Concrete Form Research Articles

COCAM: a cooperative video edge caching and multicasting approach based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in multi-clouds environment

The evolution of the Internet of Things technology (IoT) has boosted the drastic increase in network traffic demand. Caching and multicasting in the multi-clouds scenario are effective approaches to alleviate the backhaul burden of networks and reduce service latency. However, existing works do not jointly exploit the advantages of these two approaches. In this paper, we propose COCAM, a cooperative video edge caching and multicasting approach based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning to minimize the transmission number in the multi-clouds scenario with limited storage capacity in each edge cloud. Specifically, by integrating a cooperative transmission model with the caching model, we provide a concrete formulation of the joint problem. Then, we cast this decision-making problem as a multi-agent extension of the Markov decision process and propose a multi-agent actor-critic algorithm in which each agent learns a local caching strategy and further encompasses the observations of neighboring agents as constituents of the overall state. Finally, to validate the COCAM algorithm, we conduct extensive experiments on a real-world dataset. The results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms other baseline algorithms in terms of the number of video transmissions.Graphical

Effect of residual mortar on compressive properties of modeled recycled coarse aggregate concrete

Based on the typical morphology of recycled coarse aggregate in reality and the ontological relationship of the existing recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) mesoscopic constituent materials, a finite element analysis model of recycled coarse aggregate that can take into account the factors of the amount and location of attachment of the residual mortar was developed to establish the Modeled Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete (MRCAC). Combined with the mesoscopic mechanical properties of MRCAC, a plastic damage intrinsic model was used in the numerical analysis of MRCAC under uniaxial compressive loading to study the damage characteristics and stress–strain relationships of MRCAC. In this paper, the Modeled Recycled Coarse Aggregate (MRCA) is established in the ABAQUS numerical analysis software by self-compiled Python script, and the uniaxial compression simulation of MRCAC is carried out. Compared with the existing idealized model recycled concrete and other forms of digital recycled concrete model, The results show that, on the premise of meeting the general law of existing research results, the development of cracks in MRCAC under load is directly related to the shape of residual mortar wrapping. The strength of MRCAC is minimally influenced by residual mortar adhesion amount; however, the coverage of residual mortar has a significant impact on its strength. The arrangement of MRCA may also play a role in the stress–strain relationship of MRCAC. Additionally, it should be noted that residual mortar adhesion amount and coverage are distinct concepts that affect the strength and strain of MRCAC independently. These findings highlight the need to differentiate between these two factors in further research.

THE LAW OF LAND SELLING ABOVE THE SALE OF OTHERS ACCORDING TO SHEEK IBNU HAJAR AL-ASQALANI (Case Study of Sialang Gatap Village, Kualuh Hilir)

Researchers conducting this research aim to examine and analyze the law of buying and selling land that is carried out on land that has previously been traded by other people, by focusing on the views according to Sheikh Ibnu Hajar Al-Asqalani. This research was conducted using a case study conducted in Sialang Gatap Village, Kualuh Hilir District, Labuhan Batu Utara Regency, as a concrete form of this phenomenon. The method used in this study is through a living case study approach, which is an approach to a problem related to law whose process is ongoing or has not been completed. This study uses data collection techniques using observation, unstructured interviews, and documentation

Optimizing the strength of geopolymer concrete incorporating waste plastic

In this work, we systematically examine several factors in an effort to maximise the strength of geopolymer concrete that includes recycled plastic. Geopolymer concrete specimens with varying amounts of plastic content, particle size distribution, alkaline activator concentration, mix design, additional materials, additives, and fibre properties were subjected to water absorption and compressive strength tests. Compressive strength was increased to 40 MPa, while water absorption was decreased to 1.5%, all as a consequence of raising the plastic content to 15%. In addition to the ideal concentration of 8 M sodium hydroxide and 3 wt% sodium silicate, the use of coarse plastic particles helped boost the material's mechanical qualities. The employment of a superplasticizer and fibre additives, in addition to the incorporation of silica fume, increased the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete. These results provide light on how to better incorporate waste plastic into the design and formulation of geopolymer concrete, a key ingredient in the development of environmentally friendly and functional building materials.

Citizens Lawsuit: Development And Its Implementation In Environmental Law Enforcement In Indonesia (Case Study: High Court Decision No. 549/Pdt/2022/PT DKI Concerning Citizens Lawsuit for DKI Jakarta Air Pollution)

Citizen lawsuit as a form of lawsuit in enforcing environmental law has already been applied several times in judicial practice in Indonesia. However, the citizen lawsuit mechanism does not yet have specific rules, so the detailed provisions have not been determined either. This raises questions about the development and application of citizen lawsuits in environmental law enforcement in Indonesia and their relevance to citizen participation in environmental preservation. This paper aims to analyze and provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities for citizen lawsuits in Indonesia by taking into account existing practices. The results of the study show that citizen lawsuits are a concrete form of public participation in enforcing environmental law, because they are based on the public interest. In addition, there are challenges to implementing citizen lawsuits that must be studied in more depth, including: the scope which is still limited in the absence of regulations or negligence of government action, the maximum period of time when CLS can be filed, the effect of government lawsuits/indictments on matters being sued in CLS and the executive power of the CLS decision.

Application of the Principle of Consensuality and its Legal Implications In Electronic Contracts at Shopee

Abstract This study aims to examine and analyze the application of the principle of consensuality in electronic contracts at Shopee: and how the legal implications of the application of the principle of consensuality in electronic contracts at Shopee. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach, using secondary legal data and analyzed with a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that in electronic contracts at Shopee, the principle of consensualism has been applied. In this case, the electronic contract is carried out by means of a click-wrap agreement, namely to determine the agreement in the e-contract is when the party receiving the offer "clicks" on the agreement section. E-contract in Shopee can be said to be an agreement between computer users (users) in interacting with producers or electronic service providers. The application of the principle of consensuality in electronic contracts at Shopee, raises several legal implications, namely: 1) the existence of consensualism gives birth to an electronic contract; 2) the enactment of the principle of Pacta Sun Servanda, meaning that the agreed electronic contract is fully binding and therefore must be obeyed; 3) and for the transfer of rights, consensualism must be followed by a material contract (zakelijke overeenkomst), with the concrete form of this material contract being the act of delivery (levering) of the object in question from the seller's hands to the buyer's hands. Keywords: Application, Consensuality Principle, Electronic Contract, Shope

Representasi Matematis Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Teorema Pythagoras berdasarkan Tahapan Polya Ditinjau dari Perbedaan Gender

Mathematical representations is the real product or result that represent mathematical ideas in various forms, such as diagrams, graphs and other concrete forms to help finding solutions to problems. Mathematical representation in problem solving is the main thing since, the use of right mathematical representation can help in solving the problem correctly. The purpose of this research is to describe the mathematical representation of masculine male students and feminine female students in solving Pythagorean Theorem problems based on Polya's stages. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were 3 masculine male students and 3 feminine female students at Junior High School 2 Gresik. Data is collected using BSRI questionnaire, mathematical ability test, problem solving test, and interviews. The results of problem solving test were showed that at the stage of understanding the problem, masculine male students presented known information using visual and symbolic representations while feminine female students used verbal and symbolic representations. To present what is being asked, masculine male students and feminine female students using verbal representations. At the planning stage, masculine male students and feminine female students explained solving strategies using verbal representations. At the stage of carrying out the plan, masculine male students and feminine female students solving the problems using visual, symbolic, and verbal representations, and presenting the results of the solution using verbal representations. At the re-examining stage, masculine male students and feminine female students using verbal representations to conclude the completion results and checking the completion results using symbolic representations.

Assessment of Flexural and Compressive Strengths in Concrete Utilizing Replacement of Coarse Aggregates with Rubber

Employing waste rubber as a substitute for natural aggregate in concrete presents a promising environmentally conscious solution. The primary objective of this research is to assess the concrete's performance concerning its compressive and flexural strengths when coarse aggregate is partially replaced with recycled rubber. Seven distinct mixes were formulated, encompassing varying degrees of crumb rubber replacing coarse aggregate: 0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by volume. The rubberized concrete underwent evaluation based on slump, compressive strength, flexural strength, density, and the influence of slight seawater exposure. Notably, the rubberized concrete blends exhibited enhanced workability and reduced density compared to the control mixture. As the proportion of coarse rubber content increased, there was a noticeable decline in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Impressively, the rubberized concrete formulations displayed commendable performance even after a mere 28-day curing period in seawater conditions. The outcomes of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the implications of integrating recycled rubber into concrete, particularly for various road construction projects prone to regular slight seawater infiltration. This approach is applicable up to a 25 percent volume replacement of rubber particles, underscoring its feasibility and effectiveness

Compressive Strength Prediction of BFRC Based on a Novel Hybrid Machine Learning Model

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) represents a form of high-performance concrete. In structural design, a 28-day resting period is required to achieve compressive strength. This study extended an extreme gradient boosting tree (XGBoost) hybrid model by incorporating genetic algorithm (GA) optimization, named GA-XGBoost, for the projection of compressive strength (CS) on BFRC. GA optimization may reduce many debugging efforts and provide optimal parameter combinations for machine learning (ML) algorithms. The XGBoost is a powerful integrated learning algorithm with efficient, accurate, and scalable features. First, we created and provided a common dataset using test data on BFRC strength from the literature. We segmented and scaled this dataset to enhance the robustness of the ML model. Second, to better predict and evaluate the CS of BFRC, we simultaneously used five other regression models: XGBoost, random forest (RF), gradient-boosted decision tree (GBDT) regressor, AdaBoost, and support vector regression (SVR). The analysis results of test sets indicated that the correlation coefficient and mean absolute error were 0.9483 and 2.0564, respectively, when using the GA-XGBoost model. The GA-XGBoost model demonstrated superior performance, while the AdaBoost model exhibited the poorest performance. In addition, we verified the accuracy and feasibility of the GA-XGBoost model through SHAP analysis. The findings indicated that the water–binder ratio (W/B), fine aggregate (FA), and water–cement ratio (W/C) in BFRC were the variables that had the greatest effect on CS, while silica fume (SF) had the least effect on CS. The results demonstrated that GA-XGBoost exhibits exceptional accuracy in predicting the CS of BFRC, which offers a valuable reference for the engineering domain.

Slag valorization from electric arc furnaces in concrete paver formulation

Slag is produced in enormous amounts by steelworks, which are scrap metal recycling industries that produce steel wire rods and steel reinforcing bars. In the absence of a sustainable recovery route, the latter pose a possible environmental risk. This work is concerned with the valorization of this by-product in the production of concrete pavers. To accomplish so, the slag was previously evaluated using X-ray fluorescence, particle size analysis, density, absorption coefficient, and other criteria that are recommended for usage in this field. The pavers were then manufactured using the Dreux Gorisse recipe, with slag substituting the gravel. The results demonstrate that the slag is rich in iron, which is characterized by lime, silica, and magnesia rates of 31.73%, 16.33%, and 16.33%, respectively, low percentages of manganese and alumina. The water absorption rate is between 2.6% and 2.8%, and their density is similar to 3.6 kg/l. Los Angeles has a 20-coefficient. As a result of their inclusion in the design of the pavers, they were able to split in line with the NF EN 1338 standard and retained a reasonable degree of tensile strength.

Ethnomathematics Exploration of The Great Mosque of Al-Barkah, Bekasi City, Through The Learning of Geometry and Transformational Geometry

Ethnomathematics is an understanding that makes culture a concrete form in constructing mathematical concepts. Ethnomathematics learning can help students improve their understanding of mathematical concepts and preserve Indonesian culture through an introduction to that culture. This research aims to investigate the symbolic meaning and ethnomathematics elements found in the Great Mosque of Al-Barkah. This research is qualitative research with a realist ethnographic approach. Data collection techniques were interviews, observation, documentation, and literature study. The study results prove that the Great Mosque of Al-Barkah has geometric elements (rhombuses and cuboids) and geometric transformations (reflections, rotations, and translations). Also, there are symbolic meanings in parts of the mosque. Thus, ethnomathematical elements were found in the mosque. The results of this discovery can be used as learning media and sample questions for learning mathematics at all levels of education (elementary, junior high school, and senior high school).

Phenomenological Fragments of Trinitarian Discourse: Being, Having, Relating

Among the important tasks of Trinitarian theology today is the need to rethink its basic conceptual coordinates. This contribution is a proposal for a phenomenological and existential approach to Trinitarian theology. The starting point is the analysis of three essential existential operators, by means of which the depth of the filial experience of Jesus is expressed. These operators are: being, having, and entering into relations. Their analysis in light of the data of the Gospel narrative allows us to create an interesting conceptual framework for a new articulation of the Trinitarian discourse. The article builds on the conviction that the concrete shapes and modalities of Jesus’ life are essential moments of the revelation of the Trinity. Before it is simultaneously closed and opened in concrete historical forms of discourse and in concrete metaphysical concepts, it is accomplished in the categorical decisions, actions, and words of Jesus, in which his filial consciousness is revealed. The ambition of the text is to reintroduce metaphysics into theology, however, from a different perspective than was conducted, for example, by classical scholasticism. It is about the existential recovery of metaphysical potential in theology. Revelation takes place in history and in the concrete of life. The metaphysics that theology needs must realize this and, above all, be up to the task of pointing to the living, historical center of Revelation and all theology. The article argues that such an existential deepening of metaphysics for Trinitarian theology can be conducted through collaboration with phenomenology. In such a perspective, the fragments of Jesus’ life, especially his way of being, having, and entering into relations, are ways in which the Trinity reveals itself in history. In this way, Trinitarian theology ceases to be a mere intellectual puzzle, becoming an existential paradigm, and the fragments of Revelation reveal an impressive structure in which speculation and life become integral paths toward the Mystery. On the formal side, the text argues for the integration and use of both metaphysics and phenomenology in Trinitarian theology to enhance its existential impact. This in turn implies a rethinking of how metaphysics, phenomenology, and theology itself are usually understood as well.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pengolahan Sampah Organik Menjadi Produk Eco Enzyme Pada Kelompok PKK Desa Gitik

Community service (PKM) is one of the concrete forms of higher education tridharma. This PKM activity was proposed on the basis of the lack of optimal utilization of organic waste. This service activity is carried out with the aim of empowering the community through processing organic waste into eco enzyme products in the Gitik Village PKK group. The method used is a participatory method, the implementation is carried out in several stages including, namely, material preparation, learning preparation, methods and learning and the results of processing organic waste into eco enzyme products. The results of the dedication show that the training activities have been able to perfectly improve the knowledge and skills of the community in processing organic waste into eco enzymes.

DEF of high-performance concrete with rapid, non-standard heat-treatment

High-performance concrete is often heat-treated to increase early strength. Standardized temperature conditions for at least 24 h and sulphate-resistant cement thereby preventing delayed ettringite formation (DEF). In contrast, this paper investigates the risk of DEF for rapidly heat-treated HPC with a minimum temperature duration of 1 h to achieve a rapid early strength for stripping. In addition, a binder is used that does not exhibit increased sulphate resistance. For this purpose, standard prisms (L x W x H = 16 × 4× 4 [cm]) are heat-treated at 80 °C between 1 and 6 h without a pre-storage time. Samples with a temperature duration of 24 h serve as reference. First, the pore structure is analyzed using Mercury porosimetry to identify damage to the concrete matrix due to the rapid heat treatment. The investigation of DEF is achieved by two common approaches. The sulphate resistance is determined by means of wet-dry cycles on specimens for 90 days, whereby the changes in mass and strain as well as the cracking pattern on the concrete surface serves as a qualitative evaluation criterion. In addition, the SVA method on specimens directly after heat treatment, which determines the change in mechanical properties and the swelling behaviour of the concrete, leads to a quantitative evaluation of sulfate resistance. The measured pore distribution of the samples shows a significant increase of the capillary pores of up to 109% for decreasing temperature durations. However, the porosity does not affect the sulphate resistance of the concrete. The wet-dry cycles cause no damage due to DEF, since the change in mass and strains decreases with increasing cycles from up to 62.7% to − 2.5%. Furthermore, no visual differences were detected on the concrete surface between specimens with and without sulphate attack. As a result of the SVA test, maximum absolute strains of about 0.1 mm/m occur that are below the limit value of 0.152 mm/m. Also, the mechanical properties do not show a reduction in strength, but even an increase in tensile strength. In conclusion, the high-performance concrete formulation used in combination with rapid heat treatment investigated here did not result in detectable damage due to DEF.

DATAMINING CAPABILITIES FOR CLUSTERING CONCRETE MIX FORMULATIONS

The article discusses the possibilities of using DataMining technology for clustering concrete mixtures. In practice, it is often necessary to face tasks in which it is necessary to choose the formulations closest in quality characteristics from a large number of formulations of concrete mixtures. The distribution of formulations of concrete mixtures by classes is provided on the basis of specified criteria such as strength, as well as the composition of the ingredients of the concrete mixture. Earlier in work [1], clustering of concrete mix formulations was carried out with the help of the program "Comprehensive quality assessment and classification of multidimensional objects", which made it possible to distribute formulations into classes with the closest characteristics and collect the highest quality concrete mix formulations into the appropriate classes. The result of using Data Mining technology for clustering concrete mix formulations allowed us to create classes in which the distribution using the DBSCAN algorithm is quite high-quality, however, there is a need for more detailed training of this algorithm, since clustering using the program "Integrated Quality Assessment and classification of multidimensional objects" turned out to be more optimal.

Copyright Protection of Songwriters in Indonesia

Intellectual property is an object resulting from human intellectual activity, which is expressed in the form of copyrighted works or inventions. The issue of intellectual property for Indonesian songwriters has never been a good thing. This study uses a prescriptive legal method and examines law as a norm with misconceptions about legal protection. Secondary data becomes the main data. The specifications used are descriptive specifications. Copyright owners enjoy legal protection from the moment their work is transformed into a concrete form that complies with the Declarative Principles. Even if a work is protected because it can be clearly identified, the copyright owner must register the work in the Copyright Register for formal verification. There are two ways to resolve copyright disputes: litigation and non-litigation. Settlements outside the court include advice, mediation, negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. On the other hand, there are two pathways in litigation, one of which is the civil route. Violations can be subject to sanctions in the form of imprisonment and fines as stipulated in the copyright law.

Interpretable machine learning model for autogenous shrinkage prediction of low-carbon cementitious materials

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are key components of low-carbon cementitious materials. However, their effects, especially for the emerging high cement replacement ratio formulations, are sometimes very challenging to predict, leading to restrictions in most standards. Through advanced Machine Learning techniques, this study provides novel insights into the autogenous shrinkage properties of concrete containing various kinds of supplementary cementitious materials such as slag, fly ash, silica fume, calcined clay, and filler. Four machine learning models are optimized and their predictions are compared on a dedicated database, including ternary and quaternary cement blends. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model exhibited the highest accuracy among these models. Interpretative tools such as SHAP analysis are then used to obtain novel information about the relative influence of the SCM on the autogenous shrinkage depending on their dosage. The model is finally compared to the recently modified versions of the B4 and the CEB analytical models to predict the autogenous shrinkage of unknown concrete formulations. The model showed significantly better predictions than the analytical models, and a web application is proposed, paving the way for precise and interpretable autogenous shrinkage predictions of cementitious materials incorporating SCM.

History as translation / anachronism as synchronism

ABSTRACT When we speak and write, when we use language, we perform a temporal act which connects past, present and future. If we assume that the act of translating is the means through which we are linguistically able to connect past, present and future, then we can discern how, cognitively, every translation is intimately related to the problem of anachronism and to the presence of different temporalities at one and the same time. My interest in the concept of anachronism in history and historiography lies at the linguistic and cognitive levels. When we use a present word/concept with reference to a word/concept of the past (recent or distant), we perform a linguistic act that is unavoidably anachronistic, an act of translation. The idea of anachronism as synchronism implied by using language in respect of historians can be completely understood only if we think of it in cognitive terms. I wish to emphasize that the act of understanding past words and concepts is cognitively anachronistic, also in consequence of the fact that words are themselves things-objects and are apprehended by men and women as a concrete form. If we think of words as things-objects, similar perspectives and similar methodological issues are open to the investigation of historians. Words are as things-objects, materially and cognitively: they have emerged in a precise moment and place and have been reinterpreted through multiple receptions in different times and places, bearing in their existence the signs of their history. The notion of anachronism as synchronism must be related to the fact that words and things-objects coming from different times are all contemporarily present, and the task of the historian as a translator of the past consists exactly in unrolling and synchronizing their different temporalities.

Recent developments towards digital concrete

Concrete formulation, despite recent progress, remains challenging due to the increasing number of constituents and performance requirements. This study explores a parallel approach to physical and semi-empirical experimental proportioning methods, utilizing machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL). By harnessing big data from concrete production and high throughput experimentation, ML/DL algorithms can optimize mixes, minimizing waste and maximizing performance. This approach, combined with digital fabrication, addresses environmental and productivity concerns in construction. However, challenges such as diverse non-digital experimental methods, lack of basic data on waste streams, and limited open repositories on cement-based materials hinder the widespread use of data-driven techniques. This paper examines the background and potential of data-driven techniques in the field of concrete technology.

Behavior of self-cured self-compacting concrete filled short channel columns under axial compression

Composite columns have been suggested as a preferable option for parking lots, submarine pipelines, multi-story structures, and bridge piers. The advantages of the inherent material qualities of both materials make the combination of cold-formed steel and concrete noteworthy. A hollow steel tube with a concrete core inside of it, with or without extra reinforcing, makes up a column made of steel tubes and concrete. Columns made of steel tube which is filled with concreteare constructed using steel tubes with normal geometric sections or eccentric geometric sections. Furthermore, there isn't yet a published Indian design standard that is specifically for the construction of such composites. The objectives of this lab is to investigate the structural behavior of simple & lipped cold-formed steel constructed shortcolumns filled with concrete with respect to the load–deflection graph, maximumcapacity to carry loads, concrete containment, and plasticity. It has been determined that a unique form of self-compacting concrete that partially replaces cement with fly ash and waste granite dust can be used for structural purposes. The failure pattern of the box configuration is explored by testing a total of three constructed lipped sectionsand three constructed plain sections. The load against axial shrinking curve is illustrated, and its specific impact just on capacity to carry loads is discussed. For specimens aforementioned, the analytical analysis yielded the relationship between load and axial shortening. Equations with distinct constants and their upper and lower bounds for the relevant specimens are derived using MATLAB. These formulas can be utilized to calculate how axial shortening and load for each specimen relate to one another. The lipped sections are better capable of withstanding loads than plain sections, according to the study outcomesof the column made of steel filled with concretespecimens.