Conceptual Theoretical Framework Research Articles

A framework for using social media for organisational learning: An empirical study of South African companies

This study addresses the gap in the literature in terms of the lack of guidelines for organisations that would like to use social media to facilitate organisational learning (OL). This study presents an overarching conceptual theoretical framework that can assist organisations in integrating social media and OL. The framework helped explore at what level and what type of OL occurred from employees’ use of social media in organisations. The study used the interpretive research philosophy/paradigm, inductive approach and case studies to determine how employees use Web 2.0 tools in organisations and how that use leads to OL. The data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with three different companies and seven industry experts. The research findings were used to develop a conceptual theoretical framework with key concepts that explain how the use of social media could facilitate OL. The conceptual theoretical framework was tested and reviewed by experts. This resulted in a significant contribution to existing theory by offering guidelines on how organisations could use social media to facilitate effective OL.

El empoderamiento comunitario en comunidades de trabajadoras sexuales de Latinoamérica: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: The research was intended to conduct an analysis of the notion of community empowerment and how it is used in sex worker collectives, was conducted through an exploration of academic publications from Latin American nations over the last decade. Objective: To critically analyze the notion of community empowerment and its relevance to sex worker collectivities by exploring studies conducted in Latin America (Latam) over the last decade. Methodology: For the study, a systematic review of the available literature was developed through a Research Analysis Matrix (RAI) to examine the notion of community empowerment and its relationship with sex workers in Latam, in coherence with a conceptual theoretical framework that has Community Psychology and gender studies as its central axis, the applicability of community empowerment resulting from the intersectionality of sex workers in Latin American contexts is discussed. Conclusion: Sex work was understood as a concept of resignification, which has given rise to vindicating visions translated into an exercise of female empowerment by allowing them access to resources that can help their transformation at the individual, community and social levels.

Dynamic interactive capabilities and open innovation: towards the conformation of a conceptual theoretical framework

Las capacidades dinámicas interactivas y la innovación abierta facultan a las organizaciones poseer elementos cognitivos y habilidades para afrontar los entornos cambiantes. El objetivo de este artículo reside en proponer un marco teórico conceptual dirigido a identificar los conceptos vinculantes entre las capacidades dinámicas interactivas y la innovación abierta. La justificación versa en que frecuentemente, se examinan las capacidades dinámicas interactivas y la innovación abierta como esferas conceptuales separadas, no obstante, es posible reconocer una relación reciproca entre ambas panorámicas. Metodológicamente, este planteamiento se construye a partir de una revisión documental de carácter exploratorio. Los resultados indican la factibilidad de la propuesta dado que es posible relacionar teóricamente las capacidades dinámicas interactivas y la innovación abierta. Ambas panorámicas constituyen un sistema holístico de conexiones donde se intercambia conocimiento, experiencias y habilidades. Además, las actividades de detección, aprovechamiento y reconfiguración permiten complementar o crear nuevos saberes. En este marco la retroalimentación y la cooperación simbolizan elementos vinculantes entre las capacidades dinámicas interactivas y la innovación abierta.

Understanding the community in community microgrids: A conceptual framework for better decision-making

A community microgrid comes with the introduction of non-conventional distributed renewable energy infrastructure, affecting the behaviour of community members and their relationship with energy. The aspects of ownership, trust, collaboration and its often-discursive structure will be reflected in the cultural and social factors, such as norms and values in a community. The success of specific community microgrids is widely dependent on the community's ability to engage in various activities connected to the microgrid installation and operation. This paper conceptualises existing literature on community microgrids, focusing on the representation and inclusion of community preferences, needs and behaviour across the development stages. From this analysis, a conceptual-theoretical framework is proposed based on social capital theory for identifying community characteristics to determine key needs and considerations for microgrid adoption. The framework is divided into four components: social capital, community capability, community type and microgrid impact. Social capital, including its dimensions such as structural, cognitive, and relational capital forms the foundation of the framework and serves to evaluate the community capability and determine its type, which in turn affects its impact on the community microgrid. Finally, we present an initial step in operationalising our conceptual framework as a practical tool to guide further research in the development of community microgrids. Ultimately, this research can benefit both academia and industry by providing a comprehensive and practical approach to understanding the importance of social factors in community microgrid success.

Sustainable Development Goals and Humanistic Management in Hospitality and Tourism: Systemic Approaches and Application-Oriented Perspectives Using the Example of Family Businesses

Abstract So far, only a minor proportion of businesses – across all economic sectors – has a business model designed to meet the complex requirements of the UN 2030 Agenda. The transformation to a more sustainable economy for the benefit of people and the planet, let alone honouring the principles of Humanistic Management, remains a Herculean task. This article presents family-run companies from the hospitality and tourism industry that have succeeded in aligning their corporate structures, products, and operations with Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda, building the bridge to –and, in part, explicitly integrating –principles of Humanistic Management. A systemic approach serves as the conceptual-theoretical framework, providing a valuable basis for better understanding the role of individual companies in the complex overall system of the 2030 Agenda. Based on three case studies, presenting findings from expert interviews with selected managing directors or owners of family businesses, it becomes clear that this type of business is particularly well suited to successfully manage the multi-layered challenges of a transformation due to its inherent characteristics.

Voces inocentes: violence and historical reality at El Salvador

The article makes a review of a qualitative nature around the relationship between the childhood and the violence in the context of the civil war in El Salvador (1980-1992). The thought is instrumented by the exam of the Voces inocentes (2004) movie, which is conceived as a social production and as a representation of historical reality based on a prospective nature. This work emphasizes the film’s merit in its interest to make visible and denounce the responsibility of the primal supporters of the violence ‒currently unpunished‒ towards the Salvadorian childhood, whose psychosocial sequels established a Central American socio-historical environment configured by a humanitarian crisis started four decades ago at an unlucky ride “from the madness to hope”. This work uses the conceptual theoretical framework around the violence, developed by the Basque-Salvadorian Jesuit, Ignacio Ellacuría. Which conceived that the resulting violence can be assessed only from the initial criticism of the original violence of structural character

A co-creational perspective on consumer-organisation relationships (COR) on digital platforms in a post-truth era

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to build forth on the e-CRM and SCRM processes of customer relationship management and to propose a consumer-organisation relationships (COR) process, which is indicative of the centrality of consumer co-creation and a post-truth view. A co-creational perspective is developed and centralised in the conceptual theoretical framework for consumer-organisation relationships on digital platforms in a post-truth era.Method: The conceptual theoretical research was conducted through a combination of systematic and integrative literature review research designs for the purposes of describing and extending existing literature.Findings: COR confirms the role of consumer co-creation and underlines disinformation as a result of the post-truth era. The proposed co-creational perspective demonstrates prominent considerations of consumer engagement and consumer centralism. Co-creation is indicative of the complexity of managing relationships on digital platforms, due to the centrality of consumer co-creation and a post-truth view. Originality: The article advances knowledge on consumer co-creation in a consumer-organisation relationships process. It further offers new perspectives to customer relationship management in its advancement from e-CRM and SCRM to COR, as viewed from consumer and co-creational perspectives. It is contextualised in a post-truth era with consideration of the role of disinformation in consumer-organisation relationships.

The Priority Tasks of the National Science of Constitutional Law during the Russian Aggression

The article addresses the issue of the role of the science of the constitutional law during the war with russian aggressor. It is mentioned, that international and national experience of the state-building, obtained over the long years of Ukrainian independence, convincingly proves that it is not possible to modernize social relations without correct scientific substantiation, prognostic predictions, development of the innovative social methodology and theories. It is particularly important during the full-scale war with russia due to the fact, that Ukrainian community and country faced the problems, which were not previously in the focus of attention of domestic legal science.
 The author emphasizes, that there is no abstract necessity to explore the negative phenomena of war. A conclusion is made that the legal science has to provide a legal assessment of the certain war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, violations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person committed on the territory of Ukraine by russia, etc. It has been found out that there is need of the summarizing the practice of applying Constitution of Ukraine and other legislation during the war, the real state of ensuring human rights, the functioning of the national mechanism of public power, taking into consideration the military situation. The aim of the legal science, including constitutional law, is to provide a conceptual theoretical framework based on the aforementioned generalization and scientifically substantiate and formulate the specific importance of the enhancement of national legislation and to determine the nature of the content of such changes.
 The research highlights the specific priority tasks of the national science of constitutional law not only in relation to the analysis and development of recommendations regarding the improvement of national legislation in order to guarantee state sovereignty, territorial integrity of Ukraine, proper provision of human rights and functioning of the mechanism of state power and local self-government during the period of military aggression of the northern neighbor, but also to create the basis of the transformation of the Ukrainian legal system according to the European standards and values in the post-war country.

An Emphatic Attempt with Cognizance of the Marathi Language for Named Entity Recognition

Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence has led to renewed interest in natural language processing. Named entity recognition (NER) is a classic problem in natural language processing. Investigating named entities is a continuing concern within information extraction. Names of people, organizations, locations, events, etc. are named entities (NEs). Although extensive research has been carried out on NER, limited study exists that explores NER in the Marathi language. The paper aims to provide a conceptual theoretical framework based on the gazetteer matching technique for named entity recognition system development for the Marathi language. A combination of rules and regular expressions is considered for temporal and numerical pattern recognition. The techniques presented in this paper are systematic, clear, and effective for morphologically rich language processing tool development. The system described in the paper reports a satisfactory performance with 62.64% NE identification and 72.27% NE classification accuracy.

Metamodern model for managing stakeholder relationships in non-profit organisations

It is posited that this article is an important theoretical addition in the field of strategic communication as it seeks to eradicate the conceptual tension between the two dominant discourses, namely modernist and postmodernist explanations of how organisations should manage stakeholder relationships. Modernists believe in a single truth, accept metanarratives and believe that grand theory represents knowledge and can explain everything, whilst postmodernists reject the absolute standards and grand theories typical of modernism in favour of awareness and tolerance of differences, ambiguity and conflict. This article links these two perspectives in a new metamodern model for stakeholder relationship management, aimed specifically at the South African non-profit sector. A conceptual theoretical framework was developed and tested by means of exploratory qualitative and interpretative research through interviews with senior management in the non-profit sector. The findings suggest that a metamodern perspective requires constant negotiation between modernism and postmodernism. We also highlight the need for formaltraining in stakeholder relationship management. This entails adopting a micro-perspective by regularly identifying current strategic issues, mapping the stakeholders involved and linking them to these issues, and designing focused communication strategies to manage stakeholder relationships. The main research implications are that stakeholder relationship management is afunction which should not simply be delegated to the communication specialist, and that it should be practised from a metamodern perspective and not a modernistic or postmodern perspective. The originality and value of this research initiative lies in the development of a metamodern model for stakeholder relationship management for the non-profit sector which has been proposed and tested in practice.

Constructing a Theoretical Framework of the Urban Transformation Processes of the Port City Interface towards Resilient Egyptian Port Cities

Throughout history, Egyptian port cities had been formed together as an indissoluble twin in function and space. However, over the last century, most Egyptian ports have been transformed into a complex multi-layer entity with a continuous conflict between port and city actors, and hence, they have become increasingly separated from their cities in physical terms. This separation reflects how the port-city interface is shaped and governed. However, the Egyptian port cities did not receive enough studies to identify the urban transformation processes that shape the port-city interface. To help fill this gap, the research develops a conceptual-theoretical framework to understand urban transformation processes of the port-city interface and the forces that shape those transformations. This framework acts as a first step to form an assisting tool to understand and reframe the nature of the Egyptian case and how to move forward. To build this framework, the research critically reviews the normative literature available on urban planning/design, geography, politics, economy, and urban management of port cities worldwide. It follows the recent conceptualizations of the port city interface that focuses on the actors and societal relationships shaping the port city interface, rather than focusing only on its physical boundaries, dealing with the port city interface as a process, not only as a product. Furthermore, the research presents six European case studies as a manifestation of how governance and social integration influence the formation of the port-city interface. The research finds that understanding the port-city relationship through the lens of profiling urban transformation processes worldwide provides physical, governance and societal integration guidelines, that could help understand the Egyptian port-city relationship on one hand and plan/govern the relationship towards a resilient port city on the other.

Mechanism of High-Tech Enterprises’ Technological Practices Affected by the Split Fault of Knowledge Innovation Network

Knowledge innovation ability is the source of value realization of high-tech enterprises, and the acquisition of high-value knowledge is important. Taking knowledge as the intermediary variable, knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation as mediating variables, and knowledge mobilization and knowledge network position transition as moderating variables, the conceptual model and theoretical analysis framework of the impact mechanism of knowledge innovation network fragmentation fault on technology practices is constructed and the moderated mediating effect model is derived. Taking high-tech enterprises as empirical samples, 538 valid questionnaires were obtained online and offline and the nonpercentile bootstrap method based on deviation correction was used to empirically investigate the influence mechanism and transmission path of knowledge innovation network fragmentation fault on high-tech enterprises' technological practices. The empirical results show that the main effect of knowledge innovation network fragmentation fault on high-tech enterprise technology practices is significant. Knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation play a differential mediating role in knowledge innovation network split fault and Technology Convention. Knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation play a partial mediating role in knowledge innovation network split fault and Technology Convention. Knowledge mobilization partially moderates the split fault of knowledge innovation network and technological practices. Knowledge mobilization positively moderates the positive effect of split fault of knowledge innovation network on technological practices and significantly positively moderates the mediating effect of knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation, resulting in the moderated mediating effect. Knowledge network location transition plays a part of moderating role in knowledge innovation network split fault and Technology Convention. Knowledge network location transition positively moderates the positive impact of knowledge innovation network split fault on Technology Convention and significantly positively moderates the mediating role of knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation, resulting in a moderated mediating effect. Knowledge innovation network split fault, knowledge field activity and knowledge fermentation, knowledge mobilization and knowledge network location transition, and the combination of technological practices can be the antecedents of promoting technological practices in high-tech enterprises. Through the research on the mechanism of knowledge innovation network split fault in the technological practices of high-tech enterprises, the connotation of knowledge innovation network split fault is enriched, the influencing factors of technological practices are clarified, and the value-added knowledge is promoted and has guiding and reference significance for the innovation knowledge acquisition and competitiveness improvement of high-tech enterprises.

Theoretical Framework for Knowledge Sharing and Co-Creation of Messages on Digital Platforms: A consumer knowledge management perspective

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to develop and propose a comprehensive conceptual theoretical framework on the relationship between digital platforms, UGC, message co-creation, knowledge sharing, consumer decision-making and purchasing behavior and CKM discourse from an organisations-centered approach. Design/methodology/approach: This study entails a systematic literature review, adopting an exploratory and descriptive approach to obtain insights into the combined use of knowledge management (KM) and consumer behavioral theories. The focus is on the shift to metamodernism, an oscillation between modernity and postmodernity, as an interpretative framework. Discussion: The main contribution of this study is that it emphasizes a constant oscillation between the following key theoretical constructs that should take place in the organisation to enhance the consumer decision-making and purchasing behavior process: digital platforms; knowledge sharing; consumer message co-creation; consumer decision making and behavior; and consumer knowledge management (CKM). As knowledge-based organisations realise the need to create, share and apply knowledge as the basis of corporate value creation and sustainable competitive advantage, the realisation of these organisational goals is arguably increasingly dependent on the activities related to the KM process. Originality/value: The study’s theoretical originality and value is reflected in the integrated theoretical framework which shows the integration, application and linking of consumer behavior theory to a knowledge-based view in a CKM perspective. This application highlights the role of knowledge sharing in message co-creation and UGC to enhance consumer decision-making and purchasing behavior from a CKM perspective.

Immanent pedagogy with young women in extreme social exclusion

ABSTRACT Immanent pedagogy reveals the structure of knowledge and also studies the structure of discipline. Immanent pedagogy is possible when we succeed in becoming and in becoming-other as a process of encountering and conjoining with others and with diverse ideas. Minority is one practice of becoming-other. It involves the ability to conceive the viewpoint of a real or imagined social standpoint, thus, minority is a political act that seeks to undermine the action of an oppressive power and to resist its vigorous authority. In this article we describe the creation of a learning space with young women in social exclusion through the practices of immanent pedagogy, becoming-other and minority. Through these practices we identified major preconditions for implementing immanent pedagogy with this excluded population. The article proposes a conceptual theoretical framework to illuminate the practical implementations that are essential for future educational work with populations in distress who experience social exclusion.

Effects of early life adversity on immediate early gene expression: Systematic review and 3-level meta-analysis of rodent studies.

Early-life adversity (ELA) causes long-lasting structural and functional changes to the brain, rendering affected individuals vulnerable to the development of psychopathologies later in life. Immediate-early genes (IEGs) provide a potential marker for the observed alterations, bridging the gap between activity-regulated transcription and long-lasting effects on brain structure and function. Several heterogeneous studies have used IEGs to identify differences in cellular activity after ELA; systematically investigating the literature is therefore crucial for comprehensive conclusions. Here, we performed a systematic review on 39 pre-clinical studies in rodents to study the effects of ELA (alteration of maternal care) on IEG expression. Females and IEGs other than cFos were investigated in only a handful of publications. We meta-analyzed publications investigating specifically cFos expression. ELA increased cFos expression after an acute stressor only if the animals (control and ELA) had experienced additional hits. At rest, ELA increased cFos expression irrespective of other life events, suggesting that ELA creates a phenotype similar to naïve, acutely stressed animals. We present a conceptual theoretical framework to interpret the unexpected results. Overall, ELA likely alters IEG expression across the brain, especially in interaction with other negative life events. The present review highlights current knowledge gaps and provides guidance to aid the design of future studies.

EFFECTS OF MARKETING ON INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES (ATMS) ON CUSTOMERS OF BANKING INDUSTRY

This study examined effects of marketing on introduction of automated teller machine (ATM) on customers of banking industry. This study identified lack of network (service) as a problem. The specific objective was to highlight on identification of marketing needs on introduction of automated teller machine on customers of banking industry, among others. Research question was to what extent should identification of marketing needs on introduction of automated teller machine (ATM) on customers banking industry be? among others. Research hypothesis was there is no significant relationship between identification of marketing needs and customers of banking industry, among others. Review of related literature comprised of conceptual review, theoretical framework and empirical review. This study adopted survey research design. Area of the study was Nkwelle-Ezunaka where First bank is situated. Population of the study was customers queuing for automated teller machine (ATM) to render services. Sampling plan comprised of sample designs, sample unit, sample size, sample method and sample procedure. The sample size was one hundred and sixty two (162). This study observed data presentation and analysis. Findings, conclusion and recommendations were discussed.

Innovation-oriented dynamic capabilities of logistics service providers, dynamic resilience and firm performance during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use a theoretical framework to investigate the relationships between different innovation-oriented dynamic capabilities, dynamic resilience and firm performance among logistics service providers (LSPs) and in-house logistics departments of industrial companies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual theoretical framework relies on the dynamic capabilities framework (DCF) and the relational view (RV), which are rooted in the resource-based view (RBV). It is hypothesized that the dynamic capability to innovate reinforces the dynamic capability to adapt and to recover in highly dynamic and vulnerable environments during the pandemic. This allows LSPs to successfully create new services and respond to the changing market circumstances in terms of logistics service quality (LSQ) and firm performance. Data were collected from 83 LSPs and 30 in-house logistics departments via an online survey. The study determined the general strength and direction of the relationships between latent variables. A correlation analysis was utilized to establish statistical significance of the results.FindingsIn this study, a range of innovation-oriented capabilities for achieving more dynamic resilience were bundled in a conceptual framework and were found to be statistically significant for LSQ and firm performance. They are the capability to distribute new knowledge, to train employees effectively, to develop cross-functional collaboration within the firm, to develop inter-firm relationships with business partners on a long-term basis as well as to learn from rivals, and to pursue a win-win relationship with them.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the study do not imply that the identified capabilities are the only ones relevant to increasing dynamic resilience during the pandemic. In October 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was at different stages in different countries, so that the level to which firms were affected varied, and although the data were collected during one month only, due to the high dynamics of the pandemic, data were collected during different stages of disruptions, even among respondents in the same country. This study was set in the context of COVID-19, and it could not be proved whether the conceptual framework is generalizable to other crises or particular industries, but it would be worthwhile to examine this in the future. Finally, it was not tested whether LSQ mediates the relationship between innovative capabilities and firm performance during the pandemic.Practical implicationsThe results help managers with regard to their strategic and operational decisions in relation with COVID-19. These findings are useful for executives and logistics managers to improve these capabilities to gain a competitive advantage during pandemic and to find their strengths and weaknesses to develop critical capabilities for situations with a high turbulence and dynamic in their environment, and therefore provide a path for improvement.Originality/valueThis paper operationalizes a multi-theoretical conceptual framework in the context of logistics management (LM) and supply chain management (SCM). This conceptual framework was empirically tested.

Benefits of Online Sources of Information in the Tourism Sector: The Key Role of Motivation to Co-Create

Online sources of information are a matter of special interest in tourism research. In particular, they are key elements in the formation of destination image. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between online sources of information and destination image and to analyze the mediating role of motivation to co-create in that relationship. A research model was developed, and hypotheses were tested on data collected from 394 usable responses about the World Heritage city of Cuenca (Spain). The results show that online commercial sources have a direct positive impact on the conative, affective and cognitive dimensions of the tourist image, in this order. Additionally, this study supports the view that motivation to co-create mediates the relationship between online information sources and destination image. Finally, motivation to co-create was also found to have a positive and direct impact, in this order, on conative, cognitive and affective image. The main value of our research is that it underlines the essential influence of motivation to co-create in the relationship between online information sources and destination image. This study also provides a critical review of the existing literature by positing a conceptual theoretical framework that links three types of online sources of information (social media sources, online commercial sources and online non-commercial sources) and destination image.

Saving behavior and financial literacy of Russian high school students: An application of a copula-based bivariate probit-regression approach

Understanding of the determinants of saving behavior of people is important for securing the financial stability of both the person, individually, and the country, at large. The commonly accepted viewpoint here is that a higher level of financial literacy (as brought by the relevant economic education via, in particular, smarter saving) leads to increasing of financial well-being. But, as we discuss in this paper by providing an appropriate conceptual theoretical framework, this relation has a more complicated nature: in some cases, financial literacy may have an adverse effect on people’s financial well-being. To secure the positive effect of financial literacy on financial well-being, specifically, via saving more actively, the appropriate programs should be introduced at the early stages of education (e.g., at school).This study aims to appropriately assess the magnitude of influence of the fact of being financially literate on the fact of making savings. To this end, we use a representative sample (n = 1,243) of Russian high school students. In order to account for the endogenous nature of the influence of financial literacy on the willingness to make savings, we employ a copula-based bivariate probit-regression approach to identify the actual magnitude of this influence. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to apply a copula-based modeling to this problem. As a result, for the considered cohort of Russian adolescents, we demonstrate that the studied magnitude is substantially greater when the endogeneity effect is appropriately controlled for. We also reveal and discuss the factors that impact the level of financial literacy and saving behavior of a Russian teenager. Relevant recommendations are provided for Russian financial authorities and institutions.

Evlilik: Modernleşme Sürecinde Kuşaklararasında Yaşanan Değişim

The main objective of this research is trying to understand and explain the intergenerational transformation of marriage in the process of modernization. This transformation has been grounded on the conceptual and theoretical framework and explained with the data obtained from the participants' interviews. The opinions of the participants in two different generations on the meaning of family and marriage, their thoughts about marriage and their experiences of marriage were evaluated in the context of the relationship between individualization, which is an indication of modernization, and family and marriage. At the same time, the theory dealt with the second demographic transition theory of Van de Kaa has been supported and the conceptual-theoretical framework of the research has been grounded in this way. Field work has been carried out using qualitative research methods. Within the scope of the field research, in-depth interviews have been carried out in Izmir with 47 married participants who are composed of 12 females and 12 males, in total 24 participants from the first generation; 13 females and 10 males, in total 23 participants from the second generation. In the interpretation of the data, content analysis technique has been used. As a result, it was found that the second generation participants were able to make individual and independent decisions at the stage of marriage. It is compatible with the approaches suggested by the theory of individualization that marriage is decided based on love. At the same time, it includes the signs that the transformation of the second demographic transition theory on the population dynamics is experienced in the second generation of participants, the first marriage age is high, the fertility rates decrease, the postponement of the births