Concrete Tiles Research Articles

Comparative study of the different materials combinations used for roof insulation in Iraq

Abstract In this study, investigation of the different materials combinations used for roof insulation in Iraq has been conducted. Rate of heat transfer and cost analysis were performed using three samples of roof insulation combinations commonly used in Iraq in addition to the reinforced cement roof as a threshold for comparison. The materials used in these combinations include; concrete tile, sand, concrete, and cork. The study results showed that the rate of heat flow reduced by 79%, 98% and 98% with the implementation of combination B, C and D respectively compared to that of concrete without insulation. However, the cost of materials and construction have been increased when using these combinations compared to that of concrete without insulation. The extra cost per unit reduction of heat flow increased by 60%, 100% and 150% when using combination B, C and D respectively compared to that of concrete without insulation. Though sample D shows slightly better insulation performance, extra cost per unit reduction of heat flow observed compared to sample C. Accordingly, the addition of more insulations in sample D represent extra cost without any significant reduction in the heat flow and the optimum combination achieved with sample C compared to B and D.

A practicable learning under conversion of plastic waste and building material waste keen on concrete tiles

Plastic is utilized in day today life at present almost 56 lakhs ton of plastic waste delivered in India every year. Plastic are all things considered non-degradable in this manner, they may be take several years to decay. This is a result of the intermolecular bonds that set up plastic, whose structure protect that the plastic neither expend nor separate. As home grown blend assets have gotten exhausted in light of unnecessary call for underway industry & the measure of arranged waste fabric continues developing, analysts are investigating the utilization of elective materials which exact save natural sources & store the environmental factors. In this examine, utilization of molten plastic waste as complete substitution of cement & broken glasses as partial substitution of mixture with nice river s& for the manufacturing of building production enter inclusive of roof tile, ground tile & hollow plastic block is a partial way to environmental & ecological troubles. Quality manipulate check of samples of prepared fabric are carried out &as compared with the standard material specification. This investigation took a gander at the possibility of waste glass consideration as fractional FA substitution frameworks. Properties of cement fusing waste glass as halfway replacement for FA measures of 15% were researched. Here the excellent residences of asphalt squares concerning squander plastics & the arrangement considerations for black-top square joining waste plastic sacks is included. It could be a shelter to current society & situation. The essential point is to use the plastic nature being developed fields with limited additions. It will be obviously a cost reasonable & can be applied in different structures.

Little evidence that lowering the pH of concrete supports greater biodiversity on tropical and temperate seawalls

Concrete is one of the most commonly used materials in the construction of coastal and marine infrastructure despite the well known environmental impacts which include a high carbon footprint and high alkalinity (~pH 13). There is an ongoing discussion regarding the potential positive effects of lowered concrete pH on benthic biodiversity, but this has not been investigated rigorously. Here, we designed a manipulative field experiment to test whether carbonated (lowered pH) concrete substrates support greater species richness and abundance, and/or alter community composition, in both temperate and tropical intertidal habitats. We constructed 192 experimental concrete tiles, half of which were carbonated to a lower surface pH of 7-8 (vs. control pH of >9), and affixed them to seawalls in the United Kingdom and Singapore. There were 2 sites per country, and 6 replicate tiles of each treatment were collected at 4 time points over a year. Overall, we found no significant effect of lowered pH on the abundance, richness, or community assemblage in both countries. Separate site- and month-specific generalised linear models (GLMs) showed only sporadic effects: i.e. lowered pH tiles had a small positive effect on early benthic colonisation in the tropics but this was later succeeded by similar species assemblages regardless of treatment. Thus, while it is worth considering the modification of concrete from an environmental/emissions standpoint, lowered pH may not be a suitable technique for enhancing biodiversity in the marine built environment.

Evaluation of Iranian diatomaceous earth in combination with nanosilica from sugarcane bagasse ash applied on three different storage surfaces against two insect pests of stored products

Mamaghan, local diatomaceous earth (DE) from Iran, was evaluated for controlling two storage beetles, Tribolium confusum Du Val. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). The effect of DE was enhanced by adding 15 and 20% nanosilica synthesized from bagasse ash sugarcane byproduct. Sugarcane bagasse is potentially used as natural silica resources, and nanosilica was synthesized by the sol-gel technique. Nanosilica, untreated Mamaghan DE, and Mamaghan DE treated with 15% and 20% nanosilica were used in the experiments. The formulations were applied on three surfaces, including concrete, galvanized steel, and mosaic tiles. Mortality of adult insects was recorded after five days of exposure interval. Results revealed that in galvanized steel, and mosaic surfaces adding 20% nanosilica to the Mamaghan DE caused the highest insecticidal activity of both insect species. In contrast, for the concrete surfaces, Mamaghan-15% nanosilica had the same insecticidal activity as Mamaghan-20%. The overall mortality of insects was 56.7, 66.6, and 48.9% for T. confusum on concrete, galvanized steel, and mosaic surfaces, respectively. While for R. dominica, the mortality percentage was 83.3, 95.5, and 77.8% on three tested surfaces, respectively, indicating that R. dominica was more sensitive to the DE than T. confusum. Our findings illustrated that nanosilica from sugarcane bagasse enhanced the insecticidal potential of Mamaghan DE against T. confusum and R. dominica compared with untreated Mamaghan DE.

Manipulating Algebra: Comparing Concrete and Virtual Algebra Tiles for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

ABSTRACT Limited research exists to target algebra instruction for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). In this study, researchers compared the use of concrete – with scaffolds added by researchers – and virtual algebra tiles – with inherent scaffolds – to support the acquisition, fluency, and generalization of linear algebra for three middle school students with IDD. In the single case alternating treatments design, all three participants were successful in solving two-step addition and subtraction linear algebra problems with both manipulative types. Students were successful in best treatment sessions, but struggled to generalize to solving the problems without the use of the either manipulative. This study contributes to the limited literature on algebra instruction for students with IDD and suggests both concrete and virtual algebra tiles can successful support students with linear algebra.

Person Identification and Imposter Detection Using Footstep Generated Seismic Signals

In this work, we propose a novel, unconstrained biometric authentication system that utilizes footstep generated seismic waves. It has the following advantages over existing systems: 1) it does not require any special orientation or positioning of the individual for authentication and 2) seismic data do not interfere with the individual’s privacy. We curate an indigenous data set containing ~78 000 footstep events collected from 8 individuals in three types of surfaces (concrete tile floor, carpet floor, and wooden floor) to validate the robustness of the proposed system. It is also capable of detecting unauthorized/unregistered individuals (imposters). To mimic realistic scenarios for imposter detection, the models are trained only with the footstep data of registered users (footsteps of unregistered users are completely unknown/unseen to the trained models), thus achieving imposter detection for footstep-based person identification. We achieved an accuracy of 90% (in a concrete tile floor and wooden floor) and 94% (in carpet floor) for person identification by using features from as low as two consecutive footsteps. For imposter detection, we achieved an accuracy of 76%–80% (in a concrete tile floor and wooden floor) and 87% (in carpet floor) by utilizing features from 10 consecutive footsteps.

Kajian Parametrik Analisis Terma Bumbung Menggunakan Teknik Berangka

The ever-increasing temperature of current climate has brought the attention on reducing the incoming solar heat energy into buildings. The efforts on reducing the dependency on air-conditioning for indoor cooling has led to the implementation of passive cooling strategies in buildings. This paper investigates the implementation of reflective technologies in the form of reflective insulation and radiant barrier systems in a gable roof assembly. The thermal performance of reflective insulation and radiant barrier systems was investigated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The thermal performance of the reflective technologies was presented in terms of thermal resistivity, RSI value. The study was conducted for several roof configurations where the thickness of reflective air space, roof pitch and the roof material were varied. The results obtained from the CFD simulation was validated against empirical measurements to ensure the simulation gives high accuracy prediction. From the parametric analysis, it was found that thicker reflective air space would provide better air ventilation in the air space area which led to higher thermal resistivity. Besides that, steeper roof pitch would enhance the buoyancy effect and increases the heat exhaustion through the ridge which also results in higher thermal resistivity. In terms of roof tiles material, only small difference was observed in terms of thermal resistivity when switching the roof tiles material between clay tiles and concrete tiles. This research was able to demonstrate the use of CFD simulation in investigating thermal insulation technologies in buildings and this method should be explored further in the future.

Reviews on Different Types of Rooftile BIPV: Materials Point of View

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is defined as the integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules into the building envelope (in this case the rooftile) to generate clean and environmental-friendly electricity from the sun radiation. The architectural integration of PV collector modules in new construction makes possible to create glazed surfaces which, besides being an aesthetical and functional innovation, generate electricity, that is allowing the realization of solar control and electric range with consequent energy savings. However, up until now, there have been limited studies that analysed BIPV from its materials point of views. This paper aims to expose rooftop BIPV materials that further might be used to replace conventional rooftiles such as terracotta or slate, concrete, plastic, and clay tiles. The flat rooftiles of monocrystalline-, polycrystalline-, and a-silicone based BIPV cells are being considered in this paper. Their benefits and drawbacks are also put into account. The parameters that were compared are materials, their physical layouts, and the transparency and output power.

Interacting effects of habitat structure and seeding with oysters on the intertidal biodiversity of seawalls.

The construction of artificial structures, such as seawalls, is increasing globally, resulting in loss of habitat complexity and native species biodiversity. There is increasing interest in mitigating this biodiversity loss by adding topographic habitat to these structures, and/or seeding them with habitat-forming species. Settlement tile experiments, comparing colonisation of species to more and less complex habitats, have been used to inform eco-engineering interventions prior to their large-scale implementation. Most studies have focused on applying one type of intervention (either adding habitat structure or seeding with native organisms), so it is unclear whether there are greater benefits to biodiversity when multiple interventions are combined. Using a fully orthogonal experiment, we assessed the independent and interactive effects of habitat structure (flat vs. crevice/ridges) and seeding with native oysters (unseeded vs. seeded) on the biodiversity of four different functional groups (sessile and mobile taxa, cryptobenthic and pelagic fishes). Concrete tiles (flat unseeded, flat seeded, complex unseeded and complex seeded) were deployed at two sites in Sydney Harbour and monitored over 12 months, for the survival and colonisation of oysters and the species density and abundances of the four functional groups. The survival of seeded oysters was greater on the complex than flat tiles, at one of the two sites, due to the protective role of crevices. Despite this, after 12 months, the species density of sessile invertebrates and the percentage cover of seeded and colonising oysters did not differ between complex and seeded tiles each of which supported more of these variables than the flat unseeded tiles. In contrast, the species density of mobile invertebrates and cryptobenthic fishes and the MaxN of pelagic fishes, at 1 month, were only positively influenced by seeding with oysters, which provided food as well as habitat. Within the complex seeded and unseeded tiles, there was a greater species density of sessile taxa, survival and percentage cover of oysters in the crevices, which were more humid and darker at month 12, had lower high temperature extremes at months 1 and 12, than on the ridges or flat tiles. Our results suggest that eco-engineering projects which seek to maximise the biodiversity of multiple functional groups on seawalls, should apply a variety of different microhabitats and habitat-forming species, to alter the environmental conditions available to organisms.

Effect of water warming on the structure of biofilm-dwelling communities

Abstract Water warming, either resulting from global or local drivers, is of growing concern for aquatic environments. Changes in thermal regimes may alter the functioning and the trophic dynamics of river ecosystems as most aquatic biota like micro-algae, invertebrates, or fish are poikilotherms. Because biofilms integrate basal and intermediate components of aquatic food webs, examination of their responses to warming should contribute to a better understanding of the effects of ongoing climate change on river ecosystems. In this study, we considered sites that were or were not exposed directly to thermal effluents from a nuclear power plant as “in situ laboratories” of the effect of climate change and water warming. To compare the structure of algal and invertebrate communities dwelling in epilithic biofilms subjected to different thermal regimes in the Garonne River, sets of concrete tiles were placed in the river and the biofilm growing on these standard substrates was sampled after two months of colonisation. The site located within the thermal plume directly downstream of the thermal effluents showed warmer average water temperature (mean ΔT of about 1.5 °C over the study period) and greater daily temperature fluctuations in comparison to the control site. Algal and invertebrate biomass did not differ significantly, but the structure of communities differed markedly between sites. At the heated site, the proportion of cyanobacteria was higher, while there were fewer micro-crustaceans and larvae of insects and bivalves. However, the population of chironomids showed a greater proportion of relatively large individuals. Interestingly, nematodes were more abundant, and their communities comprised more species at the heated site. Their feeding-types were also more diverse showing a greater proportion of algivores, large-sized omnivorous and predatory species. Changes in the abundance and age structure further showed that some bacterivore species, such as Eumonhystera vulgaris, thrived especially well at the heated site, whereas another bacterivore, Monhystrella paramacrura, thrived well at the control site. In the context of climate change, our results highlight that warmer and more fluctuating water temperatures have the potential to alter the body-size spectrum, species composition, distribution of feeding specialisations and age structure within biofilm-dwelling communities.

Numerical simulation of heat transfer in a roof assembly with reflective insulation and radiant barrier

The increasing demand of reducing energy consumption in buildings has led to the implementation of insulation material in roof assemblies to reduce heat gain through the roof. This paper investigates the thermal performance of reflective insulation and radiant barrier systems in a gable roof assembly by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In the first part of the paper, the experimental measurements using test huts under actual outdoor environment were detailed. The CFD simulation was then conducted and the results obtained from the simulation were validated against the experimental measurements. In the second part paper, the validated CFD model was then used to evaluate the reduction of heat flux transmission through the roof and the thermal resistance (RSI value) of the roof assemblies for various roof configurations, which are the thickness of reflective air space, the roof pitch and the roof material. The study showed that increasing the reflective air space thickness from 25 mm to 100 mm has increased the total RSI by 26% for both roof pitch of 30° and 45°. Besides that, increasing the roof pitch of the roof from 30° to 45° showed that biggest impact on the thermal performance of the roof, as the RSI value increases by 30%. In terms of roof tiles material, only small difference was observed in terms of thermal resistivity when switching the roof tiles material between clay tiles and concrete tiles.

EFFECT OF ADDING RECYCLED PLASTIC FIBERS TO CONCRETE ON THE STATIC PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE TILES

This research paper is an attempt to reuse plastic waste fibre resulting from plastic sections industry as an additive to concrete matrix. The relationship between fibre volume fraction and mechanical properties of concrete and re-inforced concrete tiles was investigated. Three volume fractions of fibre ( 0.5 % , 1 % and 1.5 % - by volume of concrete ) were used through the experi-mental program. Tests’ results proved a slight decrease in concrete compres-sive strength as plastic fibre was added compared with the reference mix. Flexural behaviour of concrete tiles was enhanced as adding fibres. Adding fibre to Concrete results in a negligible reduction in concrete density. Fibre with high volume fractions improved Splitting tensile strength compared to the reference mix.

Radioactivity of building materials in Serbia and assessment of radiological hazard of gamma radiation and radon exhalation

This paper presents a gamma spectrometric analysis of 47 samples of building materials produced and used in Serbia. Based on the measured activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, radiological hazard indices and annual effective doses were estimated for human exposure in the rooms. The values of radon surface exhalation rate and indoor radon concentration, as well as the range of indoor radon exposures for typical building materials produced in Serbia (concrete, mortar, clay bricks, granite, siporex, ceramic and concrete tiles), were estimated. Measurements of the dose rate for building materials in one typical home in Serbia were performed in contact geometry using the radiation monitor Radiagem 2000.

Kajian Parametrik Analisis Terma Bumbung Menggunakan Teknik Berangka

The ever-increasing temperature of current climate has brought the attention on reducing the incoming solar heat energy into buildings. The efforts on reducing the dependency on air-conditioning for indoor cooling has led to the implementation of passive cooling strategies in buildings. This paper investigates the implementation of reflective technologies in the form of reflective insulation and radiant barrier systems in a gable roof assembly. The thermal performance of reflective insulation and radiant barrier systems was investigated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The thermal performance of the reflective technologies was presented in terms of thermal resistivity, RSI value. The study was conducted for several roof configurations where the thickness of reflective air space, roof pitch and the roof material were varied. The results obtained from the CFD simulation was validated against empirical measurements to ensure the simulation gives high accuracy prediction. From the parametric analysis, it was found that thicker reflective air space would provide better air ventilation in the air space area which led to higher thermal resistivity. Besides that, steeper roof pitch would enhance the buoyancy effect and increases the heat exhaustion through the ridge which also results in higher thermal resistivity. In terms of roof tiles material, only small difference was observed in terms of thermal resistivity when switching the roof tiles material between clay tiles and concrete tiles. This research was able to demonstrate the use of CFD simulation in investigating thermal insulation technologies in buildings and this method should be explored further in the future.

An Ultra-Rugged UHF RFID Reader Antenna: A New Design for Convention Center Loading Docks [Wireless Corner

At present, the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology is more popular than several other autoidentification (auto-ID) technologies. An ultrarugged UHF RFID reader antenna is made from a concrete substrate that is sandwiched between a stubbed quarterwave radiator and a folded ground plane is proposed for fixed UHF RFID readers. This linearly polarized antenna operates between 865 and 868 MHz with a 3.5-dBi peak gain and a 160-MHz, -15-dB |S11| bandwidth. The 3.5- and 2-dBi gain bandwidth are 80 and 140 MHz, respectively. The antenna is intended to be used in convention center loading docks and is thus tested for extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, condensation, and rain as well as the effect of superstrates and metals. More than one concrete tile antenna can be operated by using one RFID reader to realize a distributed antenna system (DAS). The antenna is conformal and can blend with the environment without affecting the existing aesthetics. The antenna creates a wide circumferential read zone (s5.6-m diameter) and reads tags up to 6.5 m at the boresight in free space.

Innovative utilization of fly ash in concrete tiles for sustainable construction

The disposal of fly ash has been causing a severe headache to the environmentalists all across the globe. The effective utilisation of fly ash is restricted only to manufacture of bricks, producing fly ash based pozzolanic cement and use in pavements. To utilise the fly ash in high volume the innovative idea is to utilize it as a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete tiles. The present investigation deals with the manufacturing and characterisation of concrete tiles with fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. A mix design for M 40 grade concrete was carried out. Fine aggregate was replaced with fly ash, where the fly ash content varied from 0% to 40% with an interval of 10%. Various physical strength parameters such as wet transverse strength, water absorption and resistance to wear were determined for the concrete tiles. Also the natural frequencies of tiles were determined by subjecting them to dynamic tests. The influence of fly ash content was studied for all the strength parameters. The experimental results indicate that there is significant improvement in strength and durability characteristics over control concrete when fine aggregate is replaced with fly ash up to 30% replacement. This ensures the suitability of the use of fly ash based concrete tiles. Since fly ash is used for sand replacement, it helps in minimizing the depletion of mineral resources.

Waste Rubber Tires: A Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Floor Tile Production

Concrete tile is one of the most used construction materials in the world. Cement and aggregate, which are the most important constituents used in concrete tile production, they are the vital materials needed for the construction industry. This led to a continuous and increasing demand of natural materials used for their production. Parallel to the need for the utilization of the natural resources emerges a growing concern for protecting the environment and a need to preserve natural resources (such as aggregate) by using alternative materials which are recycled or waste materials. In this research, a study was carried out on the use of used rubber tires as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete tile production using locally available waste tires. A review of relevant literatures was done to study previous works in the subject matter. The research was carried out by conducting tests on the raw materials to determine their properties and suitability for the experiment. Concrete mix designs are prepared using the DOE method and a total of 12 mixes were prepared consisting of two concrete grades (C25 and C30). The specimens were produced with percentage replacements of the coarse aggregate by 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of rubber aggregate with and without supper plasticizer (admixture). Moreover, a control mix with no replacement of the coarse aggregate was produced to make a comparative analysis. The prepared samples consist of concrete cubes, cylinders and beams. Laboratory tests were carried out on the prepared concrete samples. The lists of tests conducted are; material property, slump, unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests. The data collection was mainly based on the tests conducted on the prepared specimens in the laboratory. The test results were compared with the respective conventional concrete properties and show that there is a reduction in compressive strength of the concrete due to the inclusion of rubber aggregates. This is improved by using admixture to some extent, but lower density and enhanced ductility are the same, and there was a slight increase in flexural strength without admixture. The overall results show that it is possible to use recycled rubber tires in concrete tile production as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates. Nevertheless, the percentage of replacement should be limited to 10%.

Practical production of lightweight concrete floor tiles

The quality of concrete is influenced by fine aggregate. Lightweight concrete contains only fine aggregates. Tiles are one of lightweight concrete. The physical characteristics of fine aggregate need to be understood if you want to make a tile. For tiles to re-compete and attractive to use as home flooring, it is necessary to study to make light and aesthetic concrete tiles strong and aesthetic. This research is intended to make lightweight concrete based tiles. This research used the exploration method. The data begins with the selection of materials, work tools, and stages of manufacture. Information from various sources is captured and interpreted into a creative idea. The basic concept is done and developed pragmatically on the shape of the tile. The process of analysis is done qualitatively, so we get the form of tile. The tile shape is transformed from the parameters to the lightweight concrete-based tiles. This study concluded that the lightweight concrete-based tile material is made with the following stages: Preparation of work tools and work materials, basic coating, top-coating, printing, fresh tile removal, drying, polishing, as well as the application of resin oil.

Coconut Shell Aggregate in Concrete Flooring Tiles

The project work report the investigation carried out to determine the use of coconut shell as an aggregate, and the behaviour of coconut shell concrete flooring tiles to comparable to the conventional concrete tiles. The coconut shell flooring tiles were casted and tested as Per IS 1237-1980, the experimental program covers series of physical property tests live texture, size and by tested water absorption, The size of flooring tiles selected for this study was 300X300X20mm. Totally 12 flooring tiles were casted 6 tiles using conventional flooring tiles and 6 tiles coconut shell flooring tiles. The results indicate the performance of coconut shell flooring tiles was used of coconut shell as an aggregate for the replacement of conventional Marble chips in flooring tile production

Environmental impact analysis of five family houses in Eastern Slovakia through a life cycle assessment

Abstract This study performs a life cycle assessment (LCA) of five new family houses in Eastern Slovakia to compare them in terms of the materials and technologies used. The main goal of the analysis is to investigate and highlight the expectable reduction rate of environmental impact resulting from using green materials and technologies. Their environmental impact is determined by using eToolLCD software. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) categories of global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone creation potential are determined within the cradle-to-grave boundary. The examined family houses are built of conventional materials such as aerated concrete blocks, expanded polystyrene (EPS) for thermal insulation and roofing mineral wool, as well as natural materials such as clay, straw, wood, cellulose and vegetation for the roofs. Family houses built of natural materials are characterized by negative emissions of CO2eq in the product phase. Results show that especially the product phase contributes greatly to all environmental impact categories for houses built of conventional materials, such as aerated concrete blocks, mineral wool for thermal insulation, reinforcement concrete and ceramic or concrete tiles.