Concise Expressions Research Articles

Precision tests of third-generation four-quark operators: one- and two-loop matching

We calculate the one- and two-loop matching corrections in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) that impact electroweak precision measurements and flavour physics observables, focusing on the contributions of third-generation four-quark operators. Our results provide a crucial ingredient for a model-independent analysis of constraints on beyond the Standard Model physics that primarily affects the sector of third-generation four-quark operators. Concise analytic expressions are provided for all considered precision observables, which should facilitate their inclusion into global SMEFT analyses.

A symmetric liquid lip inclusion in an infinite isotropic elastic matrix

We study the plane strain problem of a symmetric compressible liquid lip inclusion with two cusps in an infinite isotropic elastic matrix subjected to uniform remote in-plane normal stresses. The pair of analytic functions characterizing the elastic field in the matrix is derived in closed form. Explicit, elementary, and concise expressions in terms of the two Skempton’s induced pore-pressure coefficients are obtained for the internal uniform hydrostatic tension within the liquid inclusion and the mode I stress intensity factor at the cusp tip. When the two remote normal stresses satisfy a single condition, the external loading will not induce any singular stress field at the cusp tips.

Probabilistic framework for strain-based fatigue life prediction and uncertainty quantification using interpretable machine learning

Establishing a unified fatigue life prediction model and quantifying the uncertainty in the mechanical behavior of materials are critical to ensure the structural integrity and equipment performance. For the commonly-used strain-based fatigue methods, existing estimation methods exhibit inevitable deviations, while data-driven methods have shown poor extrapolation ability and interpretability. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a probabilistic framework for strain-based fatigue life prediction and uncertainty quantification (UQ) to provide an indication for fatigue design/assessment using interpretable machine learning (ML) techniques. Based on Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) and symbolic regression (SR), interpretable prediction models with concise expressions and outstanding prediction performance are established and optimized according to the priori physical knowledge. Moreover, accounting for the material variability, the probabilistic assessment with UQ excellently validates the prediction model, and quantifies the variability of ε-N curves. The proposed framework provides a valuable reference and shows promising prospects in fatigue design for engineering components.

Translating Four-Character Structures in Chinese Literary Works on Traditional Architecture—A Case Analysis of Canal Towns South of the Yangtze and Folk Houses South of the Yangtze

Traditional Chinese architecture boasts a unique style and profound cultural connotations. Accordingly, the related literary works attain value for international dissemination. The four-character structures in these works serve as concise expressions for describing architectural details and design concepts. However, due to their linguistic implicitness, grammatical structure diversity, and rich cultural images, their translation into English requires multidimensional shift, redundancy elimination, and the avoidance of cultural defaults. This research has developed an effective translation workflow that leverages the synergistic strengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the human translator. By strategically employing tailored methods and techniques, it addresses the challenges in the translation process. Analysis suggests: It is recommended that the technique of shift be employed to address the implicit content and complex grammatical structures in translating four-character structures in Chinese literary works on traditional architecture into English. Besides, the selective application of combination and omission can help deal with information redundancy. Furthermore, it is advisable to apply foreignization and a combined method of literal translation and paraphrasing in conveying cultural images. These approaches will, to a certain extent, convert the untranslatability of four-character structures into translatability, enhancing the dissemination of the essence of traditional Chinese architecture.

Thermo-mechanical investigation of a friction oscillator under high-frequency excitation

The frictional behavior, temperature evolution, and system dynamics in tribological systems are closely coupled. However, in many cases, at least one of the mentioned phenomena is neglected or not modeled consistently. This paper presents a model of a thermo-mechanically coupled oscillator, where the reduction of friction force due to high-frequency excitation is analyzed. The oscillator’s equation of motion, the impulse balance, and the heat equation for the thermo-mechanical continuum are evaluated so that a set of nonlinear equations describes the coupled system. Using specific mathematical procedures like Laplace-transformation and a particular transformation ansatz for integral equations, the system can be transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations, enabling efficient simulation. Based on this equation set, an averaging method is applied to eliminate the fast time scale of the mechanical oscillation due to high-frequency excitation so that only the averaged influence of the motion goes into the heat evolution. This procedure leads to concise expressions to determine the stationary state of the system, and the quantities of interest can be calculated conveniently. These equations yield parameter combinations where the friction force can be reduced due to the high-frequency excitation, even though thermal expansion is considered. However, there are also parameter regions where the excitation yields a significantly larger friction force.

Kinetic Model Implementation of Fluidized Bed Devolatilization

Computational modeling is a powerful tool for studying and investigating the behavior of fluidized bed gasifiers and the modeling of the initial devolatilization step is necessary to provide a reliable description of the whole process involving the feedstock decomposition and the subsequent gasification reaction. In this work, a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor was used to examine the devolatilization of different carbonaceous materials within the temperature range from 650 to 850 °C. The experimental test campaign was used to derive the linear correlation factor to describe the devolatilization in terms of product distribution as a function of temperature and highlight the different behavior between lignocellulosic and plastic feedstocks. Furthermore, the experimental data were used to develop concise kinetic expressions able to fit the experimental devolatilization times ranging from 75 in the case of poplar at a lower temperature and 22 s for the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) at a higher temperature. The obtained model produces a simple kinetic expression where the size of the particle is enclosed in the kinetic parameters. The kinetic model sided by the application of linear correlations describes the overall thermal decomposition in a fluidized bed, simplifying its modeling in commercial simulation software, even when particles are considered as point-like bodies.

Investigation of a Mathematical Model and Non-Linear Effects Based on Parallel-Substrates Biochemical Conversion

According to the broad applicability and advancements made in addressing complex non-linear problems, Researchers have been actively involved in addressing the accurate approaches to solve non-linear problems in fields such as chemical science, material science, and image processing. In this paper, the Amperometric response of catalase-peroxidase (parallel-substrates) conversion has been discussed. The Mathematical model relies on a set of non-linear differential equations that describe the reaction and diffusion of the system. The analytical methods were extended to derive the approximate solution of the non-linear reaction-diffusion equation. The straightforward and concise analytical expressions for the concentrations and current of the Biosensor are developed. This study includes the computational resolution of the problem by utilizing a MATLAB program. A comparison between analytical outcomes and those derived numerically has been conducted. The analytical findings presented are dependable and offer an effective comprehension of the behaviour of this system.

Incorporating background knowledge in symbolic regression using a computer algebra system

Symbolic regression (SR) can generate interpretable, concise expressions that fit a given dataset, allowing for more human understanding of the structure than black-box approaches. The addition of background knowledge (in the form of symbolic mathematical constraints) allows for the generation of expressions that are meaningful with respect to theory while also being consistent with data. We specifically examine the addition of constraints to traditional genetic algorithm (GA) based SR (PySR) as well as a Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based Bayesian SR architecture (Bayesian Machine Scientist), and apply these to rediscovering adsorption equations from experimental, historical datasets. We find that, while hard constraints prevent GA and MCMC SR from searching, soft constraints can lead to improved performance both in terms of search effectiveness and model meaningfulness, with computational costs increasing by about an order of magnitude. If the constraints do not correlate well with the dataset or expected models, they can hinder the search of expressions. We find incorporating these constraints in Bayesian SR (as the Bayesian prior) is better than by modifying the fitness function in the GA.

Energy-momentum tensor of the dilute (3+1)D glasma

We present a succinct formulation of the energy-momentum tensor of the glasma characterizing the initial color fields in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the color glass condensate effective theory. We derive concise expressions for the (3+1)D dynamical evolution of symmetric nuclear collisions in the weak field approximation employing a generalized McLerran-Venugopalan model with nontrivial longitudinal correlations. Utilizing Monte Carlo integration, we calculate in unprecedented detail non-trivial rapidity profiles of early time observables at RHIC and LHC energies, including transverse energy densities and eccentricities. For our setup with broken boost invariance, we carefully discuss the placement of the origin of the Milne frame and interpret the components of the energy-momentum tensor. We find longitudinal flow that deviates from standard Bjorken flow in the (3+1)D case and provide a geometric interpretation of this effect. Furthermore, we observe a universal shape in the flanks of the rapidity profiles regardless of collision energy and predict that limiting fragmentation should also hold at LHC energies. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Class S theories on S2

We study two-dimensional N=(0,2) and N=(0,4) theories derived from compactifying class S theories on S2 with a topological twist. We present concise expressions for the elliptic genera of both classes of theories, revealing the topological quantum field theory structure on Riemann surfaces Cg,n. Furthermore, our study highlights the relationship between the left-moving sector of the (0,2) theory and the chiral algebra of the four-dimensional N=2 theory. Notably, we propose that the (0,2) elliptic genus of a theory of this class can be expressed as a linear combination of characters of the corresponding chiral algebra. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Optical dipolar chiral sorting forces and their manifestation in evanescent waves and nanofibers

Optical fields can exert forces of chiral nature on molecules and nanoparticles, which would prove extremely valuable in the separation of enantiomers with pharmaceutical applications, yet it is inherently complex, and the varied frameworks used in the literature further complicate the theoretical understanding. This paper unifies existing approaches used to describe dipolar optical forces and introduces a symmetry-based “force basis” consisting of twelve vector fields, each weighted by particle-specific coefficients, for a streamlined description of force patterns. The approach is rigorously applied to evanescent waves and dielectric nanofibers, yielding concise analytical expressions for optical forces. Through this, we identify optimal strategies for enantiomer separation, offering invaluable guidance for future experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Exploring Translator Style Using Word Alignments

How the source text is rendered in the target language reflects a translator’s linguistics choices, which is informative of the translator’s style. Leveraging computational techniques, the present research seeks to explore translator style through word alignments derived from an entire corpus. The text material is two Chinese translations of Virginia Woolf’s novel, Jacob’s Room, by translators Pu Long and Wang Jiaxiang. Using a Transformer-based model, alignments are automatically extracted from parallel texts. A Support Vector Machine classifier is trained to test whether the alignments are indicative of the translators’ styles. Chi-square feature selection is then performed to identify the most distinguishing alignments for closer examination. Results indicate that Wang favours more explicit and literal translations, while Pu utilizes more concise, diverse, and idiomatic expressions. In addition, Wang’s translation is closer to the original, while Pu’s is more distant. This method enables us to provide a wide range of qualitative and quantitative evidence, and also observe differences not readily apparent when examining the target text alone.

Bridging cultures: the universal wisdom of aphorisms

This study explores the versatile nature of aphorisms, examining their linguistic structures, cultural implications, and pedagogical values across diverse languages and societies. Through literary analysis, comparative linguistic studies, and educational surveys, the research uncovers the inherent challenges in translating aphorisms while maintaining their stylistic and cultural essence. Findings reveal that aphorisms not only serve as concise expressions of universal truths and wisdom but also reflect the cultural values, norms, and philosophies of their respective societies. The investigation highlights the significant role of aphorisms in language learning and moral instruction, demonstrating their potential to foster cross-cultural understanding and linguistic appreciation. Aphorisms’ versatility as educational tools enhances learners’ engagement with language and culture, encouraging deeper reflection on ethical and philosophical issues. The study suggests future research directions, including the digital dissemination of aphorisms and their incorporation into artificial intelligence for language processing, underscoring their enduring relevance in a globalized and digitally connected world.

Characterization of Thermal‐Hydraulic Coupling Behavior for Moraine Soil With Ice Inclusions in a Warming Environment

AbstractA warming environment is promoting the thawing process in ice‐rich moraine soils in cold alpine regions, thereby accelerating the formation/development of geohazards in these regions. The mechanism of these geohazards is closely related to the thermal‐hydraulic (TH) coupling behavior of moraine soils, which has rarely been investigated. Here, we conducted a series of bench‐scale TH coupling simulations of moraine soils with ice inclusions in a warming environment. The numerical model was conceptualized from a field survey on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, which consists of a porous medium embedded with multilayer ice cubes with warmer water continuously flowing through it. A TH coupling framework considering ice‐water phase change was established to implement this coupled simulation with different initial ice contents and hydraulic gradients. The simulated results showed phased and nonlinear evolutionary features of temperature, ice content, and permeability for the moraine soil system. Further analyses showed that these complex evolutionary features can be reproduced by empirical formulas, with concise expressions following dimensional consistency and some coefficients having potential physical meanings. The discriminant models of two equilibrium states were finally developed to predict the critical times of structure stabilization and thermal equilibrium of the moraine soil system. This study presents the complex evolution of TH coupling properties of moraine soils, and simultaneously demonstrates that these properties can be predicted and characterized.

Analytic expressions for quasinormal modes and grey-body factors in the eikonal limit and beyond

Abstract Although the WKB series converges only asymptotically and guarantees the exact result solely in the eikonal regime, we have managed to derive concise analytical expressions for the quasinormal modes and grey-body factors of black holes, expanding beyond the eikonal approximation. Remarkably, these expressions demonstrate unexpectedly strong accuracy. We suggest a comprehensive approach for deriving analytical expressions for grey-body factors and quasinormal modes at various orders beyond the eikonal approximation. Two cases are examined as examples: the Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole and hairy black holes within the framework of Effective Field Theory. We have publicly shared a generic code that calculates analytical expressions for grey-body factors and quasinormal modes of spherical black holes.

The Necessity for Auditory Training with Idiomatic Expressions

The goal of auditory training is to improve comprehensive listening skills for the hearing impaired. Listening ability does not simply mean the level of recognizing speech sounds by distinguishing them, but also includes predicting the speaker’s intention according to the situation and context, and responding appropriately. Speakers create their utterances in a way that tries to convey their intended meaning with minimal effort under the economic principle, resulting in concise expressions that are contingent on the context and situation. Therefore, correct listening education and training should be structured to have the ability to fully understand the omitted implications and implications contained in the speaker’s speech. For auditory training for those with hearing impaired to be effective, speech perception training must extend beyond simple phonological perception by integrating one's background knowledge and communication schema within various situations and contexts. Therefore, auditory training using idiomatic expressions plays a crucial role in improving the ability to construct discourse meanings as well as comprehend the speech patterns encountered by hearing-impaired individuals in their daily communication. It is necessary to select idiomatic expressions frequently encountered in real-world communication situations and conduct auditory training by presenting transparent expressions to opaque expressions, facilitating the hearing-impaired's grasp of meaning with ease.

Role of interface tension in the thermoelastic analysis of inclusions: Unified formulation and closed-form results

We study the thermoelastic problem of an inclusion of general shape surrounded by a foreign elastic matrix under plane deformation and the influence of an in-plane far-field heat flux. The small-scale interface effects, related to not only interface conductivity, interface stretching rigidity and interface thermal expansion but also (residual) interface tension, are incorporated in the corresponding analysis. We establish general boundary value formulations in both heat conduction and thermoelasticity for an arbitrary inclusion shape, allowing for analytic or at least semi-analytic treatment of the problem. Specially, we derive closed-form solutions for the case of circular inclusion and obtain concise expressions for describing the remote heat flux-induced thermal stress near the interface (at both the inclusion side and matrix side). Surprisingly, it is shown that for the case of circular inclusion, interface tension plays the same role as interface stretching rigidity in determining the full thermal stress field, or in other words, the full thermal stress field depends on only the sum of interface tension and interface stretching rigidity but not on the specific value of either of them. Numerical examples are also given to illustrate the influence of interface tension on the von Mises stress distribution in the vicinity of the interface.

Device Physics of Vertical Static Induction Transistors

Vertical static induction transistors (SITs), with vertically arranged source, porous gate, and drain electrodes, were proposed in 1950s and have recently gained new attention because of their suitability as flexible substrates and for hybrid integration with light-emitting diodes. However, the understanding of them is hindered by Schottky gate leakage and relies on case-by-case simulations. Here, we derive concise expressions for the channel potential and current-voltage characteristics for ideal SITs, including the subthreshold swing, threshold voltage, and above-threshold region. The theory is verified by two-dimensional device simulation and agrees well with the reported experimental results. An ideal SIT can be approximated as a partially gated transistor in parallel with a resistance and needs a sub-500-nm pore diameter to exhibit sharp switching in transfer scanning and good saturation in output scanning. The proposed theories connect the device structure and electrical characteristics of SITs concisely, and conclusions are also applicable to permeable base transistors.

DC fault detection in hybrid MTDC systems using transient average of DC reactor voltage

The existence of various types of converters makes the fault characteristics of the hybrid multi-terminal DC (MTDC) system more complicated than the voltage source converter-based (VSC-based) MTDC system. A reduced line commutated converter (LCC) model for DC fault analysis is first proposed in this paper, where the LCC-based rectifier with control effects is regarded as an equivalent RLC circuit. By neglecting the resistive and capacitive components in the high-frequency domain, the original network analysis is significantly simplified to derive concise time-domain expressions of the initial DC fault current. On top of this, a single-terminal DC fault detection scheme using the transient average of DC reactor voltage is designed for the hybrid MTDC system. The thresholds for detecting faults on the LCC-connected and VSC-connected lines are calculated based on the derived fault current expressions, respectively. Simulation studies based on PSCAD/EMTDC have validated the proposed fault analysis model is accurate within the initial period after fault, while the proposed fault detection scheme for hybrid MTDC systems is fast, sensitive, and tolerant to high fault resistances.

Probing a polymerized black hole with the frequency shifts of photons

As is well-known, black hole plays an important role in probing the quantum effects of gravity in the strong-field regime. In this paper, we focus on a polymerized black hole and investigate the quantum effects on the redshift, blueshift and gravitational redshift of photons emitted by massive particles revolving around this black hole. With a general relativistic formalism, we obtain two elegant and concise expressions for the mass of the black hole and the quantum parameter in terms of few direct observables, and find that all the frequency shifts of photons decrease with the quantum parameter. By expanding the total frequency shift for large orbit of the emitter, low peculiar redshift, and small azimuthal angle, we find that the leading contributions to the frequency shift are originated from the kinematic shift and peculiar shift, and the quantum effects make a negligible contribution. In addition, we study the effects of the plasma on the redshift/blueshift for the first time, and conclude that the presence of plasma results in the decrease of the redshift/blueshift.