Concerned Departments Research Articles

Child care institutions in India: Investigating issues and challenges in children’s rehabilitation and social integration

Children’s rehabilitation and social integration is the primary objective however the most challenging task for the child care institutions. Understanding the issues and challenges can ensure effective rehabilitation and social integration of children. Thus, the study aims to unravel the different issues and challenges which hinders the effective rehabilitation of children. The study was carried out in twenty child care institutions in four districts of Manipur; Churachandpur, Imphal East, Imphal West and Ukhrul. The researcher employs =exploratory research design and recruited forty staffs for respondents through purposive sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interview and observation method. The findings of the study reveal various issues and challenges in the child care institutions while rehabilitating children which include non-effective of some alternative care, poor physical infrastructure, lack of professional and trained staff, obsolete vocational and life skill training, unhealthy parent–child relationship. Policy makers, concerned department and persons working in child care institutions needs to pay attention to these problems in ensuring effective children’s rehabilitation. Further studies should take into account the children in the institutional care and staffs who had earlier work in the institutions.

Productivity, profitability, efficiency, and land utilization scenarios of rice cultivation: An assessment of hybrid rice in Bangladesh

The productivity gains attained from high-yielding varieties (HYV) of rice ( Oryzasativa L.) developed during the Green Revolution are no longer sufficient to feed the increasing populace. This has led to a greater focus on hybrid rice (developed by crossing two inbred varieties). However, the adoption of hybrid rice is stagnant in Bangladesh. This study assessed the current status of hybrid vis-à-vis HYV rice, the problems in the adoption of hybrid rice, and the potential of hybrid rice in increasing productivity and farmers’ income. The technical efficiency of rice cultivation and determinants of inefficiency were also investigated in addition to the development of various optimal land utilization scenarios. Primary data from 400 randomly selected farmers were collected in 2016 from four districts, Dinajpur, Sherpur, Gopalganj, and Noakhali, in Bangladesh. The analytical methods included the marginal benefit-cost ratio, stochastic production possibility frontier, and linear programming. The results showed that hybrid rice had higher productivity (20–25%) than HYV rice, while the marginal benefit-cost ratios were higher than one (3.65–5.34) across all the sampled districts. The area under hybrid rice decreased and the growth rate was negative (–2.52%) during the study period due to the rising price of seed and insect infestation. Based on land utilization scenarios, the optimal land utilization would require reallocation of 8–52% rice area in favor of hybrid rice across the sampled districts. The efficiency analysis showed the mean technical efficiency of 76%, which indicated the presence of technical inefficiency in rice production, significantly affecting the outputs. Farmer's education and extension service access were the main avenues for reducing inefficiency. As hybrid rice has higher productivity and profitability, hybrid seeds provide opportunities for enhancing rice production in Bangladesh. Yet, this can only be achieved by developing and disseminating affordable hybrid seeds with insect pest resistance and improved palatability of grain. The concerned government departments should also provide better access to extension services to reduce production inefficiencies.

Identification of ground water recharge potential zones by using remote sensing and geographic information system

<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ground water is the most precious and important resource around the world and is decreasing day by day. In connection, there is a need to bound the potential groundwater zones. The geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques have become important tools to locate groundwater potential zones.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This research has been carried out to identify ground water potential zones in Nuthankal Mandal with help of GIS and remote sensing techniques. In order to evaluate the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps such as geology, slope, soil, drainage density map, land use and land cover and surface water bodies i.e., lakes and other using remotely-sensed data as well as toposheets and secondary data, collected from concern department. The prepared layers are further used for mapping and identification of ground water potential zones.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In this study ground water potential zones are demarked with the help of composite maps, which are generated using GIS tools. The accurate information to obtain the parameters that can be considered for identifying the ground water potential zone such as geology, slope, drainage density and lineament density are generated using the satellite data and survey of India (SOI) Topo-sheets, the groundwater potential zones are classified into five categories like very poor, poor, moderate, good & very good. The use of suggested methodology is demonstrated for a selected study area in Nuthankal Mandal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This groundwater potential information was also used for identification of suitable locations for extraction of water.</p>

Agriculture Insurance’s Outreach Constrained by Procedural Delays and Norms: Reflections from North Karnataka, India

Karnataka is one of the states, which experienced severe drought continuously for four years since 2014. In addition, heavy rainfall for the past two years has adversely affected agriculture produce in the entire state putting farmers into debt trap as most of them are not covered by crop insurance for crop failure. Although crop insurance was available to farmers in India since 1972, the coverage across the states including Karnataka was not found to be satisfactory. The average percentage of farmers covered under crop insurance was less than 10% during 1999-2015,both for India and Karnataka. It was 11.3% under NAIS 2015 kharif,increased to 12.2% in 2016, 17.1% in 2017 going down to 15.6% in 2018 and to 14.1% in 2019 under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)kharif in Karnataka. PMFBY was one new kind of agriculture insurance company and introduced throughout the country in 2016.This paper examines the performance of this scheme with specific reference to north Karnataka based on primary data collected from farmers’ survey in four districts, secondary data collected from official documents and first-hand information gathered from regional stakeholder workshops organized in six selected districts of north Karnataka. The study tries to look into the extent of coverage and, flaws and merits of crop insurance schemes with reference to problems faced by farmers in getting insurance coverage and claims. The study covered around 1000 stakeholders including farmers,officials of banks, department of economics and statistics, agriculture department and insurance agencies, representatives of gram panchayats and cooperative societies. Three agricultural crop seasons have passed since then. Central government has brought in some changes in guidelines and is likely to make further changes in procedures in response to concerns expressed by States and farmers’ representatives. Follow up discussions with key stakeholders in Karnataka held after the initial farmers’ survey reveal that while a few of the anomalies in applying for crop insurance have been addressed by the concerned departments, major obstacles in assessment and claims continue to exasperate farmers who are miffed by these procedural lapses. This paper throws light on some of these issues and discusses measures to make crop insurance, particularly PMFBY farmers’ friendly.

It is time to control the worst: testing COVID-19 outbreak, energy consumption and CO2 emission.

During the COVID-19 outbreak, managing energy consumption and CO2 emission remained a serious problem. The previous literature rarely solved this real-time issue, and there is a lack of public research proposing an effective way forward on it. However, the study examines the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on energy consumption and CO2 emission. The design of the study is quantitative, and the data is acquired from different online databases. The model of the study is inferred by using panel unit root test and ARDL test. The robustness of study findings was checked through panel quantile regression. The findings highlighted that the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively significant with energy consumption and CO2 emission. The study suggested revising the energy consumption patterns by developing and implementing the national action plan for energy consumption and environmental protection. The study also contributed in knowledge by suggesting the novel insight into CO2 emission and energy consumption patterns during COVID-19 pandemic and recommended to consider renewable energy transition methods as an opportunity for the society. For a more effective management of energy consumption and environmental pollution, country-specific measures are suggested to be taken, and the national government should support the concerned public departments, ministries and private organizations on it. To the best of our study, this is one of the pioneer studies studying this novel link and suggesting the way forward on recent topicality.

Practices of Documentating the Pre-Operative Informed Consent in Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a Tertiary Care Hospital – An Interventional Study

An informed consent form plays a major role both in giving the needed information for the patient andas a legal tool for the doctor to carry out various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This paper wasan interventional study, conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar MedicalCollege and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry to audit and improve the current practices of using informedconsent forms by the faculties of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The practice of documentingthe informed consent forms obtained during the major surgeries of the concerned department was analyzedusing a validated check-list. Deficiencies were identified in the documentation and an intervention wascarried out to stress on the importance of documentation in the consent forms and the post-interventionalconsent forms were analyzed against the same validated check-list. The results of both the pre- and postintervention data on the documentation of consent form were analyzed and compared, which showed asignificant improvement in the documentation of the informed consent forms by the faculties of the Obstetricsand Gynecology Department. This study result will emphasis the role of intervention mode used to enhancethe documentation of informed consent forms.

Using Internet of Things Application for Disposing of Solid Waste

<p>In recent years, the Internet of things has become an urgent need in all of things that a person needs with least effort and time. It covers in several areas, including controlling traffic and parking, following up on general and private buildings that what you need of periodic maintenance, and reducing energy through using lighting Smart. In this paper, we focus on important thing and widespread in Iraq , collection of solid waste in the streets without treatment, which causes environmental and psychological damage to the citizen.in addition , the solid waste deposal need set up sensors(RFID,GPS, ultrasonic, GSM,…etc), connecting them to Arduino Uno to accomplish specific intelligent processing that we need. Moreover, the system provides waste containers and warns the concerned departments in the city of the need to empty them when they reach a certain level, which makes the streets healthier, more attractive and free from rodents.</p>

Features of Prevention and Suppression by Police Patrol Service of Unlawful Acts Committed by Minors

The state social policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at supporting the family, motherhood and childhood. In this regard, Decree No. 240 of the President of the Russian Federation of 29 May 2017 "Declaration of the Decade of Childhood in the Russian Federation" from 1 January 2018, Russia has a program entitled "The Decade of Childhood," within the framework of which, among other things, the prevention of juvenile delinquency has been identified as the most important area of police activity. The current situation in the adolescent environment requires further improvement of the forms and methods of preventive activities, ensuring the interaction of all concerned departments and institutions. Police officers, by virtue of their powers, are obliged to participate in prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency. But certain difficulties, both objective and subjective, in the implementation of the designated function of the police officers, are to be noted in this regard. Police patrol units play a crucial role in the prevention activity, along with juvenile affairs departments, they actively fight offences committed by minors.

The Multi-State Maritime Transportation System Risk Assessment and Safety Analysis

Maritime transportation has a pivotal role in the foreign trade and hence, the world’s economic growth. It augments the realization of “Maritime Silk Road” strategy. However, the catastrophic nature of the maritime accidents has posed a serious threat to life, property, and environment. Maritime transportation safety is a complex system and is prone to human, equipment, and environment-based risks. In the existing literature, the risk assessment studies aimed at the analysis of maritime traffic safety usually consider the state of system as two ultimate states—one is the normal state and the other is the complete failure state. In contrast to the conventional approaches, this study incorporates a multistate criterion for system state giving consideration to the near or partial failures also. A Markov Chain-based methodology was adopted to determine the variations in state system and define the instant at which a low probability incident transforms into a high-risk intolerable event. The analysis imparts critical time nodes that could be utilized to reduce the risk and evade accidents. This study holds practical vitality for the concerned departments to circumvent the potential dangers and devise systematic preemptive procedures before the accident takes place. The results of this study could be employed to augment safety and sustainability of maritime traffic and decrease the associated pollution.

Resource Conservation Technologies in Punjab: Status and Problems

Under present intensive cropping systems, conventional agricultural practices over long-term were not found sustainable as it contributed to soil degradation, poor soil water retention, inefficient use of natural resources and global warming. Therefore, conservation agriculture (CA) technologies/practices were encouraged for sustainable agriculture in different crops. CA is defined as cropping systems based on minimum soil disturbance with the permanent surface covered through the retention of crop residues combined with diverse crop rotations. Resource conserving technologies (RCTs) referred to those practices or technologies that enhanced resources or input use efficiency. Presently, these technologies are still under the early stages of the adoption process. In Punjab, considerable efforts were made to popularize and increase the adoption of RCTs by state agricultural university and concerned line departments. However, the policies and efforts are inadequate and ineffective to achieve the desired results due to the lack of specific information in terms of farmer’s point of view. It is important to recognize the problems of the farmers at the grass-root level as well as the extension system responsible for the dissemination of technologies as the required changes were linked to people’s behaviour and attitudes. The economic benefits of various RCTs were reported by the farmers as reviewed in most of the studies. Farmers had a favourable attitude towards different resource conservation technologies. Non-availability of inputs and difficulty in the proper functioning of resource conservation technologies were the common problems observed in most of the studies reviewed. This paper reviewed the emergent concerns of the status of resource conservation technologies, the attitude of farmers and analysis the problems in the adoption of selected resource conservation technologies in Punjab. This review would be of great utility to agricultural planners, educators, and administrators in general in formulating the relevant policies and programs. On the basis of these, the appropriate programs for promotion and adoption of resource conservation technologies can be planned and implemented in a more efficient way so that the maximum number of farmers could be benefitted from these technologies.

Studying the Concentrations of Nitrite and Nitrate of Tigris River Water in Baghdad and Their Suitability to the Conditions Permitted Internationally

Water is the most important natural resources in countries with desert and semi-desert climates like Iraq because it controls the distribution of population and economic activities, especially agriculture. Water pollution is one of the major global problems of the scientific and political community. It threatens health, threatens life, impairs industrial activity and develops civilization. So this work aims to determine the qualitative changes in Tigris River water in Baghdad city through the evaluation of the river water quality in the seasons of the year using the water treatment project (W.T. Projects) operating in Baghdad city as a source of raw water. Samples of water were taken from the same point for four months (January, February, March and April). Seven water stations W.T. Projects were investigated as a fixed site area Al-Wahda, Al-rashed, Al-Karama, Al-Wthba, Al-doura, Al-Qadisiya, Um al-Khanazeer, Shark Dijla and Al-Khademya. The concentrations of nitrate, and nitrite in the water of Tigris River in Baghdad and their suitability to the conditions permitted internationally was tested. The samples of water of Tigris River have been conducted in winter and spring for the year of the study. The results of this work were examined and analyzed and the samples of the water taken and the rivers fed to it and the result of the year 2018 were compared to the data provided by the W.T. Projects for years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Then, the Nitrate and Nitrite were compared with the ratios measured in the past years after taking readings from the concerned departments and ministries for the W.T. projects (Ministry of Environment, Water Resources, and Baghdad Municipality). To do so, an extensive determination of the efficiency of the river’s water and the areas of pollution and identifying ways to reduce the degree of pollution. These tests carried to identify the main environmental problems affecting the quality of Tigris water and finding areas of pollution and thus identify ways to reduce the degree of pollution to reach the best ways to protect the aquatic environment. This work identifies the areas of pollution in water of the river, which will serve as a guide for all workers in this field.

Study of Case Fatality Rate Estimation of COVID-19 and Current Scenario of Worst-Hit Countries Across the Globe

Objective: During December 2019, a respiratory disease COVID-19 emerged in China caused by the Virus SARS-CoV-2. Later, World Health Organization (WHO) recognized it as a global pandemic as it had infected 210 countries around the world. Concerned authorities of all regions have been trying to stop its spread as this virus is hitting hard most of the countries that can be observed by the number of confirmed cases and deaths. Various departments are trying to understand the trend of its outbreak by calculating Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of different countries. The aim of this study was to calculate and understand the trend of this disease in countries where cases are more than 30,000 until April 15, 2020. Method: The datasets provided by the concerned health departments were used to apply simple linear regression in order to find the CFR estimates and R2 values of the United states of America (USA), Spain, Italy, France, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), Iran, Turkey, Belgium and Brazil with 95% Confidence interval (CI). Regression analysis was applied to calculate CFR on first 30 days (first day started when first death due to COVID-19 was reported). Again, CFR was calculated for the above-mentioned countries until April 15, 2020 to check the significant change in the slope. Results: Linear trend was followed by all the countries with Germany following an exponential trend in the later stages. For first 30 days, the maximum CFR was calculated for Belgium at 8.91 (95% C.I=9.849-7.954) with R2 value of 0.93 that was comparable to Spain at 8.78 (95% C.I=8.398-9.162) with R2 value of 0.99 and Italy at 8.66 (95% C.I= 8.340-8.976) with R2 value of 0.99. A substantial rise in the CFR of UK and USA was also observed in this study, whereas, a drop was observed in the CFR value for Iran from 6.59 to 6.36. Conclusion: This study shows that Belgium, UK, Italy, Spain are facing fatality rates at their peaks. The USA was overwhelmed with the spread of virus leading to significant rise in the number of cases and deaths. However, the conditions were comparatively steady in Iran during the study period. Majority of countries depicted a rise in the CFR in this study, however, most of the countries will recover from this pandemic in a few months. The statistical results provided in this study will be helpful to understand this global pandemic.

Medical students’ perception on use of abbreviations during clinical years

Introduction: An abbreviation is a shortened form of word or phrase commonly used in medical practice for convenience. Misinterpretation of abbreviations can lead to confusion and medical errors. Studies have shown the use of abbreviations early as the first year in medical school.
 Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey among undergraduate clinical year medical students in the tertiary care center of Kathmandu Valley was performed from December 2017 to April 2018.
 Result: A total of 97 participants. The prevalence of abbreviation use was 95%. Senior students correctly interpreted both standard and non-standard abbreviations. The majority of students learned to use abbreviations from the medical officer’s note.
 Conclusion: Students consider abbreviations are acceptable despite having difficulties in interpretation. Hospitals or concerned departments should regulate the use of standard abbreviations.

Full Implementation of the River Chief System in China: Outcome and Weakness

Despite having explored various modes of water management over the past three decades, the water crisis persists and the Chinese government has been required to revolutionize river management from the top down. The River Chief System (RCS), which evolved from small scale, local efforts to manage rivers starting in 2007, is an innovative system that coordinates between existing ‘fragmented’ river/lake management and pollution control systems, to clearly define the responsibilities of all concerned departments. The system was promoted from an emergent policy to nationwide action in 2016, and ever since, has undergone steady development. We have analyzed recent developments in the system from the perspectives of functional expansion, implementation strategies, legislative processes, and public outreach after the full implementation of the RCS. By collecting data over the past several years, the changes in the water quality of representative watersheds in China were evaluated to assess the outcomes of RCS implementation. Finally, a summary of the weaknesses and outstanding problems of the system is presented, putting forward a multi-channel strategy for the long-term stability and effectiveness of river/lake chiefs, and promoting the RCS as a suitable solution to the collaborative and jurisdictional issues in water management in China.

Effectiveness of flood early warning system from the perspective of experts and three affected communities in urban areas of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Pakistan has faced frequent flash and riverine flooding in the recent decades. This study evaluates the effectiveness of flood EWS from the perspectives of local experts/institutions and communities. Interviews and consultations with the local experts (13 officials from government and other concerned departments) were carried out to understand the institutional challenges in communicating early warnings, whereas three flood-prone communities from different-sized cities (Rawalpindi, Sialkot and Muzaffargarh) were surveyed. A total of 210 samples were collected through household questionnaire surveys to assess their understanding of the local warning system. The analysis revealed that almost half of the community respondents did not receive a warning last time when the flood occurred. Variations were also observed regarding the main source of early warning in the three communities. This study identifies institutional challenges, such as lack of (1) resources to keep an EWS equipment operational; (2) community trust; and (3) proper guidelines to communicate warnings. The study calls for an immediate revision of strategies to communicate early warnings to the end-users and to incorporate their feedback in designing/redesigning the early warning mechanisms.

Impact of Foreign Remittances on Financial Development of Pakistan

Purpose: Mostly developing countries are not receiving the remittances with same speed as compared to workers’ outflow. This cumbersome situation allows developing countries to go to external source of funding (debt) for economic and financial development-FD. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the nexus between FD and remittances in Pakistan for the period 1976-2015. 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The study utilizes the time series annual data for the period 1976-2015. Data were taken from different sources like world bank data source and different economic surveys of Pakistan. To evaluate the long run relationships between FD and remittances, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) strategy is utilized.
 Findings: The empirical results indicate that remittances have a significant positive impact on FD (M2/GDP) except for CPS/GDP measure of FD which has insignificant positive coefficient.
 Implications/Originality/Value: Most of previous literature measured FD with the ratio of money supply to GDP (M2/GDP) however, the current study measured with two indicators i.e. the ratio of money supply to GDP (M2/GDP) and the ratio of bank credit to GDP (CPS/GDP). This is the main contribution in the literature. The study recommends that remittances channelize financial segment of the country in augmented manner and government should encourage Pakistani expatriates to send the remittance through formal sources (e.g. banks). Financial institutions and intermediaries working in Pakistan should exaggerate the recruitment of remittances with the purpose to make them significant source for loanable funds. In addition to this, the concern department should simplify the procedure for sending remittances.

Potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids on high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle aged patients with diabetes mellitus

Background: The one of the most common metabolic disorder that remains worldwide is Diabetes mellitus. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acid may confer a protective effect against diabetes, improves high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.
 Objective: To observe the effect of supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid on HDL and LDL levels in type 2 DM.
 Methods: A prospective interventional study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017. A total numbers of 52 diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients of both sexes were selected with age ranging from 40 to 50 years. Among them, 27 type 2 diabetic patients with supplementation of omega 3 fatty acid (2g/day) for 12 weeks was considered as study group. Another 25 type 2 diabetic patients without supplementation of omega 3 fatty acid were considered as control group for comparison. The study subjects were selected from Outpatient Department of Endocrinology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka and personal contact from Dhaka city on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research work was carried out after obtaining ethical clearance from concerned departments, Research Review Committee and Ethical Review Committee of Dhaka medical college, Dhaka. The study parameters serum HDL was estimated by enzymatic colorimetric method in auto-analyzer and serum low density lipoprotein was calculated by using Friedwald formula in Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. The parameters were studied 2 times in study and control groups i.e. at the beginning of study (base line) and after 12 weeks of study period. Data were collected in pre-designed structured questionnaire from the researcher by herself. For statistical analysis, Paired Student’s ‘t’ test and Unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test were performed as applicable using SPSS for windows version 16.0.
 Results: In this study High density lipoprotein cholesterol that is good cholesterol increased and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased in diabetic patients after supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid in comparison to that of their baseline value. Again, after 12 weeks, high density lipoprotein was higher and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in diabetic patients after supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid in comparison to control group.
 Conclusion: After analyzing the results of the study, it can be concluded that omega-3 fatty acid can improve HDL and lowers LDL levels in diabetic patients may be helpful to minimize the complications of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.2, October, 2018, Page 190-194

Smart garbage level Monitoring using iot

In latest few years we can examine quick increase in urban improvement plans, the concept of smart cities. While the concept comes up for Smart cities there's a requirement for Smart waste management. The important aim of Garbage tracking system is for the Smart buildings, Colleges, Hospitals and Bus stands to hold cleanliness. The Garbage tracking device theory is an improvement of regular dustbin by increases it to be smart using IR sensors. Garbage monitoring device is a new Technology of implementation which makes a regular dustbin smart using ultrasonic sensors for rubbish level monitoring and detection, it video display units and sends message to the concern department committee updating the status of the bin the usage of GSM modem when bin is

Critical Review of the Present Situation of Corona Virus in China

The study was carried out since 24th Feb, 2020. The universe of the study was China. The major objective was to critical review the present situation of corona virus in China. Total 14 articles were downloaded from the net and 10 to 20 times reads and conclusion was draw about this virus in China. The study indicates that Corona was spread from the Hunan Seafood market Wuhan Province and then spread in the whole world as SARS and MERS. Few cases by doctor in the start was identified in December in 2019 but the government has considered rumor in the country and warning were given to Doctor which was latter on died by this virus. Due to late advertisement by media the virus spread in the whole world and transfered to 33 countries which affected different number. The highest number was found in China 78966 followed by Diamond Princess where number of affectee was 691 while South Korea number was 602. The total death number was 2468 which was so high number than the SARS and MERS. Through this way the economy of China was highly damaged and countries boundaries were sealed while in and out were closed. Mostly the province of Wuhan and Hoebi were highly affected where the death number was 81 percent of the whole number. Canada, United stated and WHO helped in virus controlling. They give huge funds to China. The virus story is very complicated and the diagnosed was difficult. The shape of the virus was like crown while crown mean Corona, So its name was called corona. This virus has different form SARS, Ebola, Flu, MERS and Influenza. All were dangerous for body of human and all attacked mostly in the season of winter and damage the lungs and other tissue of the body. The virus is live in the body of bat but the immunity power is high and it cannot damage to bats. Similarly SARS and MERS live in the body of Covit and Camel while it do not damage to them. The main reason is temperature and immunity. So it is necessary for world expert to analyze the situation and check the temperature and immunity role in Corona virus control. All virus of flu, Ebola, SARS and MERS attacked in the winter season. So it is also necessary to keep the body of the affected person warm for this virus controlling. The bat and camel body temperature is also high, so there the virus affection is nil. Do the experiment on bat, camel and Covit why the virus do not affect their body On the basis of problems the review recommend that to keep the body of the affected person warm for its controlling; When touch animals then wash your hand with soap; Quarantine should be follow and keep constant in the country market; New hospital should be made for proper treatment; Face mask should be made in large number in the country; When some cases appeared then in time reported to concerned department for its treatment; Use more vegetables in daily life; Social talk should be closed when someone is affected by corona virus; All meat food should be cooked nicely. More fund should be kept for health problems solution in the country; Always speak truth and never propagate fake information in the world.; Always kept eye on animal and wash your hand in the time of animal contact.

Russian Investigations in the Field of Atmospheric Radiation in 2015–2018

A short survey prepared by the Russian Commission on Atmospheric Radiation contains the most significant results of works in the field of atmospheric-radiation studies performed in 2015–2018. It is part of the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences prepared for the International Association on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). During this period, the Russian Commission on Atmospheric Radiation, jointly with concerned departments and organizations, ran two International Symposiums of Atmospheric Radiation and Dynamics (ISARD-2015, ISARD-2017). At the conferences, central problems in modern atmosphere physics were discussed: radiative transfer and atmospheric optics; greenhouse gases, clouds, and aerosols; remote methods of measurements; and new measurement data. This survey presents five directions covering the whole spectrum of investigations performed in the field of atmospheric radiation.