Concrete Policy Research Articles

Phenomenological Study of Knowledge, Public Perception in Kendal During The Pandemic and The Implementation of A New Normal in 2020

COVID-19 is a disease that has infected people in more than 190 countries in a period of 3 months and has infected more than 8,745,570 confirmed cases in the world. The Indonesian government applies a new normal life health protocol to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Objective: to find out and explore deeply how the level of knowledge, public perception to face Pandemic and preparation in implementing the new normal. Method: This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The population in this study is a representation of Kendal, Jetak Village, Getasan District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. Results : There are six types of occupations, namely: farmers, teachers, factory workers, traders, drivers, and casual daily construction workers; most of the respondents or 90 % did not know the cause and mode of transmission of COVID-19 correctly; the respondent does not understand the terms People Under Surveillance, Patients Under Surveillance and People Without Symptoms; All respondents always update information about COVID-19 due to fear of being infected; COVID-19 disease cannot be controlled because of community disobedience; This outbreak has affected their income; All respondents were aware of various policies in disease management; The community has carried out various prevention activities; 90 % of respondents lack understanding about the concept of new life; The economic issue and following the rules of a normal life ia a new challenge; Socialization of new life practices are still limited; people expect the government to socialize and support in facilities. Conclusion: the level of public knowledge about COVID-19 is still lacking, but the community has practiced ways to prevent the disease; Most people speculated that the transmission and spread of the disease cannot be controlled because the community's disobedience factor in following the health protocol in their activities to fulfill economic needs; The community's preparation in implementing the new normal life still cannot be carried out due to the lack of socialization from the government and the massive hoaxes about COVID-19 disease; a systematic and concrete policy from the government is needed for the implementation of a new normal life.

Learning from past coevolutionary processes to envision sustainable futures: Extending an action situations approach to the Water-Energy-Food nexus

Despite near-global consensus on the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement, unresolved and politically contentious trade-offs have undermined implementation. One exemplary case facing difficult trade-offs are Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus cases. Here, we extend the nascent ‘Social-Ecological Action Situations’ framework to analyse past coevolution of WEF nexus cases (or other social-ecological systems) to envision possible futures where trade-offs are equally considered and minimized. We illustrate the value of the approach for a WEF nexus case in Switzerland with upstream hydropower reservoirs, water-bound biodiversity, and emerging downstream agricultural irrigation needs. The proposed solution-oriented, transformative approach goes beyond existing frameworks by analysing past coevolution of the intertwined system to build system understanding and to envision a future with concrete policies that would result in a higher adaptive capacity of the system and a compromise within the WEF nexus. We argue that this perspective helps to devise policies to address trade-offs in WEF nexus cases and thereby to tackle global crises.

Four Major Service Industries and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis

This study has investigated the influence of four major service industries in Nigeria on the economic growth. Data for the study composed of value gross domestic product (GDP), value added of trade, value added of information and communication, value added of financial and insurance, value added of real estate, and indicators of financial deepening. Data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. All the series were subjected to Unit root test and cointegration test. The results of the Augmented Dickey Fuller showed that all the series were stationary at first difference and there was existence of long run relationship among the series as confirmed by the results of the Johansen’ cointegration test. The estimations were carried out using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (Dynamic OLS). The findings of the study showed that trade and real estates were the movers of economic growth in the period under study. Also, the findings showed that pairwise intersections of trade and financial and insurance; financial and insurance, and real estate; and trade and real estate contributed significantly to economic growth during the period under study. The authors recommended that there should be concrete policies on diversification as to ensure that the impact of trade and real estate is spilled- over to other sectors.

Iranski nuklearni sporazum kao odraz nesaglasnosti u transatlantskim odnosima tokom administracije Američkog predsednika Donalda Trampa

At the center of this work is the analysis of the consequences of implementing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (also known as - the Iran nuclear deal) on divergent foreign policy approaches as the main indicators of the mismatch in relations between the United States and the European Union during the administration of the 45th US President Donald Trump. While the US unilaterally withdrew from this agreement, EU member states remained in it. The United States and the European Union, on the one hand, and Iran, on the other, had completely different definitions of their own national security, insisting on their unilateral security, while failing to redefine the problem in the direction of mutual security. However, in addition, the US and EU member states, although both concerned about their own security due to the possible emergence of a nuclear-armed Iran, instead of a complementary approach to the issue had a mutually competing one. Using the case study method, as well as the analytical-deductive method and the content analysis method, the author explains the difference in this approach through the concept of the strategic culture of the US and the EU and concludes that they are a consequence of the different understanding of international relations, but also due to the different identity characters of these two actors. The main thesis of the paper is that the US administration of Donald Trump, with its more realistic and Hobbesian view of international relations, and a different understanding of the US national interest in the Middle East, adopted a different approach to curbing Iran's nuclear armament ambitions compared to the approach of the European Union, which is conditioned by a more liberal and Kantian nature of its view on international relations. With unilateral foreign policy actions, Trump's administration risked causing damage and shaking its own credibility in relations with the European Union. On the other hand, the European Union remains committed to multilateralism and the preservation of the Iran nuclear deal. The subject of this research is the direction of the foreign policy actions of the United States and the European Union, in the period from the unilateral withdrawal of Trump's cabinet from the Iran nuclear agreement on May 8th, 2018, until the assassination of Qasem Soleimani, a general of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard on January 3rd, 2020 in the Republic of Iraq. The current state and perspective of contemporary transatlantic political relations in the context of unilateral withdrawal will be taken into consideration. In accordance with its new foreign policy agenda and strategy, and more inclined to a realistic view of international relations, the Trump administration risked deeper conflicts and divergence with the European Union over regional security issues. Thus, there was a threat to limit the further deepening and strengthening of the transatlantic partnership with the leading member states of the European Union, especially with the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the government of the Republic of France. Additionally, the subject of research will be the patterns of behavior, embodied in speeches and foreign policy actions, which are consistent with the different approaches of the US and the EU to the problem of preventing the theocratic regime in Iran from developing its nuclear program. Accordingly, the focus will be on the period of the Trump administration, which, with its political will to break off with the legacy of the Obama administration, began to perceive Iran as a factor causing instability in the Middle East region. The Trump administration did not ratify the Iran nuclear agreement and continued to act under its obligations, solely because of the unfavorable benefits and a large number of shortcomings for the US. Thus, the paper will analyze whether the US administration of Donald Trump had a concrete foreign policy strategy in relations with the European Union and Iran. Also, the paper will try to answer the question of whether a unilateral or multilateral approach to regional security problems is more fruitful, taking into consideration the question of whether the unilateral approach of the only superpower in the world is more effective or, on the other hand, an international coalition of states is needed to suppress the Tehran's nuclear ambitions.

Our Experiences in Initiating Implementation of Electives at a Bilawal Medical College, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan

Electives supplement to the core curriculum of undergraduate health professions education, thereby enriches personal and professional development of undergraduates in diverse areas. Electives provide an opportunity for transformative learning. This paper describes the implementation of electives at newly established Bilwal Medical College for Boys, a constituent college of Liaquat University of Medical Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Firstly, concrete policy for electives was developed by health professions educationist. Then Committee for the implementation of electives was constituted. Subsequently, feasible and achievable implementation plan was formulated focusing on the activities to be done before, during and after the placement of students for electives in different departments and process of implementation. The first batch of students studying in fourth year of MBBS attended the electives. With keen involvement of all stakeholders such as, students, faculty, administration, parents and collaborating departments and their faculty, the program was successfully implemented. Thorough supervision and monitoring during placement contributed toward the success of program.

Impact of Foreign Aid on Fiscal Expansion: A Case study of Pakistan

For developing nations, particularly Pakistan, the efficient impact of foreign aid on fiscal growth has been the subject of passionate and intense debate among researchers, although the relationship between foreign aid and public spending is still up for question. The primary goal of this research project is to determine how foreign aid affects fiscal expansion in Pakistan utilizing time series data for the years 1975 to 2020 and the ARDL methodology for the estimate of data variables. The study's findings showed that while foreign aid has an unfavorable effect on fiscal expansion in the short run, it has a progressive effect on it in the long run. The study presents the following recommendation to the government that government should adopt sound and concrete policies regarding the use of the foreign aid so that it could be beneficial in the future rather than a burden, while carrying out various developmental and non-developmental expenditures in the country.

Postconflict Sexual and Reproductive Health and Justice, Gendered Well-being, and Long-term Development

Sexual and reproductive health and justice (SRHJ) is key to gender equality and an important component of any long-term development strategy for countries emerging from conflict and civil war. Girls and women are vulnerable to various sexual and reproductive risks, which are exacerbated in conflict contexts and can have both short- and long-term economic implications for them, their families, and their communities. Yet neoliberalism and patriarchal power structures prevent women’s economic well-being from being a priority when postconflict policies are designed. Applying a gender lens to postconflict policies, we illustrate why addressing reproductive justice in postconflict contexts is both a gender justice issue and a macroeconomic imperative, as well as providing concrete policy recommendations, including the imposition of a global arms tax, to fund postconflict SRHJ priorities. JEL Classification: O2, I1, B54

Privatisation, Regulation, and Competition in South Asia (The Mahbub ul Haq Memorial Lecture)

Privatisation has begun to accelerate in India and Pakistan. However, it is not clear that a change in ownership per se will contribute significantly to a more rapid, efficient, and equitable growth unless policies that ensure competition for these enterprises and remove distortions in factor markets also are undertaken at the same time or prior to privatisation. After a brief discussion of the transition from state-led development to more market-oriented policies and gradual opening to world markets, this paper reviews some of the analytical literature on privatisation and regulation. The translation of these theories into concrete policy suggestions is difficult for countries such as Pakistan and India, where many of the assumptions behind the theories do not hold. However, the results of empirical studies on past privatisations around the world do hold lessons for South Asia. Similarly, theories of regulation offer only broad recommendations, most notably (for South Asia) that regulation is not the best way to redistribute resources. The final section of the paper reviews India’s and Pakistan’s experience with privatisation thus far. Attempted privatisation of electricity in India serves as an example of the need for more attention to regulation, while the transfer of ownership has led to better service at lower cost in the telecommunications sector. Pakistan’s privatisation programme appears to have had similarly mixed results, though it is difficult to come to firm conclusions with the evidence at hand.

Long-Term Visioning for Landscape-Based Spatial Planning—Experiences from Two Regional Cases in The Netherlands

Normative scenarios for long-term (e.g., 100 years) landscape development can be very inspiring to imagine outside the box landscape futures, without being obliged to define concrete policy objectives for the shorter term. However, it remains challenging to translate such long-term visions into clear transition pathways. We draw upon a landscape-based design approach to local spatial planning to foster a transition to a well-functioning landscape, resilient to various external pressures. Inspired by a national visioning exercise for the Netherlands in 2120, two local case studies at municipal level in the Netherlands are analysed, aiming to identify in what ways the setup of a regional landscape-based design study using future visions can optimise the spatial planning process. Therefore, this comparative case study analysed the cases on the landscape-based approach, the design process, and the future visions formulated. The comparison shows that fostering abiotic differences safeguards sustainable and resilient landscapes; moreover, co-creation relying on representative local actors appears fundamental for shared solutions, while a landscape-based approach guarantees transitions to adaptive and biodiverse landscapes. We conclude that a shared long-term future landscape vision is a crucial source of inspiration to solve today’s spatial planning problems. The constellation of the stakeholder group involved and the methodological setup of a visioning process are determinative for the way a long-term vision is suited to informing spatial planning for a sustainable future.

Taking a “multiple forms” approach to diversity: An introduction, policy implications, and legal recommendations

AbstractIn both academic and policy contexts, two of the most widely researched and discussed diversity ideologies are multiculturalism (i.e., acknowledgment and celebration of group differences) and colorblindness (which can involve focusing on group similarities and characteristics of individuals instead of differences). However, both diversity ideologies have potential drawbacks, and their implications for intergroup contexts beyond race and ethnicity are not well understood. Given that the United States is becoming increasingly diverse in terms of religion, gender identity, and sexual orientation as well as race and ethnicity, we propose a “multiple forms” approach to diversity ideologies, particularly multiculturalism. We suggest that explicitly emphasizing the importance of many types of diversity may be beneficial for dominant and non‐dominant group members and for institutions and organizations more broadly. In this article, we present an overview of the “multiple forms” approach and what it would entail, review empirical evidence supporting its potential effectiveness, discuss the psychological and legal advantages and challenges involved in implementing such an approach, and offer concrete policy recommendations for doing so.

Research on the COVID-19 Epidemic’s Impact on China’s Catering Industry

The catering industry is an important part of the basic needs of people’s livelihood, with frequent foot traffic, a high concentration of people, and relatively closed space characteristics. The characteristics of the catering industry make it particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 epidemic. This study examines quarterly data on the catering industry’s GDP, electricity consumption, and epidemic indicators in China from 2016-March to 2022-June by using correlation analysis, Granger causality testing, vector auto-regression, and vector error correction models. Fruitful findings are derived. (1) Catering industry’s GDP shows a significant positive correlation with electricity consumption, while there is a negative correlation with total cases, deaths, new cases, and deaths of the COVID-19 epidemic. (2) Catering industry’s electricity consumption, total cases, and new deaths from COVID-19 are Granger causes of the catering industry’s GDP. (3) The current COVID-19 outbreak will have a long-lasting negative impact on catering GDP for the next six months. Based on these findings, concrete policy recommendations are made to promote the catering industry, which should assist the industry in recovering from the outbreak of COVID-19.

Going high and low: on pluralism and neutrality in human embryology policy-making

Formulating sound and acceptable embryo research policy remains challenging especially in a pluralistic world. This challenge has acquired a new dimension of complexity with the advent of so-called embryo models,...

Framing School Integration: A Computational Analysis of Newspaper Discourse, 1990–2020

ABSTRACT Research on public opinion finds that most Americans support the racial integration of schools in theory. At the same time, however, they tend to oppose specific policies for achieving it. How is it that the American public comes to conceive of school integration as both an abstract idea and a set of concrete policies? Research has shown that one major source of the public’s understanding of complex social issues like school integration are news media organizations and the choices they make in how they cover them—that is, how they frame social issues. This article examines how school integration was framed in the news between 1990 and 2020. It does so with a dataset of over 13,000 articles from 25 newspapers. The article also examines determinants of those frames, asking what contextual factors shape the production of the news. The results reveal three overarching trends in how school integration was covered in the media over time: depoliticization, historicization, and neoliberalization. These trends varied by the political slant of the newspaper, by location (whether it is in a former Jim Crow state), and by whether the newspaper has a national readership. The author discusses implications for research and policy.

Just translation? A socioecological justice lens on EU environmental governance and urban mobility transitions

EU environmental policies such as the Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50 are highly relevant in this age of the looming climate crisis and interconnected sustainable transitions. However, implementation efforts such as low-emission zones, road pricing, and driving bans affect citizens in heterogenous situations and in ways that evoke questions of socioecological justice. This has resulted in an increasingly polarized reluctance to respective governance across Europe. The EU policy implementation literature often omits these less clearly operationalized norms that EU policies transport and pays little attention to how stakeholders in cities discursively and practically translate EU directives. Constructivist norm research underlines the importance of ‘localizing’ by highlighting that justice does matter for norm translation. The environmental justice concept has, however, not been systematically introduced and referenced in the norm research literature. This article offers a heuristic to address this research gap by combining a translation perspective from International Relations norm research with an environmental justice lens. Following the journey of the Air Quality Directive 2008/50, we ask how urban implementation configures the Directive’s environmental justice dimension and why this is important for effective and sustainable EU governance. Empirically, we focus on action plans and participation processes regarding Directive 2008/50 in Brussels, Glasgow, and Hamburg. As a result, we show that EU environmental governance unfolds at the local level as a dynamic contestation of different distributive justice claims that then translate into concrete policies. The analysis indicates that those policies must procedurally integrate local knowledge and identity formation to enable comprehensively just sustainable transformations.

Food inflation and geopolitical risks: analyzing European regions amid the Russia-Ukraine war

PurposeThe study's objective is to measure the response of the food prices to the aggregate and disaggregate geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices in the context of two European regions, i.e. Eastern and Western Europe covering the monthly data from January 2001 to March 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a novel and sophisticated econometric method, the cross-quantilogram (CQ) approach, to analyse the authors’ monthly data properties. This method detects the causal relationship between the variables under the bi-variate modelling approach. More importantly, the CQ procedure divulges the bearish and bullish states of the causal association between the variables under short, medium and long memories.FindingsThe authors find that aggregate measures of geopolitical risk reduce food prices in the short term in the Eastern Europe but increases food prices in the Western Europe. Besides, the decomposed measures of geopolitical risk “threats” and “acts” have heterogeneous effects on the food prices. More importantly, Russia's geopolitical risk events and global energy prices enhance the food inflation under long memory.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors provide diverse policy implications for Eastern and Western Europe based on the authors’ findings. First, the European policymakers should take concrete and joint policy measures to tackle the detrimental effects of geopolitical risks to bring stability to the food markets. Second, this region should emphasize utilizing their unused agricultural lands to grow more crops to avoid external dependence on food. Third, the European Union and its partners should begin global initiatives to help smallholder farmers because of their contribution to the resilience of disadvantaged, predominantly rural communities. Fourth, geopolitically affected European countries like Ukraine should deal with a crippled supply chain to safeguard their production infrastructure. Fifth, fuel (oil) scarcity in the European region due to the Russia-Ukraine war should be mitigated by searching for alternative sources (countries) for smooth food transportation for trade. Finally, as Europe and its Allies impose new sanctions in response to the Russia-Ukraine war, it can have immediate and long-run disastrous consequences on the European and the global total food systems. In this case, all European blocks mandate cultivating stratagems to safeguard food security and evade a long-run cataclysm with multitudinous geopolitical magnitudes for European countries and the rest of the world.Originality/valueThis is the maiden study that considers the aggregated and disaggregated measures of the geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices and delves into these dynamics' effects on food prices. Notably, linking the context of the Russia-Ukraine war is a significant value addition to the existing piece of food literature.

Analyzing the Effects of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Usage and Technological Innovation on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from QUAD Economies

The following study examined how energy use and technological advancement impacted environmental sustainability in QUAD (US, Japan, Australia, and India) economies between 1991 and 2021. The study considers the generation of renewable energy, fossil fuel use, and the effects of economic expansion on environmental sustainability. The research used the moment quantile regression technique based on the outcomes of slope heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and the order of the unit-root by the using second-generation method of cross-sectional augmented Im, Pesaran, and Shin tests. The study discovered that renewable energy production and technological innovation enhances environmental sustainability, whereas the use of nonrenewable energy and economic growth worsen it. When implementing policies regarding the environment, energy, and the growth of QUAD economies based on concrete evidence, policy makers and environmentalists in QUAD countries should also take into account the asymmetrical performance of efficiency in energy production, technological innovation, and economic growth.

Breaking the binary: Restriction and reclamation of power among transgender and gender diverse young adults

Binary gender norms in the U.S. contribute to the systemic marginalization of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. These norms shape beliefs and assumptions about TGD young adults; inform the policies that govern their rights, the settings they occupy, and research conducted about them. Experiences based on binary conceptions of gender may leave TGD young adults feeling disempowered and require they develop resilient strategies to maintain or reclaim power and control over their lives and decisions. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms through which TGD young adults (ages 18 to 24) demonstrate resilience and resist oppressive gender norms. In collaboration with a TGD young adult advisory team, we used a participatory focus group method (Youth GO) to engage TGD participants in critically examining power and powerlessness in the context of their multiple identities and life experiences. Findings revealed distinct mechanisms of power that work to either restrict or restore TGD young adults’ power over their identity and autonomy. Mechanisms operated differently as a function of age, race, gender identity, gender presentation, and socio-economic status. Findings point to concrete and actionable policy and practice interventions that would foster validation and inclusion of TGD young adults across several settings.

Measuring Customers’ Satisfaction and Preferences for Ride-Hailing Services in a Developing Country

Ride-hailing services play an important role in developing countries where conventional transport systems are not enough to meet the needs of commuters because of increased populations. This form of transport has gained much popularity in developing regions because of the inclusion of motorcycles and rikshaws in ride-hailing services. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been little research on passengers’ behavior towards these ride-hailing services that focuses on social protection and the fare system in developing regions. Therefore, this research study is aimed at investigating the behavior of commuters towards these ride-hailing services in Lahore, which is the second largest city in Pakistan and can be considered as a case study of a developing country. A total of 531 useable valid responses were collected through face-to-face interactions, including the sociodemographics (SEDs) and behavior of commuters towards these services. The results of an explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that some of the significant latent variables of these ride-hailing services are comfort, convenience, privacy and security, the fare system, social protection, and safety. The commuters’ overall evaluation of these services is positive and affects their present and future preferences. The structural coefficient between convenience and the variable of present preference is significant and negative, which shows that there are respondents who infrequently use ride-hailing services despite having high satisfaction. The riders’ satisfaction with privacy, security, social protection, safety, and comfort has a positive and direct impact on their present preferences as the structural estimates are positive, which means that the higher their views on privacy, security, and comfort, the more frequently they intend to use ride-hailing services for commuting. Increased social protection, safety, privacy, and security will improve the evaluations of the commuters and influence their present preferences for these ride-hailing services. Even though there are regulations on these ride-hailing services, some concrete policy interventions are needed for improvements in commuters’ overall evaluations of these services in order to influence their future preferences. The findings of this research study, if applied in the real world, can improve the overall evaluation of the commuters and positively influence their present and future preferences for these ride-hailing services.

Fueling opposition? Yellow vests, urban elites, and fuel taxation

ABSTRACT The yellow vest movement in France was triggered by a fuel tax increase. The increase was designed to reduce petrol consumption and hence emissions. However, the costs of this policy were unequally distributed among citizens. The yellow vests illustrate that abstract support for public action against climate change is not enough to secure support for concrete policies. These policies run the risk of being opposed by citizens when their costs are unevenly spread across society. Through a survey experiment on Norwegian citizens, we analyse how different policy characteristics generate ‘support gaps’ within society. Particularly, we contrast two stylized profiles: ‘urban élites’ (high-educated urbanites) and ‘yellow vests’ (low-educated ruralites). We find that opposition rises with the individual cost of the policy but in a non-linear way. Environmental earmarking and invoking personal responsibility widen the gap between yellow vests, urban élites, and the rest of society. Redistribution to low-income households and invoking international commitments help to bridge such gaps. We argue that, instead of focusing on aggregate levels of support, both policymakers and academics should rather pay attention to the polarizing effects of certain policy attributes.

TÜRKİYE’DE DEVLET VE SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER: ÇELİŞKİLİ POLİTİKALAR VE ARAÇSAL RASYONELLİK

Amaç: Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’nin Suriyelilere yönelik iç ve dış politika alanlarında ortaya çıkan çelişkili politikaları, devletin “araçsal rasyonellik” (instrumental rationalism) bakış açısından kaynaklanan politika tutarsızlığı teorik çerçevesi ile açıklamaktır. Yöntem: Araştırmanın yöntemi, politika belgelerinin ve internet haber sitelerinin sistematik ve kapsamlı bir nitel analizine dayanmaktadır. Makale süreç izleme (process tracing) metodu ile, “araçsal rasyonellik” teorik çerçevesinin Türkiye devletinin Suriyelilere yönelik politikalarını açıklamaktaki geçerliliğini test etmektedir. Bulgular: Bulgular son on senede Türkiye’de devletin Suriyelilere yönelik uyum üçüncü ülkeye yeniden yerleştirme ve geri gönderme politikalarını zaman içinde değişen - hatta çelişen - söylemlerle birbirlerini alternatifi olarak dile getirdiği yönündedir. Başlangıçtaki Suriye’deki krizin kısa süreceği ve gelen sığınmacıların ülkelerine geri döneceği beklentisi ile edinilen “misafir” bakış açısı; daha uzun süre kalacakları anlaşılınca, önce “geçici koruma” statüsü verilerek (2014), sonra da çok sınırlı da olsa “çalışma izni” ve “vatandaşlığına geçiş” sağlanarak (2016) nerdeyse onlar için bir entegrasyon sürecinin öngörülmesine evirilmiştir. 2017 yılından sonra ise devlet söyleminde, Suriyeliler için hızla “geri gönderme” eğiliminin yükselişine tanıklık edilmiştir. 2019 yılında bir yandan bu “geri gönderme” söylemlerinin somut politikalara doğru evirildiği, diğer yandan ise “11. Kalkınma Planı”(2019-23) ve “Uyum Strateji Belgesi ve Ulusal Eylem Planı” (2018-23) gibi temel politika belgelerinde Suriyelilerin entegrasyonu için somut planlamalar yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bu örneklerden de deneyimlendiği gibi Türkiye’de devlet sığınmacıların geleceğini çoğul bir dizi politika seçeneği ile uluslararası iltica rejiminde normatif kabul gören üç politika seçeneğine paralel olarak düzenleme eğiliminde olmuştur. Bu politika ve söylemlerdeki iç ve dış politik konjonktüre cevaben ortaya çıkan ani değişiklikler, göç politikalarındaki birbiri ile çelişen uyumsuzluğun, Türkiye’de devletin göç politikalarını araçsal bir rasyonalite ile şekillendirmesinden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Ana bulgu bu rasyonalitenin Türkiye’de devletin Suriyeli mülteciler üzerine olan politikalarında bir tutarlılık problemine yol açtığı yönündedir.Özgünlük: Makalenin özgün değeri, Türkiye’de devletin Suriyelilere yönelik ulaşılabilir kıldığı politika seçeneklerine yönelik eleştirel bir bakış açısı sunmasıdır. Türkiye’de devletin Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik, uyum ya da geri gönderme gibi mevcut tüm politika seçeneklerini ulaşılabilir kılma çabası, politika yapıcılar tarafından olumlu bir durum olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu politika tutarsızlığının olası siyasi, toplumsal ve bireysel sonuçları bu makalede irdelenmiştir.