Concordance Program Research Articles

The Coruña corpus tool: Ten years on

In this paper we provide a brief introduction to a new version of the Coruna Corpus Tool. Currently available for Windows, macOS and Linux, the Coruna Corpus Tool is a corpus management tool that facilitates the retrieval of information from an indexed textual repository. Although it works like most concordance programs, its distinguishing feature is that it allows users to search for old or non-standard characters and tags in texts and metadata files, as well as to extract and export specific data for the purposes of research. With a new set of advanced search features and other recent improvements, researchers now have access to functionalities that significantly enhance the previous user experience.

Application Systems Available In UNIMED Language Skills Text

This study aims to describe the attitude appraisal system contained in the French thesis text at UNIMED. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method. The research sample is the French thesis text at UNIMED on behalf of Ayokta Ghea M. Panjaitan, NIM. 21013001 where the type of thesis is linguistics with the title Analyze De Champ Lexical Des Activités Des Yeux En Français (Analysis of the Lexical Meaning of Eye Activity in French) totaling 58 pages with the highest GPA of 3.85 and Irna Fadillah Nasution, NIM. 2101131002 with a GPA of 3.45 with the title of the thesis Analyze Sémiotique De La Publicite Femme De Beauté Dans Le Magazine Femme Actuelle (Semiotic Analysis of Beauty Advertisements in the French Magazine Femme Actuelle) totaling 60 pages that have been validated by native speakers teaching at the French Language Education Study Program UNIMED in 2015 and also teaches at the Alliance Française (AF) called Marine Petite. Data were analyzed using the Simple Concordance Program (SCP) concordance program software using the Apraisal system, namely: Attitude Apraisal. The results showed that the Apraisal System in the French Thesis text at UNIMED was the Paradigmatic System because the Apraisal System in the French thesis text consisted of (a). Gender (le gendre), which consists of: masculine (masculin) and feminine (féminin) and (b). Total (le nombre), which consists of: single (singulier) and plural (pluriel).

INTEGRATING LEARNER CORPUS ANALYSIS INTO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH ACADEMIC WRITING

Practical implementation of learner corpus research to inform language pedagogy has been common, given the availability of resources, such as a large amount of data about the products of language learning and factual language uses, and the necessary technology, such as concordance programs. This article lays out the typical analyses of learner corpora and the implications of and issues surrounding such studies on second/foreign language teaching based on the existing literature. More specifically, the article captures the need for a more extensive corpus of Indonesian learners’ English other than what is already available to represent more insights about English language teaching in Indonesia. Furthermore, it proposes the development of an in-house learner corpus for direct and indirect uses at Universitas Indonesia. An actual trial on building a sample learner corpus and running a lexical analysis demonstrates the plausibility of integrating learner corpus into the teaching of academic writing on higher-education levels.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОНКОРДАНСІВ ТА КОРПУСНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОНЦЕПТУ ЗДОРОВ’Я/HEALTH

The article discusses the notion of concordance as a kind of dictionary of compatibility, which allows to analyze different contexts, to deduce shades of word meaning on their basis, to model semantic fields of correlated words in different languages. The aim of the article is to reveal the methodology of using the technologies of composing corpora of texts and concordances to build a nominative field of the concept HEALTH in English and Ukrainian media texts. The study was based on media texts on medicine, health and coronavirus in English and Ukrainian media texts (newspapers and magazines: USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, Vysokyi zamok, Ukrainska pravda; online edition: www.bbc. com/ukrainian/, www.bbc. com/news, time.com/, www.nytimes.com/, www.who.int; Gazeta.ua, Holos Ameryky, Hromadskyi prostir, Ukrainskyi tyzhden, Yevropeiska pravda, Hromadske.ua, Ukraina moloda and others). It is illustrated how concordance reflects all cases of use of words in this or that text, corpora of texts; the keywords of the researched concept are searched and the frequency of their use is determined. The use of concordance and corpus technologies (works by A. McCarthy and R. Carter, O'Keefe) is usually associated in linguistics with the study of the semantics of language units based on the calculation of word frequency, keywords, cluster analysis, etc., lexical and grammatical profiles. Work of users with the case is carried out by means of the specialized software – case managers who provide various opportunities on reception of the necessary information from the case. Concordance programs are used in a variety of areas: language learning and learning, language data search and analysis, translation and language engineering, corpus linguistics, lexicography, content analysis in accounting, history, marketing, music, politics, geography, journalism, and more. With concordance, you can create indexes and glossaries, calculate the frequency of use of a word, compare different uses of the word, analyze keywords, find phrases and idioms, create a concordance of one author, and so on. The main task of the concordance is to display all cases of use of the word registered in some texts. The possibility of realization of lexical meaning in the text is demonstrated, which helps to determine the role of lexical unit in the formation of textual conceptual structure.

The Prediction of Writing Scores Using Vocabulary Features in ESL University Students’ Essays

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how well vocabulary features, such as collocation, word family, etc., predict vocabulary scores in writing graded by human raters, and the degree to which they explain holistic scores. Forty-nine writings by first-year non-native English-speaking international students at a mid-western U.S. university were analyzed by using two multiple regression models. Data includes both holistic and analytic vocabulary scores given by four human raters and specific vocabulary features counted by concordance programs. Holistic and analytic vocabulary scores were estimated using many-facet Rasch measurement analysis. It was found that (a) collocation variety and essay length (or tokens) explained 32.0% of variance in the holistic writing scores, and (b) collocation variety and word family accounted for 29.5% of the variance in the vocabulary scores. The results of this study suggest that it is beneficial to teach and learn vocabulary knowledge to improve students’ writing proficiency.

410P - Global trends in population-based survival for 303,169 adults diagnosed with glioblastoma in 44 countries during 2000-2014 (CONCORD-3)

BackgroundRecent data on world-wide trends in population-based survival from glioblastoma are not available. We aimed to investigate disparities in survival using data contributed to the third cycle of the CONCORD programme (CONCORD-3). MethodsAge-specific and age-standardised net survival was estimated using the non-parametric Pohar Perme estimator, correcting for background mortality by single year of age, sex and calendar year in each country. ResultsDuring 2000-2004, age-standardised two-year net survival was mostly in the range 10-20%, but survival was less than 10% in Finland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. Survival between 2005 and 2009 was slightly higher, in the range 20-30% in several countries, while it remained around 10-20% in Finland, Poland, the Russian Federation, Spain, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. During 2010-2014, age-standardised two-year survival was still below 20% in Poland, the Russian Federation, Spain, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. It reached 30% in Japan, Korea and Singapore, and survival otherwise stabilised in the range 20-30%. In patients younger than 45 years, age-standardised two-year net survival during 2000-2004 was 30% or less in 15 countries, including Canada, France, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia and Switzerland, while it was in the range 35-40% in Belgium, Italy, Japan, Korea and the United States. During 2005-2009, 14 countries still lagged behind, with two-year net survival below 35% (e.g. Canada, France, Ireland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden), while survival rose to 45% or more in Australia, Belgium, Japan, Korea, Slovenia and Switzerland. More recently (2010-2014), two-year net survival was still 35% or less in France, Ireland, Portugal, the Russian Federation and Slovakia. ConclusionsThe increase in population-based survival from glioblastoma during 2000-2014 is likely to have been determined by the use of chemo-radiation in eligible patients from 2005 onwards. However, there were wide international disparities, suggesting little or no uptake of chemo-radiation protocols, especially in younger patients. Legal entity responsible for the studyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. FundingDavidson and O’Gorman Fellowship from Children with Cancer UK. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

APPLYING CORPUS APPROACH AT THE ENGLISH CLASSES IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

The article describes the possible ways of applying the achievements of corpus linguistics in the ESL classroom at the HEIs. The notion of a language corpus was defined, a journey into the history of the first corpus creation was taken, and the most popular modern English-language corpora (British National Corpus, The Oxford English Corpus, COCA, etc.) were considered. The efficiency of applying the corpus method in teaching a foreign language in higher education has been proven. Thus, the use of corpora in students' work along with the inductive method contributes to their understanding of the basic linguistic patterns and the development of linguistic intuition, the material of the study being exclusively authentic texts. The possibility of using direct and indirect corpus approach to assist the formation of students' lexical, grammatical, stylistic and phonetic skills has also been studied. The direct applying this method may include teaching corpus linguistics to university students as a purely academic subject, performing certain tasks or exercises using concordance programs and performing individual research projects by students. And the indirect corpus approach can include publishing links, developing materials and language testing. The article provides information on special software that enables one to carry out corpus training and analyzes the main types of tasks that can be created using these programs. Finally, the article discusses the reasons for the unpopularity of the corpus method in the Ukrainian HEIs at the present stage of education and justifies the appropriateness of its wider use in the future academic environment.

Exploring logical connectors in journals with different indexing levels: A comparison between international and national indexed journals

Research to date has witnessed the mounting significance of logical connectors in writing including scientific journal articles; however, little is known as to whether the usage of such connectors may correspond to a varying degree of journal quality. This qualitative study fills in the void by exploring the use of logical connectors in journals with different indexing levels, national and international. Sixty articles were collected from two journals, thirty articles from each. Implicit behind this study is an assumption that differing journal indexing entails differing journal quality. Nineteen connectors that belong to the most frequently used conjunctive adverbials in academic prose were searched using Laurence Anthony’s concordance program (AntConc). The findings reveal that the top-two most frequently CAs used in both corpora are adversative however and causal therefore. Based on these results, the analysis is centered on these two CAs by investigating the coherence relations in order to see the underlying logical relationships between two sentences. The findings show that the illogical uses of CA however and therefore were equally found in both corpora although the percentages for the illogical use in the international journal articles are less than those in the national ones. In conclusion, not only do articles in the two journals share the same tendencies in the logical use, they also evince the same patterns of problem, namely failure in recognizing logical relationships and overuse of connectors. Of importance is that the purported relationship between journal indexation and logical use of connectors may be at best weak, and at worst absent, for both journals in question dominantly exhibit a logical usage of connectors. Pedagogical implications are also discussed.

The use of micro-level discourse markers in British and American feature-length films: Implications for teaching in EFL contexts

Discourse markers (DMs) are significant for fluent speech. Furthermore, they are important elements of language for conversation organization, reciprocal relation among interlocutors, and productive speaking and comprehension. Although, they have very important functions for pragmatic development, they seem to be neglected in language teaching either because of the belief that they are difficult to teach, or as a result of the focus on grammatical competence in language teaching. This study examined the use and functions of micro-level. DMs in British and American feature-length films and it provided implications for using feature-lengths films as a source of authentic language input for explicit or implicit teaching of DMs. The scripts of four films (two British and two American) were analyzed using the AntConc Concordance program. The results show  that there is not a significant difference between British and American films in terms of the frequency of DMs well, like, and you know .  On the other hand, it is found that oh is used significantly more frequently in British films than American films. The functional analysis of the DMs showed that, both British and American feature-length films represent the use of English DMs in native discourse. Therefore, the study concludes that the films could be used for teaching and learning of DMs in foreign language teaching. The results are discussed in terms of pedagogical implications.Â

Learner Concordancing for EFL College Writing Accuracy

As technologies advance, the use of corpora and concordance programs has shown their potential to help second language writing classes. Although some writing research has demonstrated usefulness of corpora in different ways, much less is known concerning how corpora can scaffold students’ correction and uptake of written corrective feedback for revision. The current study adopted a semester-long classroom-based research design keeping classroom ecology in order to examine how second-year EFL college students took up teacher-coded feedback by consulting corpus tools and other e-reference resources to rectify errors in their essays. Fourteen participants composed three multi-draft essay assignments plus a diagnostic essay in various genres. They used two Chinese–English concordance programs and “Corpus of Contemporary American English” to help their revisions. Questionnaires, interviews, students’ marked and revised essays, their written revision records, and video recording of learner–corpus interaction were analyzed and triangulated. Errors were found to decrease with increased frequency of corpus consultation over the semester. Although most participants appreciated the assistance of corpus tools, reservations were noted in the process. Two student cases with average writing performance point to learners’ engagement with corpora as one crucial factor interacting with perceptions and outcomes of lookups. Pedagogical implications and limitations are discussed.

THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT’S RHETORIC ON JAPAN-CHINA RIVALRY AND INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY

This study examines the Japan-China rivalry and independent foreign policy (IFP) rhetoric of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte. Using both AntConc (concordance program) and conventional reading, this study identifies the themes and aspects as to how he used words related to China and Japan in his speeches. Data analysis reveals that his rhetoric centered on several themes, such as historical relations, brotherly and friendly relations, strategic partnership, China as an economic and military superpower, development assistance, and as point of reference, among others. Contrary to what Duterte portrays as IFP, the study shows that even after two years into his presidency, nothing has really changed in the Philippines. His promise of pursuing an IFP policy has neither taken the form of a concrete plan nor materialized as a policy. This paper argues that the ambivalence in Duterte’s foreign policy rhetoric is just a strategy to accommodate China’s influence while maintaining his nationalist narrative. His IFP rhetoric is just a manifestation of continuing dependency to outside powers. No matter how different it initially seemed to be from previous administrations in the way that it entertains other powers such as China and Japan apart from the US, it still cannot be considered as IFP.Keywords: Independent foreign policy, Japan-China rivalry, Philippine foreign policy under Duterte, presidential speech analysis, Rodrigo DuterteCite as: Garcia, L.S.S. (2018). The Philippine president’s rhetoric on Japan-China rivalry and independent foreign policy. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2),1-16.http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss2pp1-16

Terms and identities: Forms of music related to national identity practices in blog posts of the Hungarian rock/metal discourse community

In this article, I focus on the specific language of the Hungarian rock/metal discourse community. With Simple Concordance Program I analyse the posts from the two most active Hungarian music themed blogs (Lángoló Gitárok and Rockstation), which were written in April 2016. My functional–cognitive pragmatics and corpus linguistics research focus on the occurrence of the music genre names, ‘metál’, ‘metal’, ‘rock’, ‘punk’, ‘-core’, ‘jazz’ and ‘blues’ and their subgenres (for example, ‘black metál’, ‘death metal’, ‘desert rock’ – ‘sivatagi rock’, ‘deathcore’). This range of naming has been motivated by the categorization and schematization processes of the interlocutors and the conventionality of the discourse community’s terminology. My main questions are as follows: (1) ‘Is there a linguistic difference between the Hungarian and the global rock/metal discourse communities in terms of music genres and subgenres?’ and (2) ‘Are the music-related identity practices similar in these two similar subcorpuses?’

IMPLEMENTASI APRAISAL DALAM EVALUASI BAHASA: SEBUAH ANCANGAN WACANA FORENSIK

<div class="WordSection1"><p>The aim of this research are (1) describing language evaluation on students’ article on attitude (2) describing language evaluation on students’ article on engagement (3) describing language evaluation on students’ article on graduation. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative that is done by concordance method analysis and distribution by using a software of Simple Concordance Program (SCP). The data for this research is an article text written by the students of Indonesia department. The result shows that (1) the inclination of using lexis 0f negative attitude that is showed on negative affect, value, and appreciation by the students. (2) the inclination of using lexis of negative graduation by the students through writing the domination of metaphor in the phenomenon happened in society. (3) the system of appraisal in the article written by the students is graduation ^ engagement ^ attitude. This result showed because the writers of an article mostly use the function of language to strengthen and weaken the attitude and engagement related to the text inwriting their article.</p></div>

Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries

In 2015, the second cycle of the CONCORD programme established global surveillance of cancer survival as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems and to inform global policy on cancer control. CONCORD-3 updates the worldwide surveillance of cancer survival to 2014. CONCORD-3 includes individual records for 37·5 million patients diagnosed with cancer during the 15-year period 2000-14. Data were provided by 322 population-based cancer registries in 71 countries and territories, 47 of which provided data with 100% population coverage. The study includes 18 cancers or groups of cancers: oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, prostate, and melanoma of the skin in adults, and brain tumours, leukaemias, and lymphomas in both adults and children. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were rectified by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. For most cancers, 5-year net survival remains among the highest in the world in the USA and Canada, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. For many cancers, Denmark is closing the survival gap with the other Nordic countries. Survival trends are generally increasing, even for some of the more lethal cancers: in some countries, survival has increased by up to 5% for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and lung. For women diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for breast cancer is now 89·5% in Australia and 90·2% in the USA, but international differences remain very wide, with levels as low as 66·1% in India. For gastrointestinal cancers, the highest levels of 5-year survival are seen in southeast Asia: in South Korea for cancers of the stomach (68·9%), colon (71·8%), and rectum (71·1%); in Japan for oesophageal cancer (36·0%); and in Taiwan for liver cancer (27·9%). By contrast, in the same world region, survival is generally lower than elsewhere for melanoma of the skin (59·9% in South Korea, 52·1% in Taiwan, and 49·6% in China), and for both lymphoid malignancies (52·5%, 50·5%, and 38·3%) and myeloid malignancies (45·9%, 33·4%, and 24·8%). For children diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ranged from 49·8% in Ecuador to 95·2% in Finland. 5-year survival from brain tumours in children is higher than for adults but the global range is very wide (from 28·9% in Brazil to nearly 80% in Sweden and Denmark). The CONCORD programme enables timely comparisons of the overall effectiveness of health systems in providing care for 18 cancers that collectively represent 75% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide every year. It contributes to the evidence base for global policy on cancer control. Since 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has used findings from the CONCORD programme as the official benchmark of cancer survival, among their indicators of the quality of health care in 48 countries worldwide. Governments must recognise population-based cancer registries as key policy tools that can be used to evaluate both the impact of cancer prevention strategies and the effectiveness of health systems for all patients diagnosed with cancer. American Cancer Society; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Swiss Re; Swiss Cancer Research foundation; Swiss Cancer League; Institut National du Cancer; La Ligue Contre le Cancer; Rossy Family Foundation; US National Cancer Institute; and the Susan G Komen Foundation.

A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

Public health surveillance of cancer survival in the United States and worldwide: The contribution of the CONCORD programme.

CONCORD is a programme for the global surveillance of cancer survival. In 2015, the second cycle of the program (CONCORD-2) established long-term surveillance of cancer survival worldwide, for the first time, in the largest cancer survival study published to date. CONCORD-2 provided cancer survival trends for 25,676,887 patients diagnosed during the 15-year period between 1995 and 2009 with 1 of 10 common cancers that collectively represented 63% of the global cancer burden in 2009. Herein, the authors summarize the past, describe the present, and outline the future of the CONCORD programme. They discuss the difference between population-based studies and clinical trials, and review the importance of international comparisons of population-based cancer survival. This study will focus on the United States. The authors explain why population-based survival estimates are crucial for driving effective cancer control strategies to reduce the wide and persistent disparities in cancer survival between white and black patients, which are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimal treatment. Cancer 2017;123:4977-81. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Detection of Common Errors in Turkish EFL Students’ Writing through a Corpus Analytic Approach

The present study aims to explore Turkish EFL students’ major writing difficulties by analyzing the frequent writing errors in academic essays. Accordingly, the study examined errors in a corpus of 150 academic essays written by Turkish EFL students studying at the Department of English Language and Literature at a public university in Turkey. The essays were written on assigned topics as take home exam papers or assignments in the context of a first year academic writing course. The corpus consisted of essays of various lengths ranging from 500 word essays to 1500 word essays. The essays were compiled into a corpus and analyzed by using a concordance program. The essays were also checked for plagiarism using the online plagiarism detection software and plagiarized essays were excluded from the analysis. Errors were classified by using an error classification system which was organized according to lexico-grammatical categories. The resulting categories consisted of mostly syntactic and lexical categories of error but academic style errors were considered as well. As a result of the analysis, in terms of error categories, the most frequent errors were observed in the verb related error categories. When considered individually, the most frequent errors were observed in noun modification and were mostly interference related.

Metodología de elaboración de un glosario bilingüe y bidireccional (inglés-español/español-inglés) basado en corpus para la traducción de manuales de instrucciones de televisores

Abstract The sources of information that translators may use are extremely varied, ranging from oral consultation with an expert to a search using specialised dictionaries and glossaries. Nowadays, however, one the most relevant documentation activities in the field of Translation involves the use of Internet resources and, closely related to this, the compilation and management of virtual corpora. For this reason, in the present paper we present a systematic methodology for extracting bilingual and bidirectional glossaries (English-Spanish/Spanish-English) based on parallel corpora to translate TV User Manuals. In fact, according to art. 5 of the Council Resolution of 17 December 1998 on operating instructions for technical consumer goods (98/C 411/01) it is essential to control the quality when writing and translating these manuals. In order to illustrate this methodology we focus on corpus design (according to the skopo) and on the compilation protocol (in four steps: searching, downloading, text formatting and saving data) in order to ensure quality. As for the quantity, we check the quantitative representativeness with the ReCor software (cfr. Seghiri 2006: 387). Once the corpus is representative from the qualitative and the quantitative points of view, it can be managed with a concordance program. So, we illustrate how to extract the terms semiautomatically in order to build a bilingual and bidirectional glossary with a parallel concordance named ParaConc. Thus, in the present paper we combine the main resource for researchers (cfr. Bowker 1998; Varantola 2000; Seghiri 2011) within the Translation field: corpora, in order to ensure quality; and the main documentation resource for prospective translators (cfr. Corpas et al. 2001): bilingual glossaries.

The Frequently Used Discourse Markers by Saudi EFL Learners

The paper examines the use of discourse markers by Saudi English learners who struggle to master them when they write English essays. The hypothesis is, and based on previous studies of discourse markers by English learners, Saudi English learners overuse them. English essays are collected as a corpus for analysis and a concordance program is used to shed light on how frequently key words in contexts are used by learners. The study compares between Saudi learners and native speakers in their use of discourse markers and to investigate similarities and differences between the two groups. The results support previous studies as the analysis proves that Saudi learners overuse discourse markers. They have been used unnecessarily and redundantly. The preference of types of discourse markers has been investigated to show that learners use listing and resultive discourse markers mainly. The frequency count of the discourse markers in the collected corpus indicates their preference to vary specific types to avoid repetition and not to vary the semantic functions of discourse markers.

THE POPULATION-BASED CANCER REGISTRY AS A RESOURCE FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL HEALTHCARE

Population-based cancer registries collect a standardized dataset about all patients diagnosed with a malignancy who live in the defined territory covered by the registry, from initial diagnosis through investigation and treatment, to the eventual death of the patient. This enables estimation of the cancer burden and surveillance of trends over time, as the evidence base for cancer control policies. There are more than 300 population-based cancer registries around the world, covering about 5% of the world's population, but the proportion is much higher in developed countries than in developing countries. Adherence to international standards of data collection and quality control is extremely important, because it enables robust comparisons of incidence, prevalence and survival, both between the regions of the country and internationally. These comparisons inspire changes in cancer prevention, and clinical practice, and progress in the organisation and delivery of policies for cancer control. The examples of such comparisons are international projects Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Globocan and the CONCORD programme for the global surveillance of cancer survival. In this article, we describe the organisation and experience of practical application of data from the Arkhangelsk regional cancer registry, both within Russia and in international collaborations.