Concrete Roof Tiles Research Articles

Sustainable Concrete Roof Tiles: Integrating Aluminium Foil, Fly Ash, Solar PV, and Management

This research investigates the use of municipal solid waste cremated fly ash as a viable substitute for natural sand in building methodologies, with a focus on sustainability. The waste material is used in the manufacturing of concrete roof tiles that are combined with solar PV systems, providing advantages in terms of both thermal comfort and improved energy efficiency. These tiles exhibit thermal insulation prowess by effectively preserving a 2-degree temperature differential and collecting heat from solar panels to enhance their energy-production efficiency. In order to enhance performance even further, aluminium foil is strategically placed on all four sides of the roof walls. The foil acts as a reflector, redirecting solar energy towards the tiles, which leads to a 5% boost in power generation. Particular alignments, such as positioning in an east-west or north-south direction, result in further enhancements in performance of 4% and 3%, respectively. This comprehensive approach not only confirms the use of waste materials for environmentally friendly construction but also emphasizes their crucial role in promoting energy-efficient building methods.

Fabrication of a Concrete Roof Tile by Geopolymerization of Red Clay with Container Glass Wastes

We report the production of concrete roof tiles using a red clay-based geopolymer binder with container glass waste and river sand as a concrete filler. Clear and colored container glass wastes were separately ground to powder and blended with low-grade red clay to achieve a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of approximately 7.0. The powder blends were converted to geopastes with a solid-to-alkali solution ratio of approximately 0.8 using a 12-molar alkali activator solution containing a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Rheological analysis showed that the geopaste binders with transparent and colored glass powders exhibited high shear thinning behavior. A higher viscosity was observed for the geopaste with colored glass powder due to the presence of colorants. Fine and coarse particles of river sand were prepared and mixed with different ratios of geopaste binder to river sand of 1:2.0, 1:2.5, and 1:3.0, respectively. All geopaste and river sand formulations were poured into acetate molds and heated in a metal chamber at 80 °C for 24 h, then aged at room temperature for 14 d. The highest flexural strength of 2.33 MPa was obtained from the formulation with a 1:2 ratio of geopaste with transparent glass powder and fine sand. The measured strength corresponded to an apparent porosity of 6.30% and a water absorption of 4.50%. The bulk density was approximately 1.16 g/cm³, which is classified as a lightweight material. A prototype geopolymer concrete roof tile was successfully produced with a sorption coefficient of approximately 0.170 mm/min1/2. This measured sorption coefficient and the physical properties indicate that the produced roof tile is a potential building material.

Numerical simulation of a pioneering cool roof system for Asia's roofing system reformation: The alternative cooling measure

The existing roofing system in tropical climates is not adapting to the worsening climate, along with the demand for sustainable building design; this study introduced a pioneering cool roof system to reform the traditional roofing system. The pioneering cool roof system is composed of white reflective coating, hollow foamed concrete roof (HFCR) tile, and a sustainable active reflective insulation (RI) system. Despite the complex integrated roof technologies, the study adopted 3D CFD numerical simulation for an in-depth and frontier thermal distribution analysis and fluid flow presentation. The outcomes of the numerical model were compared with field measurements for validation purposes, which resulted in just a 3.31% error. The internal attic was 35.64 °C despite the roof exterior achieving 54.59 °C after receiving an average 680 W/m2 solar radiation source. After the heat flux was hugely terminated by the HFCR tile and sustainable active RI system, the heat flux magnitude attained in the internal attic was 1.0822 W/m2, and the active RI system removed 96.29% of heat flux excellently. Meanwhile, the proposed roofing design's energy-saving performance was 27.5%.

Elevating thermal comfort with eco-friendly concrete roof tiles crafted from municipal solid waste

Developing eco-friendly construction materials is imperative from an energy and environmental standpoint. This technical study investigates the sustainable utilization of municipal solid waste incinerated fly ash (MSWIFA) as a substitute for M-sand in construction materials. This study primarily focuses on reducing landfill waste and promoting waste reuse in the construction sector. This study evaluates various thermo-physical properties of MSWIFA-based concrete, including solar reflectance index, slip and skid resistance, straightness, flatness, rectangularity, water absorption, wet transfer, and thermal performance metrics such as heat flow values for thermal comfort and solar emissivity. The proposed concrete tiles have suitable thermal emissivity (0.87), solar reflectance (0.8), and solar absorption (0.26), which are appropriate for eco-friendly building techniques. The use of MSWIFA tiles lowered the indoor temperature by 2 °C when compared to conventional roof tiles at similar ambient conditions. MSWIFA-based concrete roof tiles are promising in terms of thermal comfort, energy efficiency, environmental conservation and waste reduction and promote a more sustainable approach in the construction industry. This research emphasizes the potential of waste-to-resource strategies in achieving sustainable development goals and reducing the ecological footprint of construction materials.

Utilization of Solid Waste Pulp Green Liquor Dregs and Slaker Grits for Rooftile Production Application

This study aims to utilize solid waste pulp green liquor dregs and slaker grits by analyzing the effect of adding solid waste green liquor dregs and slaker grits on water absorption and tile compressive strength, analyzing the chemical content of solid waste green liquor pulp dregs and slaker grits and concrete tile products and chemical morphology of the samples. The method used in this research is pressing. The results of the water absorption test for concrete roof tiles with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% solid waste green liquor pulp and slaker grits were 8.4%, 6.4%, 7.5%, and 9.4%. Testing the compressive strength of concrete tiles with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% solid waste green liquor pulp and slaker grits was 19.0 MPa, 19.7 MPa, 18.6 MPa, and 18.3 MPa. The chemical content of solid waste pulp before and after the finished concrete tile product is in accordance with the building blocks of the tile which consists of compounds Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and CaO. From the above test, it can be concluded that the addition of solid waste pulp can produce quality concrete roof tiles with reference to the value of SNI 0096-2007, that the maximum water absorption value of tile is 10% and the compressive strength of roof tiles is at least 6.0 MPa.
 Keywords: solid waste, green liquor, slaker grits, rooftile

Pengaruh Penambahan Limbah Serbuk Kaca dan Kapur Padam pada Pembuatan Genteng Beton Ramah Lingkungan

In Indonesia, concrete roof tiles are still relatively expensive. This can be seen from the composition of the mixture and the concrete tile production process. Based on cost considerations, the alternative is to use glass powder waste and quenched lime. Lime as an alternative choice because the chemical elements contained are almost the same as cement. Glass powder waste contains silica which is expected to increase the density of concrete roof tiles. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim to see the effect of adding glass powder waste and slaked lime to the values of flexural load, absorption, and water seepage. The method used is the experimental method, with a mixture of cement and sand composition, namely 1: 3 and using 4 variations of the test object, namely for quenched lime with variation A 0%; B 10%; C 0%; D is 10% by weight of cement while for variations of glass powder A is 0%; B 0%; C 10%; D 10% by weight of sand. This test includes appearance, size, value of bending load, absorption, and water seepage. The result of average bending load in variations A = 1548,51 N, B = 1562,25 N, C = 1675,57 N, D = 1751,43 N. For the result of average water absorption in variations A = 9,248%, B = 6,675%, C = 9,512%, D = 7,093%. The use of glass powder waste and extinguished lime can increase the value of bending load, absorption and water seepage compared to ordinary concrete roof tiles. So as to produce concrete roof tiles that are economical and also reduce waste but still meet the quality according to SNI.

Designing and constructing of a laboratory scale concrete roof tile dryer

There are some problems with the drying process in the concrete tiles local industry, especially due to uncertain weather, where the drying process relies on sunlight. In addition, roof tile dryers have not yet hit the market. A laboratory-scale dryer is needed to develop a full-scale concrete roof tile dryer. This research aims to design and manufacture a laboratory-scale concrete tile dryer. The dryer will be used to investigate the characteristics of the concrete roof drying. The design was carried out using the Pahl and Beitz method, in three stages, namely planning, conceptual design, and detailed design. In the planning stage, a requirement list was stated, in the conceptual design stage, selected tools are determined for every sub-function, while in the detail design stage, shop drawings were produced. To produce a better distribution of air velocity and temperature, at this detailed design stage, a Solidworks CFD numerical analysis was used. The dimension of the drier is 1600 x 1100 x 1100 mm³, with a capacity of 60 - 180 kg, with air velocity of 3 m/s and variable temperature. The drying chamber consists of 3 layers. The heat source is LPG flame and electric heater. The fresh air is flown to the LPG burner, through a circulating fan into the drying chamber, where the concrete roof tiles are situated. The roof tile dryer was constructed and tested. The test results show that the air velocity at the top layer accorded with the CFD result, while in the second layer and third layer of the drying chamber, the air velocity was relatively small. The temperature in each layer of the drying chamber shows the same value, in this case, the temperature for each layer is 38°C, while the set point at the thermostat was 40°C. The relative humidity of the drying air was 21.7% while the ambient air relative humidity was 52%.

Utilization of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Waste from Footwear Industry as Partial Replacement of Aggregates for Concrete Roof Tile

Scraps of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) foams from cutting out shoe soles are a waste produced by the footwear industry, and the recycling of these thermosetting materials is quite expensive and requires distinct procedures. Hence, an upcycling route to turn such waste into valuable material, such as utilizing it as a partial aggregate replacement in the production of concrete roof tile, was explored. This paper aims to investigate the effects of EVA on the bulk density, water absorption, thermal properties, water permeability, and transverse breaking strength of the concrete roof tile. The weight percentages of replaced natural aggregates in the concrete roof tile mixture are 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The concrete roof tile with EVA aggregates demonstrated a lighter weight but higher water absorption. Also, its thermal conductivity presents promising results as it lessens the heat transfer compared to conventional concrete roof tiles. Moreover, the incorporation of EVA also positively affects the concrete roof tile's water permeability as it can hold the water longer than those without EVA. Finally, the transverse breaking strength of the concrete roof tiles with EVA contents resulted little or no difference compared to the conventional concrete roof tile.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Serbuk Kayu dan Fly-Ash Sebagai Bahan Tambah Pembuatan Genteng Beton Eco-Friendly

Some roofs in Indonesia still use concrete tiles because they are expensive and heavy. Indonesia is also the country that produces the most wood and coal in the world, this will cause sawdust and fly ash waste. Therefore, research was carried out aimed at using sawdust and fly-ash waste as mixed materials and trying to make lighter concrete roof tiles. So that in its use it can lighten roof construction and also utilize waste so that concrete roof tiles become more economical but have quality that meets SNI. The method used is an experimental method, with a cement and sand mixture composition of 1: 3 and using 4 variations of test objects, namely for sawdust variation A, 0%; B, 25%; C, 0%; D, 25% of the sand weight while for fly ash variation A, 0%; B, 0%; C, 25%; D, 25% of cement weight. This test includes appearance properties, size, flatness, bending load, water absorption and seepage. The average bending load results in variations A = 170,632 kg, B = 168,933 kg, C = 195,446 kg, D = 179,812 kg. For the average water absorption test results for variations A = 9.44%, B = 10.07%, C = 6.12%, D = 8.13%. The use of sawdust can reduce flexural strength and increase water absorption and the addition of fly ash will increase flexural strength and reduce water absorption compared to normal concrete roof tiles. Therefore, it can be concluded that concrete roof tiles with the addition of sawdust and fly ash are better, economical and lighter than concrete roof tiles without added materials and still meet SNI.

Study on the feasibility of partial replacement of cement with IOT in extruded concrete roof tiles production

The use of mining waste (IOT) as supplementary materials for cement has the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions, helping to mitigate the demand for natural resources and the impacts associated with their production.Concrete tiles have been gaining prominence in recent years due to practicality, aesthetics, weather resistance, attractive price, ease of fitting and useful life, however, there is no information in the literature about the effect of IOT as a pozzolanic material for partial replacement of Portland cement in these composites. Therefore, this study aims to expose the use of iron ore tailing (IOT) as a partial replacement for Portland cement in extruded concrete tiles in different proportions, qualifying and classifying them according to the marketing standards. The performance of concrete roof tiles using IOT was analyzed for bulk density, dry weight, apparent porosity, water absorption, wettability, breaking load, impact strength, coefficient of restitution, and thermal conductivity. In addition, microscopy and X-ray diffraction examined interactions between IOT particles and cementitious matrix at 28 days and after accelerated aging. Economic analyses regarding the effect of using IOT on the final cost of concrete roof tiles were also performed. The results showed that the concrete roof tiles produced with IOT presented suitable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, highlighting the samples with 10% IOT as a replacement for cement, which proved superior to conventional tiles for the breaking load at 28 days, also presenting an average value reduction of 6.61% for porosity and 33.33% for wettability. All formulations were approved for breaking load according to the international marketing standard and may cut costs for companies producing cement roof tiles by up to 40%. In addition to reducing the potentially harmful waste in containment dams, IOT may lessen the demand for Portland cement and, consequently, CO2 emissions, producing more sustainable composites with significantly reduced manufacturing costs.

A Model Experiment Design Using the Taguchi Method: A Case Study Of Making Concrete Roof

This research was conducted at a company manufacturing paving blocks, ceramics, ventilation, concrete, and roof tiles. This study aims to improve the quality of concrete tile products, which experience the most cracks and breaks. Research to determine the composition of concrete roof tiles can be carried out by design experiments using the Taguchi method. This experiment used raw materials such as cement, sand, milled flour, and water. The concluding results show that the quality of concrete roof tiles is based on the results of the Taguchi method and confirmation experiments which are characterized by an increase in the compressive strength of the concrete tile based on the average value (μ) and its variability (SNR). The average compressive strength (µ) of concrete roof tiles increased from 19,814 ≤ 21,208 ≤ 22,602 in the Taguchi experiment to 26,406 ≤ µconfirmation ≤ 29,894 in the confirmation experiment. While the variability (SNR) increased from 25.532 ≤ 27.521 ≤ 29.510 in the Taguchi experiment to 26.473 ≤ S/N confirmed ≤ 31.469 in the confirmation experiment. The optimal composition of cement, sand, milled flour, and water that produces the best compressive strength based on the response factor and SNR is 0.9 kg: 0.5 kg: 0.4 kg: 0.3 kg, respectively. The most influential factors on the compressive strength of concrete roof tiles are the amount of sand and the number of flour mills.

Influences of Lightweight Foam Concrete Roof Tile Hollow Sections and Thermal Reflective Coating in Cool Roof System

Modern civilization is increasing the commercial and residential buildings demand, while a big part of the energy consumed in buildings is for cooling purposes. Modern building design requires sustainable cooling facilities when an excellent roofing system plays an important role. This paper investigates the performance of a cool roofing system that integrates lightweight foam concrete roof tile and a passive cool roofing system. The concrete fabrication process introduced the concrete roof tile hollow sections to improve the roof’s thermal resistance. The densities of the lightweight foam concrete roof tile were varied at 1300 kg/m3 and 1100 kg/m3, respectively, to determine a better performance of roof tile than a basic concrete roof with a density of 2500 kg/m3. Two spotlight lamps that imitated solar irradiation in the afternoon were used as the heat supplied on four roof prototypes. The results showed that the attic temperature dropped from 40.8 °C to 33.5 °C (-7.3 °C) after 60 minutes of heat exposure when the roof was a foam concrete, the roof density was lower, with hollow longitude sections and thermal reflective coating. Furthermore, the average attic temperature increment rate was reduced by 70.2 % when an ideal cool roofing system was applied.

Where are my dragons? Replicating refugia to enhance the detection probability of an endangered cryptic reptile

Rare and cryptic species require effective monitoring methods in order to track populations over time. Monitoring surveys utilizing artificial refugia are an increasingly applied tool for detecting herpetofauna; yet for many species, limited information is available on the factors that influence optimal detectability. Most monitoring programs utilize only one type of artificial refuge. This approach has limitations as it may overlook the dynamic habitat needs of some species, with different refugia required under different conditions. Here we investigate whether using two different types of artificial refugia could maximize overall detection of the endangered Monaro grassland earless dragon Tympanocryptis osbornei by providing refugia that match habitat use. Tympanocryptis osbornei is a grassland specialist endemic to the Monaro Plains of southern NSW which occurs within a fragmented and altered agricultural landscape. Artificial refuge habitat in the form of customized replica ‘spider’ tubes and concrete roof tiles were utilized to infer the highest detection probability when compared to traditional rock rolling techniques. We found tubes to be more successful than tiles (mean: 0.021, 0.010–0.037 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) vs mean: 0.0096, 0.0045–0.018 95% BCI). However, this was dependent on air temperature, as tiles became more effective between 25 and 30 °C when dragons were more likely to be using surface shelters. Artificial refugia on a transect level (12 tubes and 12 tiles) had the greatest detection probability (mean: 0.11, 0.04–0.23 95% BCI) compared to individually checked objects. Our results identify the best current methods and conditions to detect T. osbornei and provide insights into additional considerations for optimizing survey efforts, timing, and detectability for other small reptiles in temperate climates. We recommend a combination of artificial refugia be considered in future surveys for cryptic reptiles.

Revolutionary integrated cool roofing technologies system for attic temperature reduction in buildings

The cooling load is the most prominent building energy consumption. The roof's poor thermal resistance effect causes buildings in the tropical climate to receive high solar heat that afterwards transfer to the attic before entering the living space. Eight roof design models were built and evaluated under 90 min of solar radiation exposure to noon-time level solar intensity to determine their cooling effect at noon every day. Significantly, the fantastic cool roof system was proven effective with a structural heat gain reduction of 85.5%. The reduction of concrete's density from 2500 kg/m3 to 1100 kg/m3 with lightweight foamed concrete technology allowed the roof's lower surface temperature to decrease by 21.6% (66.3–52.0 °C). Adding a highly solar reflective insulation system with roof ventilation reduced the structural heat gain by up to 33.3%. The combination effects of lightweight foamed concrete roof tile, hollow longitude sections, thermal reflective coating, reflective insulation system, and renewable solar-powered fans reduce the peak attic temperature from 42.8 °C to 32.2 °C.

Integration of vegetation layer with lightweight foam concrete roof and active moving-air-cavity for attic temperature reduction

The roof is the primary heat source for landed buildings since it is exposed to the sun. This will lead to significant heat gain in the attic, causing thermal discomfort for the indoor dwellers and increasing cooling loads. An ideal cool roof system plays an important role in inhibiting excessive heat gain and lowering the cooling load for attic temperature reduction. The experiment was conducted indoors by projecting two 500 W halogen spotlights at each roof model to replace the sunlight. The temperature of roof surface, attic, and moving-air-cavity (MAC) were measured using K-type thermocouples. The variation of temperature versus time for each roof model was compared against the predecessor design and base model. Significantly, with the cool roof model integrating vegetation layer, lightweight foam concrete roof tile, and active MAC with solar-powered fans, the attic temperature remained cool at 26.9 °C with a rate of 0.003 °C/min, 96.77% lower than the based model with reinforced concrete roof. The outstanding performance is due to the inventive cool roof system comprising the ability to minimize the heat gain while circulating the hot air efficiently in keeping the attic cool.

Pressed roofing tile based on cementitious material and basalt powder: Technological and toxicological characterization

This study aims to develop a pressed concrete roofing tile from powder technology containing basalt powder in substitution of fine sand (aggregate) for application in building covers. Specimens were submitted to technological and toxicological characterization. Hence, pressed specimens based on cement and basalt powder were analyzed. In the bending strength test, the pressed samples containing a cement:basalt mass ratio of 1:6, water content of 5% and specific pressure of 25 MPa revealed a value of 3.82 ±0.46 MPa at 28 days of curing, while the molded samples (reference) with cement:sand mass ratio of 1:5 and 15% water content revealed 1.72 ±0.86 MPa. This composition, containing cement and basalt powder, is not toxic, confirming the possibility for total replacement of sand by basalt powder. Thus, it was demonstrated that the technical viability for the proposed process and the use of basalt powder to obtain pressed flat concrete roof tile meets technical requirements and standards, compared to conventional concrete roofing tiles.

Design and Fabrications of Vibrating Table for Concrete Mould

Abstract: The proposed concept in this project is to use vibrations to replace human labor of eliminating air bubbles from concrete blocks with the help of a vibrating motor arrangement. Concrete is made up of aggregate, water, and cement in a composite form. They generate a mass fluid that can be easily molded into different shapes for varied functions when combined in certain ratios. Concrete must be free of entrapped air and voids to achieve the appropriate strengths. Concrete consolidation is used to accomplish this. The process of eliminating entrapped air from a concrete mold is known as consolidation. Unbalanced eccentric assembly, stand frame, top plate as platform, springs, spring suspension system, and electric motor are the primary components. A lot of mistakes should be made when a person works by hand. It also required lots of workers and production does not come in required amount during that day so the vibrating table will save time as well as money. The removal of these spaces enhances the exterior surface of the molded concrete, allowing for the use of less water with cement, resulting in a considerably stronger finished product, and this was accomplished using a vibrating table. The goal of this project is to build a concrete vibrating table that efficiently ensures concrete consolidation for a better product. These concrete molds can be used to make concrete roof tiles and concrete paving bricks. Although there are various existing vibrating tables, our job was to develop and maybe manufacture an improved vibrating table using locally available materials

Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of concrete roof tiles produced with vermiculite.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using expanded vermiculite and its impact on the production of concrete roof tiles. The control treatment and replacement of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% sand by vermiculite were evaluated. The concrete roof tiles were moulded by the simultaneous pressing and extrusion mechanical process. The control trace was comprised by 21.95% CPV-ARI cement, 65.85% sand, and 12.20% limestone. After production, the concrete roof tiles were cured for 28days. The physical (roof tiles classification, samples dry weight, water absorption, and porosity), mechanical (splitting tensile strength), and microstructural properties were evaluated. All treatments were assessed before and after accelerated ageing. The thermal properties of the modification in the concrete roof tiles' composition were also analysed. The evaluated amounts of vermiculite significantly affected the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of concrete roof tiles. The use of vermiculite in concrete roof tiles reduced their dry weight and thermal conductivity, not impairing their durability. The use of 31.0% vermiculite in concrete roof tiles was suggested for better thermal insulation optimization (20.29% reduction) and weight reduction (7.92% and 7.94% at 28days of curing and after accelerated ageing, respectively), along with adequate physical, mechanical, and durability properties.

Cool Roofing Technology System Integrated with Efficient Lightweight Foam Concrete Roof Tile for Attic Temperature Reduction

Cool Roofing Technology System Integrated with Efficient Lightweight Foam Concrete Roof Tile for Attic Temperature Reduction

Study on Glass Fibre Concrete Roof Tiles

The main objective of the fibre glass in concrete roof tile is to obtain good strength, heat resistant, & water seepage resistant roof tile. To ensure that the roof tile produced plays a role development with minimum cost, and high flexure strength. To draw an analogy between the normal concrete roof tile with glass fibre concrete roof tile. The sizes of short fibres used were 25mm and the glass fibres were alkali resistant. The effect of these short fibres on wet transverse strength, compressive strength and water absorption was carried out.