Durability Of Concrete Structures Research Articles

Water proofing performance assessment of hydrophobic agent-based Portland cement concrete: A multi-dimensional experiment approach

Heavy rainfall led to excessive water infiltration and saturation in the concrete surfaces, resulting the dampness. This can adversely affect the aesthetical view, durability and strength of the concrete over time. However, hydrophobic cement is a specialized type of cement that has been developed to exhibit resistance to water penetration in the cement composite, which enhance the durability of concrete structure. In this research, hydrophobic Portland cement concrete (HPCC) specimens were assessed considering the mechanical strength properties, water absorption by different methods, and microscopic observations of hydration products. It was revealed that the compressive strength (CS) of HPCC concrete achieved around 28.7 MPa and 35.6 MPa at 7d and 28d, respectively having water to cement (W/C) proportion 0.45. The splitting tensile strength of HPCC samples having W/C 0.45 also found around 1.98 MPa and 2.43 MPa at 7d and 28d, respectively which values were higher as compared to control OPC specimens. In addition, HPCC concrete specimens showed capillary water absorption at 90d for 1D, 4D and 6D about 0.25 %, 0.36 %, and 0.39 %, respectively which was lower than that of PCC concrete samples. Moreover, the HPCC concrete plate specimens shown significantly lower water penetration by static vertical water pressure, for example concrete plate having 100 mm thickness presented around 2.6 mm water absorption depth at 90days. Furthermore, very few micro-pores were observed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) in the microstructures of HPCC, whereas micro-cracks were not visible in the focus area. However, the findings might be applied in the construction sectors to protect the exterior building walls, roof floor slabs and plastering the concrete surfaces from dampness.

A new understanding of the alkali-silica reaction expansion in concrete using a hybrid ensemble model

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) is a critical issue affecting the durability of concrete structures, leading to significant long-term maintenance costs and safety concerns. This study addresses the need for accurate prediction of ASR-induced expansion in concrete, leveraging advanced machine learning techniques. Two hybrid ensemble methods, the inverse variance method and the artificial neural network-based ensemble method, were proposed to integrate the individual models to enhance the predictive capabilities. A comprehensive experimental database comprising over 1997 sets of ASR expansion data was collected from relevant literature with the environmental conditions, specimen geometry and material composition as the input variables and specimen strain as the output variable. The findings indicate that the predictive performance of individual models falls short of the performance of the hybrid ensemble machine learning model, with the inverse variance-based ensemble model exhibiting the highest performance (R = 97.2 %, RMSE = 0.066 mm). The Shapley Additive Explanations analysis reveals that the most influential factors include reaction days, alkali content, aggregate particle size, and silica content, contributing to up to 35 % of the variation in ASR expansion. This work offers valuable insights for the efficient assessment of durability of concrete structures concerning ASR expansion.

The Effects of Internal Curing and Shrinkage Cracking Avoidance on the Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Superabsorbent Polymers

The pursuit of durable and sustainable construction has driven interest in innovative materials, with superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) emerging as a promising solution, especially for the concrete industry. SAPs offer significant benefits to the durability of concrete structures, including mitigation of autogenous shrinkage, enhanced freeze–thaw resistance, crack sealing, and stimulation of autogenous healing. This study focuses on the impact of internal curing with SAPs on crack formation and corrosion initiation in large-scale reinforced concrete walls (14 m × 2.75 m × 0.8 m). Both commercial SAPs based on acrylic acid chemistry and in-house-developed SAPs based on alginates were evaluated. Key findings reveal that the reference wall exhibited visible cracking just five days after casting, while the SAP-treated wall remained crack-free throughout a 24-month monitoring period. Moreover, the reference wall showed corrosion initiation at two locations near the cracks within six months, whereas the SAP-treated wall exhibited no signs of corrosion potential. Laboratory tests further demonstrated a slight reduction in chloride penetration and carbonation in SAP-treated specimens compared to the reference. These results highlight the efficacy of SAPs in enhancing the durability and longevity of reinforced concrete structures.

Modeling of effect of fly ash amount on microstructure and chloride diffusivity of blended fly ash-cement systems

Reasonable utilization of industrial fly-ash wastage in concrete engineering has been regarded as an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. By adding the reasonable dosage of fly ash to cement paste, the compactness and microstructure characteristics of the blended cement systems can be significantly improved, thereby effectively enhancing the durability of concrete structures. The vector hydration model of blended fly ash-cement systems with the interference effects of different hydration layers of fly ash and cement particles, the solubility equilibrium of solid phases and the electrical neutrality of the pore solution involved is established. By fully comparing with the experimental data of hydration degree, capillary porosity and CH content, the accuracy of the developed hydration model is verified. Based on the hydration model, the effect of fly ash content on the concentration of different ions and pH in the pore solution with curing time is discussed. Additionally, the evolution characteristic of hydration degree, capillary porosity and CH content with curing time at different fly ash content is also analyzed. Based on the reconstructed microstructure of blended systems, the rolling sweep (RS) technique is used to determine the pore size distribution of capillary pores. The effect of fly ash content on cumulative pore size distribution and differential pore size distribution at different curing time is quantitatively evaluated and discussed. By utilizing the first-passage cube, the dual-probability-Brownian motion method is constructed to predict the chloride diffusivity of blended cement systems. After diffusion model is verified by multi-group experimental data, the optimal dosage of fly ash at different water-binder ratio is calculated, which can provide theoretical guidance for practical applications in concrete engineering.

Corrosion Characteristics and Durability of Bio Concrete – A Review

Abstract Concrete, is a crucial construction material widely used in infrastructure, has inherent limitations despite its versatility. It exhibits constrained ductility, low resistance to cracking, and relatively weak tensile strength. Global research has continuously sought modifications to address these issues in conventional cement concrete. Periodic exposure to harmful substances can lead to concrete corrosion, potentially causing structural failures that impact long-term operational efficiency. Studies in the literature focus on enhancing corrosion resistance, with microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) being a notable outcome. Recent research highlights specific bacterial species, like Bacillus subtilis, capable of enhancing the durability and lifespan of concrete structures. However, the actual impact on strength and properties depends on factors such as concrete mix design, bacterial concentration, and environmental conditions. Ongoing research in Bacillus subtilis application is evolving, and actual data may vary based on specific experiments and conditions. For the latest information, referring to the current scientific literature is recommended. Microbial concrete holds promise in significantly extending infrastructure service life, reducing maintenance expenses, and enhancing structural safety. This study delves into the fundamental mechanism of microbiological concrete, offering insights into factors strengthening and prolonging concrete life while presenting limitations.

Durability evolution of RC bridges under the coupled action of fatigue effect and chloride attack

The main factors affecting the durability of a reinforced concrete bridge are the fatigue effect brought on by continuous traffic loads and chloride ion erosion, but studies on how these two factors interact have been scarce. As a result, concrete structure durability analyses need to be more thorough and accurate. The fatigue model from continuum damage mechanics is used to determine the equivalent stress range of traffic loads, and poroelasticity is used to establish the link between volumetric strain and porosity. Following a change in the porosity's function, the chlorine ion diffusion coefficient is covered. Finally, a proposed coupling analysis method that takes many physics into account is presented. This method takes into account fatigue stress, body strain, porosity, chlorine ion diffusion coefficient, and corrosion rate. The multiphysics finite element program and the associated theoretical equations can be used to simulate the chloride ion diffusion, erosion states, corrosion rate, and bearing capacity of the main sections in various stages. As a result, the reinforced concrete bridge's evolutionary durability can be fully attained. Fatigue loading can accelerate corrosion of reinforcement and chloride ion diffusion, which accelerates the loss of a bridge's flexural strength. The method described in this paper can calculate the flexural load capacity, erosion state, time-varying rust rate, and chloride ion diffusion effect of the main bridge sections at various times, which can show the detailed evolution of reinforced concrete bridge durability and offer useful theoretical and technical support for decisions about bridge durability assessment and maintenance

A novel approach for determining the chloride ion diffusion coefficient in seawater sand concrete: The extravasation method

The significance of the chloride ion diffusion rate cannot be overstated when evaluating the durability of concrete structures. Nonetheless, conventional techniques employed for determining the chloride ion diffusion coefficient in concrete, particularly in the case of seawater and sand concrete (SSC), are prone to inaccuracies due to the inherently elevated levels of inherent chloride ions present within SSC. This research introduces a fresh approach for precisely ascertaining the chloride ion diffusion rate within SSC, addressing this issue. Based on the ion concentration gradient conversion mechanism, an exfiltration method was established, and a corresponding apparatus was developed. The study also investigates the effects of W/C, fly ash content, and LC2 content on chloride ion leaching behavior of SSC. Additionally, the determination of the chloride ion diffusion coefficient and the evaluation of SSC's resistance to chloride ingress were carried out by employing Fick's second law in conjunction with analyzing chloride ion profiles following sample submersion.

Exploring Damage Patterns in CFRP Reinforcements: Insights from Simulation and Experimentation.

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) have become increasingly significant in real-world applications due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and high stiffness. These properties make CFRP an ideal material for reinforcing concrete structures, particularly in scenarios where weight reduction is crucial, such as in bridges and high-rise buildings. The transformative potential of CFRP lies in its ability to enhance the durability and load-bearing capacity of concrete structures while minimizing maintenance costs and extending the lifespan of the infrastructure. This research explores the impact of reinforcing structural elements with advanced composite materials on the strength and durability of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. By integrating Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) reinforcements, we subjected both rectangular and T-section concrete beams to comprehensive three-point bending tests, revealing a substantial increase in flexural strength by 45% and crack resistance due to CFRP reinforcement. The study revealed that CFRP reinforcement increased the flexural strength of concrete beams by 45% and improved crack resistance significantly. Additionally, the load-bearing capacity of the beams was enhanced by 40% compared to unreinforced specimens. These improvements were validated through finite element simulations, which showed a close alignment with the experimental data. Furthermore, an innovative simulation study was conducted using a finely tuned finite element numerical model within the Abaqus calculation code. This model accurately replicated the laboratory specimens in terms of shape, dimensions, and loading conditions. The simulation results not only validated the experimental observations but also provided deeper insights into the stress distribution and failure mechanisms of the reinforced beams. Novel aspects of this study include the identification of specific failure patterns unique to CFRP-reinforced beams and the introduction of an enhanced interaction model that more accurately reflects the composite behavior under load. In CFRP-reinforced beams, specific failure patterns were identified, including flexural cracks in the tension zone and debonding of the CFRP sheets. These patterns indicate the points of maximum stress concentration and potential weaknesses in the reinforcement strategy. The study revealed that while CFRP significantly improves the overall strength and stiffness, careful attention must be given to the bonding process and the quality of the adhesive used to ensure optimal performance. These findings contribute significantly to the understanding of material interactions and structural performance, offering new pathways for the design and optimization of composite-reinforced concrete structures. This research underscores the transformative potential of composite materials in elevating the structural integrity and longevity of concrete infrastructures.

Tunable Dual Self-Healing Composite Coatings with Self-Assembled Structures Regulated by Janus Nanoparticles.

The durability of concrete structures can be enhanced in a convenient and permanent manner through the surface protection of cementitious materials with composite polymer coatings. However, polymer coatings are susceptible to various mechanical and physical deterioration in complex and variable environments. In this paper, the theory of polymer microstructure regulation was employed to improve the sustainability of the protective performance of composite coatings. The self-assembled core-shell structure regulated by amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles is employed to modify the tunable polystyrene acrylate-polysiloxane self-healing coatings. The results demonstrate that the adhesion strength of the prepared self-assembled coating reached 3.7 MPa, which is sufficient to resist the damage to the microstructure of cementitious materials caused by physical erosion, seepage, and ionic corrosion. The self-healing coating, regulated by Janus particles, exhibited a residual creep of only 57.03% and a maximum loss angle tangent of 0.381. Furthermore, the material exhibited a superior shape memory function due to the presence of strong hydrogen bonding. The regulated self-healing coating repaired the polymer structural damage under mechanical and thermal deformation by bridging and filling effects. The coating demonstrated a tensile strength recovery of up to 71.23% in a wetted state, accompanied by a rapid restoration of its electrochemical properties and corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the self-healing emulsion penetrates the substrate defects and forms numerous polymer crystalline particles that effectively fill the microcracks.

Spatial degradation characteristics and numerical prediction for life of MWCNTs-reinforced concrete by salt freezing

Nanotechnology is of great importance towards the multiscale enhancement of mechanical strength, anti-cracking, corrosion and/or abrasion resistance of concrete. To optimize the durability of concrete structure in a frigid and saline environment, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were introduced along with the evaluation of spatial deterioration characteristics and numerical prediction for its service life in this work. The degree and mechanism of salt freeze-thaw damage relief of MWCNTs-reinforced concrete (CNTC) were investigated by establishing relief rate (Rf, RE and Rp) and damage parameters (Df, DE and Dp) in terms of compressive strength, relative dynamic elastic modulus and porosity. Macroscopic results showed that the presence of MWCNTs substantially delayed the evolution of spatial damage of concrete. The optimum dosage of MWCNTs for the degradation mitigation was also determined to be 0.05 wt% from the microscale scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion and mesoscale X-CT scanning techniques, which was responsible to the well-dispersed MWCNTs without entanglement. The synergic effects of filling, nucleation and bridging of MWCNTs in hydrating concrete decreased the porosity and effectively inhibited micro-crack propagation of concrete under the salt freezing effects. Besides, the evolutionary relationships between Df, DE and Dp were established, and a three parameters-dependent prediction index D had been established on the basis of the entropy method and grey system theory GM(1,1) model. The experimental results were in good agreement with the prediction model, and further showed that the salt- freeze-thaw damage of CNTC was significantly reduced.

Modeling of Concrete Deterioration under External Sulfate Attack and Drying-Wetting Cycles: A Review.

This paper comprehensively summarizes moisture transport, ion transport, and mechanical damage models applied to concrete under sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles. It highlights the essential aspects and principles of each model, emphasizing their significance in understanding the movement of moisture and ions, as well as the resulting mechanical damage within the concrete during these degradation processes. The paper critically analyzes the assumptions made in each model, shedding light on their limitations and implications for prediction accuracy. Two primary challenges faced by current models under sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles are identified: the limited consideration of the coupled effects of chemical and physical attacks from sulfate, and the unclear mechanism of the sulfate attacks. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on exploring the transport mechanism of sulfate ions under various driving forces and further clarifying the crystallization process and expansion damage mechanism in concrete pores. Addressing these research directions will advance our understanding of sulfate attack under drying-wetting cycles, leading to improved models and mitigation strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of concrete structures.

A microcrack-based anisotropic damage model for concrete under mechanical loading and calcium leaching

In underground construction, concrete is always subjected to triaxial stress and calcium ion leaching, which results in anisotropic damage to concrete and reduce the durability of the structure. To capture the anisotropic damage properties of concrete subjected to mechanical-chemical coupling effects and predict the durability of underground concrete structure accurately, a microcrack-based anisotropic damage model is proposed. The mechanical damage, reflecting the density and direction of the microcracks caused by mechanical loading, is defined by a second-order tensor. The degree of chemical damage is defined by the amount of solid calcium phase lost in the concrete. Considering oriented microcrack and the influence of chemical damage on fracture toughness, the anisotropic mechanical damage evolution law of microcrack was established by linear fracture mechanics. A phenomenological chemical model governed by a diffusion law considering the variation of diffusion coefficient with stress induced microcracks is defined to describe the calcium dissolution process. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Compared with the traditional elastoplastic damage model, the maximum creep error is only 0.114 ‰.

Influence of Corrosion on Lifespan of Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Comprehensive Review

Carbonation-induced corrosion is a major concern for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures, impacting their long-term durability and structural integrity. This review synthesizes the findings on the deterioration mechanisms in concrete structures, focusing on carbonation, chloride-induced corrosion, and time-dependent deterioration. The analysis includes discussions on predictive likelihood methods for estimating bridge reliability, the impact of environmental factors on carbonation, and standardized testing methods for assessing concrete durability. The review highlights the importance of understanding material characteristics and environmental conditions in designing durable concrete structures, emphasizing the processes of carbonation, its impact on rebar corrosion, and strategies for mitigation. Sheltered concrete carbonation resistance in metropolitan tropical climates is 10-20% lower than open exposure. SCM concretes exhibit equivalent or greater long-term carbonation resistance to OPC concretes, as evidenced by the increase in carbonation depth ( Δ xd) at ages greater than 5 years. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating advanced modeling techniques and empirical studies to develop robust maintenance strategies and improve concrete mix designs for enhanced durability.

Research on the capillary absorption capacity of concrete of different particle sizes after high temperature based on nuclear magnetic resonance technology

Concrete is subjected to thermal stress and thermal loading in a high temperature environment, resulting in the expansion and contraction of internal pores, which adversely affects the stability and durability of concrete structures. To explore the effects of temperature and aggregate particle size on the capillary absorption capacity of concrete, the capillary absorption tests were carried out on the specimens with aggregate particle sizes of 1.25–2.5 mm, 2.5–5.0 mm and 5.0–10 mm after high temperature treatment at 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C.In this paper, The capillary absorption coefficient was measured by mass change method, and the migration change law and spatial distribution of water during capillary absorption were monitored by NMR technology, the changes in water content in different pores during water absorption were calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance T2 spectroscopy, and a method for calculating the capillary absorption coefficient based on T2 spectra was proposed. The results showed that the capillary absorption coefficient of the samples without high-temperature treatment decreased with increasing of particle size. The capillary absorption coefficient increases at 300 °C and decreases slightly at 400 °C. At 500 °C, the capillary absorption coefficient increases dramatically. This shows that at 500 °C, the durability of concrete is drastically affected. The capillary absorption coefficient calculated based on the T2 spectrum is linearly related to the results of the traditional weighing method. In this paper, the fractal geometry theory and regarding methods are used to deduce the relationship between the average capillary rise height and t12DT, and the rise rate is related to the pore structure. And the correctness of the model was verified by MRI. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the safety assessment of concrete structures after high temperature exposure.

Mechanical Properties and Mesoscopic Numerical Simulation of Local Weakening in High-Performance Concrete after 10 Years of Alkali Solution Immersion

The natural environment in the high-altitude regions of Northwest China is extremely harsh, characterized by numerous salt lakes. The high concentrations of chloride salts, sulfates, and alkali metal ions in these areas can induce alkali–silica reactions (ASRs) in concrete. These reactions generate harmful gel within the concrete, causing expansion and cracking, which significantly impacts the durability of concrete structures. This study investigates the evolution of the mechanical properties in high-performance concrete (HPC) under long-term ASR by incorporating different admixtures and varying the equivalent alkali content. A three-dimensional random aggregate mesoscopic model was used to simulate static compression tests under various operational conditions. Non-destructive testing methods were utilized to determine the expansion rate, internal, and surface damage variables of the concrete. The experimental results indicate that the 10-year expansion rate differs from the 1-year rate by approximately 1%, and under long-term ASR mitigation measures, the internal damage in the HPC is minimal, though the surface damage is more severe. As the equivalent alkali content increases, the compressive strength of the concrete cubes decreases, initially rising before falling by 5–15% over time. The HPC with only air-entraining agent added exhibited better mechanical performance than the HPC with both air-entraining and corrosion inhibitors added, with the poorest performance observed in the HPC with only a corrosion inhibitor. A relationship was established between the surface and internal damage variables, with the surface damage initially increasing rapidly before stabilizing as the internal damage rose. Numerical simulations effectively describe the damage behavior of HPC under static uniaxial compression. Comparisons with actual failure morphologies revealed that, in the cube compression tests, crack propagation directly penetrated both coarse and fine aggregates rather than circumventing them. The simulations closely matched the experimental outcomes, demonstrating their accuracy in modeling experiments. This study discusses the compressive mechanical properties of concrete under prolonged ASR through a combination of experimental and simulation approaches. It also delves into the impact of surface damage on the overall mechanical performance and failure modes of concrete. The findings provide experimental and simulation support for the concrete structures in regions with high alkali contents.

A novel ion-responsive hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan and hydroxyethyl cellulose for high efficient chloride ion adsorption

Chloride removal is crucial for industrial wastewater discharge, seawater purification and concrete structure durability. In this study, a novel hydrogel with excellent chloride adsorption property was prepared and the adsorption capacity in relation to external pH and other ions was evaluated. The hydrogel was synthesized using a one-pot method with quaternized chitosan (HACC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) as monomers. By adjusting the material compositions, we effectively modulated the microstructure and charge characteristics of hydrogel, achieving a balanced swelling ratio and optimal adsorption performance. The optimal process conditions were identified as 25 °C and a chloride ion concentration of 40 mmol L−1, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 1080 mg g−1. Isotherm modeling showed that the adsorption fits well with the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption. The quaternary ammonium groups serve as fixed positive charge sites or active adsorption sites, enabling the hydrogel to efficiently adsorb anions through the synergistic effects of electrostatic interactions, physical adsorption, and amino protonation. The varied adsorption capacities of quaternary ammonium groups for different anions give rise to competitive adsorption phenomena among them. The incorporation of silver ions into the hydrogel greatly enhances its selective adsorption of chloride ions through chemical combination. This work presents a comprehensive strategy for designing a novel hydrogel with exceptional adsorption properties specifically tailored for chloride ions.

Experimental and numerical studies on the chloride diffusion coefficient of calcium silicate hydrate gel

The chloride diffusivity of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), as the main hydration product of cement paste, plays an important role for the durability of concrete structures, especially for low w/c ratio ones. In this paper, in order to measure the chloride diffusion coefficient of C-S-H, a diffusion path conversion method is proposed to convert the primary diffusion path of ions from capillary pores to gel pores. By combining diffusion path conversion method with steady-state migration test, the diffusion coefficients of C-S-H are obtained. Based on 3D nanostructure, which is generated by a hybrid scheme of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics, the chloride diffusion coefficient of C-S-H is predicted by a 3D diffusive lattice modelling. Results from the experiments and simulation are compared with the data in the literature. Our work contributes to the understanding of C-S-H diffusivity and is of great importance for predicting the long-term durability of concrete structure.

A 2D rapid quantitative method for wetting and drying process in cementitious materials based on X-ray radiography

The infiltration of water is a crucial factor in the degradation of the durability of concrete structures. It is important to conduct wetting and drying experiments to validate the water transport performance of construction materials during their service life, with precise measurement of both the process and the outcomes being essential. This study proposes a 2D quantitative detection method based on X-ray Radiography to determine the distribution of moisture content. This technique enhances conventional X-ray Radiography methods by utilizing a higher tube voltage to mitigate the impact of beam-hardening effects, as explained by the monochromatic index introduced here, and employs a coefficient matrix for correcting field non-uniformity and a spatial positioning algorithm to rectify discrepancies among multiple measurements. This method offers several benefits due to its capacity to provide in-time, accurate, non-contact, and cost-efficient quantitative results without any contrast agent while maintaining appropriate spatial resolution. The feasibility of this method is verified through a wetting and drying experiment taking cement paste material as an example. When compared with the gravimetric method, experimental results show that the relative error of moisture content obtained from this method is less than 5.76 %.

Carbonated Durability of Premixed Concrete with Carbon Dioxide as an Admixture

The cement manufacturing industry emits a large amount of CO2 during the production process, exacerbating environmental problems such as greenhouse effect. To solve this problem, researchers in the engineering field have developed a large number of new technologies and products to reduce carbon emissions when using Portland cement concrete. Among them, injecting CO2 into fresh concrete is a direct approach to the topic. However, further research is needed on its carbon sequestration efficiency and whether it will have adverse effects on the durability of concrete structures. This article summarizes the current research status of pre mixed concrete using CO2 as an admixture, analyzes its carbon sequestration efficiency, and based on a concrete carbonation durability life prediction model, analyzes the impact of CO2 injection on carbonation durability life during concrete mixing.

Measurement of phase velocity in the functionally graded concrete systems via improved higher-order shear deformation theory

The measurement of phase velocity (PV) in concrete systems is critically important for civil engineers as it provides essential insights into the material properties and structural integrity of concrete. PV, which refers to the speed at which a wave phase propagates through a medium, is directly related to the stiffness and density of the material. By accurately measuring PV, civil engineers can assess the quality and homogeneity of concrete, detect potential flaws, and predict the material’s behavior under various load conditions. This information is crucial for ensuring the safety and durability of concrete structures, from bridges and buildings to pavements and dams. Moreover, understanding PV helps in the optimization of mix designs and the development of new, advanced concrete materials, ultimately leading to more resilient and cost-effective construction practices. For this issue, in this work, for the first time, the measurement of PV in the concrete doubly curved panel reinforced by graphene oxide powders (GOPs) via improved higher-order shear deformation theory is presented. Hamilton’s principle and analytical method are used for extracting and solving the higher-order equations. Finally, some recommendations for improving the efficiency and stability of the concrete structures are presented for related engineering industries. The findings underscore the potential of combining state-of-the-art theoretical models with cutting-edge material reinforcements to push the boundaries of structural engineering and material performance.