI with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015). ResultsThe estimated mean total TNI score was 75.4; the same index calculated using foods/beverages only was 69.0. The TNI scores were significantly different (p < 0.001) for DS-users (83.5) vs. non-users (67.1), non-smokers (76.8) vs. smokers (70.3), and by food security status (food-secure: 76.6 vs. food-insecure: 69.1). The Pearson correlation of the TNI and HEI-2015 total score was 0.48, suggesting that the TNI captures dimensions of nutrient intake that are correlated with but distinct from those captured with the HEI-2015. Correlations of component scores with the available biomarkers ranged from 0.12 (α-tocopherol) to 0.36 (25(OH)D) and were all < 0.10 when DS were not included. ConclusionsThe TNI identifies total usual intake of shortfall nutrients and extends existing measures of diet quality by including nutrients obtained from DS. Tests of validity suggest the TNI is an effective tool in assessing total nutrient exposures of shortfall nutrients among U.S. adults. Funding SourcesNational Institutes of Health.

Spinal mobility in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: criterion concurrent validity of classic and novel measurements

BackgroundLimitations in spinal mobility are a characteristic feature of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Current clinical measurements of spinal mobility have shown low criterion-concurrent validity. This study sought to evaluate criterion-concurrent validity for a clinically feasible measurement method of measuring spine mobility using tri-axial accelerometers.MethodsFifteen radiographic-Spondyloarthritis patients were recruited for this study. Two postural reference radiographs, followed by three trials in forward, left and right lateral bending were taken. For all trials, three measurements were collected: tape (Original Schober’s, Modified Schober’s, Modified-Modified Schober’s, Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test), followed immediately by synchronized radiograph and accelerometer measurements at end range of forward and bilateral lateral flexion. The criterion-concurrent validity of all measurement methods was compared to the radiographic measures using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. A Bland-Altman analysis was conducted to assess agreement.ResultsIn forward bending, the accelerometer method (r = 0.590, p = 0.010) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measures than all tape measures. In lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion tape measure (r = 0.743, p = 0.001) correlated stronger than the accelerometer method (r = 0.556, p = 0.016). The Domjan test of bilateral bending (r = 0.708, p = 0.002) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measure than the accelerometer method.ConclusionsAccelerometer measures demonstrated superior criterion-concurrent validity compared to current tape measures of spinal mobility in forward bending. While a moderate correlation exists between accelerometer and radiographs in lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test were found to have the best criterion-concurrent validity of all tests examined in this study.

Developing an instrument to assess empowering nurse leader communication behaviours.

The overall purpose of the study was to develop an instrument to assess empowering nurse leader communication behaviours. Effective communication by nurse leaders promotes empowerment, yet communication assessments are often broad in nature without specifying precise behaviours. An instrument development process was used to identify empowering nurse leader communication behaviours. Nurses working in United States military health care facilities (n=240) provided responses to 47 pilot items, along with a 12-item psychological empowerment instrument to test for concurrent criterion validity. After review of item performance, 12 items were deleted. An exploratory factor analysis supported either a 2- or 3-factor model, with confirmatory factor analyses conducted to validate the underlying latent variables of empowering and limiting behaviours. The final nurse leader communication assessment consists of 2 factors consisting of 20 positive items (empowering subscale) and 15 negative items (limiting subscale). The final 2-factor assessment supports the theoretical premise of the empowering and limiting behaviours. Further testing may provide further dimensional clarity. Use of the assessment can provide a basis for the development of training for individual nurse leaders or for facility nurse leaders as a collective.

Clinical validation of the short and long UNESP-Botucatu scales for feline pain assessment.

BackgroundThe UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional feline pain assessment scale (UFEPS) is a valid and reliable instrument for acute pain assessment in cats. However, its limitations are that responsiveness was not tested using a negative control group, it was validated only for ovariohysterectomy, and it can be time-consuming. We aimed to evaluate the construct and criterion validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the UFEPS and its novel short form (SF) in various clinical or painful surgical conditions.MethodsTen client-owned healthy controls (CG) and 40 client-owned cats requiring pain management for clinical or surgical care (20 clinical and 20 surgery group (12 orthopedic and eight soft tissue surgeries) were recruited. Three evaluators assessed pain, in real-time, in clinical cases before and 20 min after rescue analgesia and in surgical cases before and up to 6.5 hours postoperatively, by using the visual analog, numerical ratio, and a simple descriptive scale, in this order, followed by the UFEPS-SF, UFEPS and Glasgow multidimensional feline pain (Glasgow CMPS-Feline) in random order. For the surgical group, rescue analgesia (methadone 0.2 mg/kg IM or IV and/or dipyrone 12.5 mg/kg IV) was performed when the UFEPS-SF score was ≥4 or exceptionally according to clinical judgement. If a third interventional analgesia was required, methadone (0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1 mg/kg IM) were administered. For the clinical group, all cats received rescue analgesia (methadone 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM or IV or nalbuphine 0.5 mg/kg IM or IV), according to the clinician in charge, regardless of pain scores. Construct (1—comparison of scores in cats undergoing pain vs pain-free control cats by unpaired Wilcoxon-test and 2—responsiveness to analgesia by paired Wilcoxon test) and concurrent criterion validity (Spearman correlation of the total score among scales), inter-rater reliability, specificity and sensitivity were calculated for each scale (α = 0.05).ResultsReliability ranged between moderate and good for the UFEPS and UFEPS-SF (confidence intervals of intraclass coefficients = 0.73–0.86 and 0.63–0.82 respectively). The Spearman correlation between UFEPS and UFEPS-SF was 0.85, and their correlation with Glasgow CMPS-Feline was strong (0.79 and 0.78 respectively), confirming criterion validity. All scales showed construct validity or responsiveness (higher scores of cats with clinical and postoperative pain vs healthy controls, and the reduction in scores after rescue analgesia). The sensitivity and specificity of the UFEPS, UFEPS-SF and Glasgow CMPS-Feline were moderate (sensitivity 83.25, 78.60% and 74.28%; specificity 72.00, 84.67 and 70.00%, respectively).ConclusionsBoth UFEPS and UFEPS–SF showed appropriate concurrent validity, responsiveness, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity for feline acute pain assessment in cats with various clinical and orthopedic and soft tissue surgical conditions.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey

Background/Aims Few satisfaction questionnaires have been available to physical therapists for use in an Iranian population. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Iranian version of the Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey. This was a methodological study in outpatients from the physiotherapy centres in Kerman, Iran. Methods In this study, a cross-sectional and prospective validation study design was used. The Persian version of this questionnaire was prepared using forward and backward translation. The test–retest reliability was examined through interclass correlation coefficient, and absolute reliability was assessed through minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement. Internal consistency reliability was assessed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Concurrent criterion validity was evaluated by assessing the correlation between the subscales of the questionnaire and the global satisfaction index. Divergent validity was measured by comparing the Persian Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey with the visual analogue scale and with the Global Rating of Change. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 24) was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 297 individuals completed the questionnaire, and after 5–7 days, 40 participants answered the questionnaire again. The interclass correlation coefficients for the total score of Persian Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey was 0.75 and for the subscales of enhancers, detractors, location and cost were 0.76, 0.79, 0.84 and 0.40 respectively. The coefficient for internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.73) was within the acceptable range. The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were 0.5 and 1.4 respectively. The correlation of Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey subscales with global satisfaction was relatively good except for the cost subscale. Divergent validity was significant and poor for the visual analogue scale, r=–0.11 (P=0.04), but non-significant for the Global Rating of Change, r=–0.04 (P=0.40). There were no floor and ceiling effects in the Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey questionnaire subscales scores. Conclusions Although measurement properties of the Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey did not fully achieve measurement properties, the authors believe that the Persian version of the Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey can be used among Persian-speaking outpatient populations.

Italian validation of the interpersonal needs questionnaire (INQ-15-I) in a sample of university students

IntroductionThe Interpersonal Theory of Suicide posits that thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB) are proximal causes of current suicidal desire, while the acquired capability predicts suicide attempts (Joiner, 2005).ObjectivesThis study examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15-I), as a measure of the two constructs, on a sample of 458 Italian university students.MethodsAfter examining the socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics of the sample, we tested the differences in current suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide risk among students. We conducted a confirmatory factor analyses to identify the latent structure of the INQ-15-I and we tested the reliability, criterion concurrent validity and convergent/discriminant validity.ResultsThe socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial features of the sample are in line with the literature on the topic. A two-factor related model with 15 item, showed a good fit to the data and subscales showed excellent internal consistencies (α ≥ 0.84). TB, but mostly PB, were mainly correlated with concurrent suicidal ideation and less with suicidal risk. Divergent validity has emerged with the constructs of the acquired capability. Convergent validity is supported for similar constructs such as depression, low reasons for living, anxiety, interoceptive awareness, psychological pain, loneliness, absence of social support and low self-esteem.ConclusionsINQ-15-I provides a valid measure of the interpersonal needs among Italian university students by indirectly investigating suicidal risk factors. It also suggest specific clinical intervention areas in suicide prevention. Thus it may be included in suicide risk assessment protocols in Italy.

Criterion validity of The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) for use in clinical practice in patients with osteoarthritis

BackgroundTo tailor physical activity treatment programs for patients with osteoarthritis, clinicians need valid and feasible measurement tools to evaluate habitual physical activity. The widely used International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is not previously validated in patients with osteoarthritis.PurposeTo assess the concurrent criterion validity of the IPAQ-SF in patients with osteoarthritis, using an accelerometer as a criterion-method.MethodPatients with osteoarthritis (n = 115) were recruited at The Division of Rheumatology and Research at Diakonhjemmet Hospital (Oslo, Norway). Physical activity was measured by patients wearing an accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) for seven consecutive days, followed by reporting their physical activity for the past 7 days using the IPAQ-SF. Comparison of proportions that fulfilled physical activity recommendations as measured by the two methods were tested by Pearson Chi-Square analysis. Differences in physical activity levels between the IPAQ-SF and the accelerometer were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Spearman rank correlation test. Bland-Altman plots were used to visualize the concurrent criterion validity for total- and intensity-specific physical activity levels.ResultsIn total, 93 patients provided complete physical activity data, mean (SD) age was 65 (8.7) years, 87% were women. According to the IPAQ-SF, 57% of the patients fulfilled the minimum physical activity recommendations compared to 31% according to the accelerometer (p = 0.043). When comparing the IPAQ-SF to the accelerometer we found significant under-reporting of total physical activity MET-minutes (p = < 0.001), sitting (p = < 0.001) and walking (p < 0.001), and significant over-reporting of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001). For the different physical activity levels, correlations between the IPAQ-SF and the accelerometer ranged from rho 0.106 to 0.462. The Bland-Altman plots indicated an increased divergence between the two methods with increasing time spent on moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.ConclusionPhysical activity is a core treatment of osteoarthritis. Our finding that patients tend to over-report activity of higher intensity and under-report low-intensity activity and sitting-time is of clinical importance. We conclude that the concurrent criterion validity of the IPAQ-SF was weak in patients with osteoarthritis.