Conceptual Model Research Articles

A Model of Long-Term Conflict Resolution and Cooperation

The formal end of a political conflict does not always create lasting peace, as interpersonal violence can persist for years or decades after large-scale hostility ends. A key question for policymakers and peace builders, then, is how interventions into situations of low social capital might resolve persistent interpersonal conflicts sustained through complex networks of interaction. Existing approaches to this question generally focus on the small-scale effects of interventions like peace education that seek to change the attitudes of a few individuals at a time. Less focus has been paid to how such programs could leverage social networks to have broader effects on society as a whole. This paper explores this scale effect by building a conceptual agent-based model of conflict resolution and cooperation to examine when new ideas introduced by peace builders might spread throughout a population. We find significant benefits to layering different kinds of programs on the same populations, with the goal of leveraging the structure of society to maximize intervention impact.

The impact of digital transformation on E-recruitment performance: An empirical study

This study investigates the impact of digital transformation on the performance of e-recruitment in companies based in the northern region of Morocco. The purpose of the research is to understand how factors such as digital maturity, stakeholder influence, and data analytics contribute to the effectiveness of digital recruitment processes. A quantitative research design was employed, involving the distribution of a structured questionnaire to 117 companies, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed conceptual model and hypotheses. The findings reveal that digital transformation significantly enhances e-recruitment performance, with digital maturity and the use of social media emerging as key drivers. The study concludes that digital tools and competencies are essential for optimizing recruitment outcomes in a digital context. In terms of practical implications, the results offer valuable insights for HR managers and decision-makers aiming to improve recruitment efficiency through digital strategies, highlighting the need to invest in digital capabilities and stakeholder engagement to remain competitive in talent acquisition.

Legal Pluralism and Cultural Legitimacy: Reframing Sasak Customary Law to Prevent Child Marriage in Lombok

Child marriage remains a deeply rooted socio-cultural issue in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, where traditional customs, religious authority, and economic hardship intersect. This study investigates how Sasak customary law (awiq-awiq) and the roles of local religious figures, Kyai and Tuan Guru, contribute to both the persistence and potential transformation of early marriage practices. Using a qualitative approach involving interviews, participant observation, and document analysis across three regencies, Central Lombok, West Lombok, and East Lombok, the research finds that cultural traditions such as merarik kodeq (a customary elopement practice) are still widely accepted as mechanisms to preserve family honor and reduce economic burden. Although national legal frameworks, specifically Law No. 16 of 2019 on Marriage and West Nusa Tenggara Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2021 on the Prevention of Child Marriage, set a minimum legal age of 19, implementation remains weak due to widespread use of religious court dispensations and cultural resistance. Findings show that while some customary and religious leaders continue to legitimize child marriage, an increasing number have begun to reinterpret awiq-awiq in line with contemporary health, educational, and religious considerations. Village-level forums (musyawarah desa) are emerging as strategic spaces for negotiating alignment between formal legal norms and local wisdom. This study develops a culturally embedded integration model that emphasizes participatory governance, moral legitimacy, and the co-production of legal norms. It offers empirical insight into the resilience of early marriage in culturally entrenched settings. It contributes a conceptual model for rethinking legal pluralism as a framework for reform through collaboration, not confrontation. These findings expand current scholarship by repositioning customary and religious authority as key agents in adaptive and community-driven legal transformation.

The 5D indicators of suicide risk in older adults who are lonely.

Loneliness is associated with suicide ideation, attempts, and deaths in later life. The objective of this study is to describe characteristics of suicide risk among older adults who report clinically significant loneliness grounded in our conceptual model of the 5Ds of late life suicide. Our sample comprises 291 adults aged 60 years and older who screened positive for loneliness (UCLA 3-Item Loneliness Scale score of 6 and above) and subsequently completed baseline eligibility interviews for a clinical trial. Interviews obtained information on loneliness severity, suicide ideation, and the 5Ds of late life suicide: (1) depression (PROMIS depression), (2) deadly means (firearms access), (3) disease (number of chronic conditions), (4) disconnection (objective disconnection, Lubben Social Network Scale; subjective disconnection, UCLA Loneliness Scale), and (5) disability (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule). Subjects demonstrated a high frequency of characteristics associated with suicide risk, with the most common presentation (38%) being the presence of 3Ds-subjective disconnection (loneliness), multimorbidity, and disability. While few subjects presented with only subjective disconnection (loneliness), there was diversity in which other Ds were present and in which combination, suggesting heterogeneous presentations. Upstream suicide prevention efforts could target older adults with loneliness to reach a population with numerous compounding indicators of risk.

Why established collaborative networks fail to drive organizational innovation efficiency – from an internal knowledge network perspective

PurposeInterorganizational research and development (R&D) networking encounters obstructions, due mainly to inefficient resource utilization and necessary breakthroughs are not achieved. We aim to explore the interplay between a firm’s internal knowledge network and subsequent resource consumption efficiency.Design/methodology/approachWe build collaborative and knowledge networks through screening patent data for 2007–2019 in the aerospace industry. By integrating social network analysis (SNA) with data envelopment analysis (DEA), we measure organizations’ resource transformation efficiency in collaborative networks (RTECN). Through regression analysis, we further investigate the impact of internal knowledge network invulnerability, agility and knowledge positions on RTECN.FindingsThe results show that organizations’ internal knowledge network invulnerability has a positive effect on their RTECN. Agility has an inverted U-shaped effect, whereas organizational knowledge element position has no obvious effect on RTECN.Practical implicationsManagers must rework their internal knowledge infrastructure by encouraging deep cooperation among interdisciplinary research talent. Organizations must establish a more comprehensive and scientific evaluation system for new R&D projects through collective intelligence and data support. Organizations can achieve learning efficiency comparable to that of organizations in other fields and should not blindly pursue crowded technology fields without careful examination. Managers must avoid massive networks rather than opt for networks with fewer occupants to achieve learning efficiency.Originality/valueFirst, we propose a new indicator to measure organizational efficiency when studying networked partners. Second, we advance social network theory to multilayered network examination through incorporating knowledge and collaborative networks into a conceptual model from a new perspective. Third, our research enables us to understand the efficiency gap and explore means of filling it from a knowledge standpoint. Fourth, our findings highlight limitations in SNA in terms of the position of knowledge (elements) such that it does not contribute to a firm’s efficiency in collaborative resource transformation.

Understanding Complex Care ThroughNarrative Medicine: AQualitative Study.

Current training models do not adequately prepare pediatricians to care for children with medical complexity (CMC) as part of a team. Narrative medicine may foster mutual understanding between clinicians and families with colearning as a foundation for collaborative care. In this study, we implemented family-led interprofessional narrative medicine training and explored participants' perspectives in complex care. We performed a qualitative study of narrative medicine training grounded in entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in complex care. We recruited clinicians and families who care for CMC to participate in a series of 6 workshops. Each workshop involved close reading of a text and discussion related to a clinical activity in complex care. Participants defined the EPA before and after each workshop. We performed thematic analysis of EPA definitions and workshop transcripts and synthesized findings into a conceptual model. We recruited 3 interprofessional cohorts (35 total participants) with a mean participation rate of 80%. Each cohort included at least 2 family partners. We analyzed EPA definitions and transcripts from 18 workshops across all cohorts. Four themes emerged involving shifts in perspective about complex care: fragmented to holistic care, intractable to navigable complexity, transactional to relational connection, and caring in isolation to caring in community. Findings aligned with elements of patient- and family-centered care. Clinician and family participants in narrative medicine training described changes in their perspectives on key clinical activities in complex care. Further research should explore colearning models for pediatricians and families that foster team-based patient- and family-centered care.

MANAGING SUSTAINABLE ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTS OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING

The article explores the theoretical foundations and applied potential of socially responsible marketing (SRM) as a strategic tool for managing sustainable enterprise development in the context of contemporary economic, environmental, and social challenges. As global sustainability demands intensify, businesses are expected not only to generate profit but also to demonstrate long-term resilience, social value, and ethical conduct. In this light, socially responsible marketing is conceptualized not merely as a communication tool or a reputation-enhancing mechanism but as an integral part of enterprise strategy, capable of aligning corporate objectives with the interests of society and the environment. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and the analysis of Ukrainian case studies, the research highlights the multidimensional impact of SRM on enterprise performance. It demonstrates that implementing SRM practices strengthens stakeholder trust, improves brand perception, enhances employee engagement, facilitates investment attraction, and expands opportunities for cross-sectoral partnerships. The article emphasizes that in the Ukrainian context—characterized by economic instability, war-related disruption, and social transformation—the role of SRM becomes particularly critical. It allows enterprises to act not only as economic agents but also as responsible participants in societal recovery and development. A conceptual five-step model for integrating SRM into the sustainability management system of an enterprise is proposed. This model includes the assessment of socio-environmental risks, the formulation of sustainability-aligned corporate goals, the development of targeted CSR programs, the creation of internal monitoring indicators, and the evaluation of outcomes using ESG metrics. Furthermore, an original formula for calculating the Integrated SRM Efficiency Index is introduced, enabling quantitative evaluation of the balance between achieved social/ecological results and the investment in responsible marketing activities. The study contributes to the advancement of strategic management theory by positioning SRM as a dynamic and adaptive system element that enhances enterprise sustainability and resilience. The conclusions underscore the need for further empirical research to validate the proposed model across various industries and enterprise sizes, particularly within economies undergoing crisis and post-crisis recovery. The findings are of particular relevance to Ukrainian enterprises seeking to modernize their operations and embed sustainability into their core strategy, offering a practical roadmap for integrating ethical, environmental, and social imperatives into business decision-making.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Development Map: A Conceptual Map and a Tool to Support Economic Evaluation of AMR Interventions.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex, inter-sectoral and international problem. Economic evaluation (EE) methods offer systematic, evidence-driven approaches to inform policy decisions about which AMR interventions to fund. EE of AMR interventions is complicated owing to diffuse effects, complex mechanics of the problem and high levels of uncertainty. Current AMR EE literature restricts the analytical scope, potentially resulting in omissions of effects that may limit the utility of EE to inform policy decisions. We aimed to systemise the key evolutionary and ecological processes of AMR to elucidate the paths through which AMR interventions impact population health and healthcare costs to support EE design and to support decision makers in understanding the limitations of EE evidence for decision-making. A conceptual map and a corresponding tool were developed on the basis of a literature review in consultation with experts across the relevant disciplines of molecular biology, infectious disease modelling, health economics and ecology. The AMR development map: (1) distils the key AMR processes and process drivers behind AMR development and maps the available types of AMR interventions to AMR process drivers; (2) proposes a way to conceptualise the spatial scope of analysis through considering the connectivity of the wider ecosystem and (3) outlines the key dimensions that AMR burden and intervention effects could be measured across. An AMR development map tool was developed to support conceptual modelling, with the focus on the choice of scope in the EE of AMR interventions, and an illustrative case study was provided. This work summarises the key underlying biological principles of AMR development to provide mechanistical grounding for considering the scope of effects of AMR interventions and the appropriate system of analysis to support conceptual modelling in EE of AMR interventions. In addition, this map can facilitate the identification of effects that cannot be considered or quantified, thus enabling transparency about these omissions within decision-making.

Positive youth development as a pathway to climate engagement: testing a conceptual model

Positive youth development as a pathway to climate engagement: testing a conceptual model

THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONTENT MARKETING TO BUILDING THE BRAND IMAGE OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS

The objective of our article is to highlight the role of content marketing in building brand image and increasing awareness of tourist destinations, to advance the tourism sector. To achieve our objective, we reviewed the literature, building on previous studies, in order to define our conceptual model and hypotheses. Next, we tested these hypotheses with a quantitative study, based on an ad hoc questionnaire of 500 Internet users (tourists), and the results obtained were analyzed through structural equation modeling Pls approach.The study concluded that the dimensions of content marketing (relevance, credibility, and attractiveness) have a positive and direct impact in building the brand image and increasing awareness among tourists, while brand awareness is considered a real mediator between content marketing and the brand image of the tourist destination.

Conceptual Model on the Effect of Axial Load on Shallow Isolated Footings Resting on Clay Soil

This study investigates the geotechnical behavior and bearing capacity of clay soils at the Polo Ground in Maiduguri, Nigeria, with a focus on their suitability for building and shallow structural foundation design. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples collected at a depth of 2.0 meters to determine key index properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, grain size distribution and shear strength parameters. The results indicated high plasticity indices (PI > 17), classifying the soils as highly plastic clays (CL and CH) under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Specific gravity values ranged from 1.32 to 2.60, suggesting the presence of organic material and further raising concerns regarding the soil's load-bearing capability. The computed safe bearing capacities for the soil samples ranged from 136.9 to 166.4 kN/m2, with an average design value of 152 kN/m2. These results reflect moderate bearing strength, typical of soft clay soils, which necessitate careful foundation design. The settlement analysis conducted for samples A, B, and C revealed settlement values of 196 mm, 291 mm, and 186 mm, respectively. These values are considered significantly high and may pose serious risks to the structural integrity of buildings supported by isolated footings. Excessive settlement of this magnitude can lead to differential movement, cracking, and potential failure of foundation elements, particularly in structures with limited load redistribution capacity. To validate the structural performance on such soils, STAAD Pro Connect software was used to model and analyze isolated footing system under various load conditions. The analysis confirmed that the footing design complies with BS 8110-97 standards, offering adequate load distribution and structural stability under the evaluated geotechnical conditions. This integrated geotechnical and structural analysis approach provides a reliable framework for safe and optimized foundation design in clay-rich soils.

Reshaping roles and value logics among distributed system operators for future electricity systems

BackgroundThis paper seeks to explore the roles of distribution system operators (DSOs) in future energy systems. Measures to combat climate change have led to a transition in the energy sector, where old system fundamentals are becoming obsolete, which results in changing rules for incumbent actors, such as DSOs. These actors must uphold heavily regulated operations within their distribution networks, while landscape trends are changing with a growing number of prosumers and distributed energy resources. To understand these future roles and increase the preparedness for future scenarios and facilitate thinking beyond current lock-ins, action-oriented workshops were held with two Swedish DSOs, departing from pre-developed future imaginaries, structured through transition theory. Researchers were actively involved in the workshops, to guide the participants in the discussions and to provide additional knowledge from transition processes. This was structured through transition theory, mainly in terms of linking transition management fundamentals to the topics in the workshops and basing the workshop discussions on an imagined future socio-technical system-wide approach using four focus areas.ResultsResults included descriptions of roles within future energy systems and their connection to specified value logics from different target groups which would, from the DSO perspective, create value in a future energy system. Roles included sustainable developer, facilitator for increased collaboration, balancing actor, and communicator. In addition, competence requirements were outlined concerning the described roles. The future logic was also described in a conceptual value model for an active DSO in a prosumer-oriented energy system, creating value in all different value logics. Moreover, it provided the steps necessary to develop a pathway aimed at the transformation of DSOs.ConclusionsThe study provided a constructive approach for DSOs to prepare for a future, more prosumer-oriented and flexible energy system, avoiding being locked in current system thinking and focusing on necessary roles and competencies suitable for a DSO. In addition, the utilization of the value logics approach helped place the prosumers in a differentiated manner, which can have implications for strategies among DSOs to create the necessary relations and collaborations for an efficient and value-creating future energy system.

Comparative Appraisal of Resilient Energy Supply Systems and Development of a Resilient Model for Pakistan

The energy availability at all occupied times of the buildings poses a challenge in most developing countries. However, it is readily available to the different sectors in the advanced world. This robust and resilient energy supply system needs to be investigated. In this research, resilience in energy supply of the UK, USA & Europe is explored and how they have achieved this. Further, the resilience in the energy supply of Pakistan is discussed to highlight its shortcomings, and some solutions are proposed, based on the in-depth analysis of past, present and future supply chains-highlights on circular debt. The 4 A’s of broader resilience sense, encapsulating availability, accessibility, acceptability and affordability, are explained. The threats and challenges of this system are overcome by providing a conceptual transition model against the conventional supply streams. The energy supply and demand, along with plans to achieve sustainability, are also studied. The vulnerable energy system exhibits the presence of real and running faults, which can be a warning for the proper performance of the system. Energy supply must ensure two factors, referring to accessibility, dependability, and economic stability. The research has produced an ‘Orbital Model’ of energy resilience for Pakistan. The resilient path should be decreasing reliance on foreign energy, a variety of supply, enhanced efficiencies, appropriate back-ups, renewable heat initiatives (RHI) tactics, good management, decarbonization, localised production and green energy exploitation, are few measures which can bring Pakistan close to have a low carbon resilient energy supply system.

A Systematic Literature Review for Blockchain-Based Healthcare Implementations.

Healthcare information systems are hindered by delayed data sharing, privacy breaches, and lack of patient control over data. The growing need for secure, privacy-preserved access control interoperable in health informatics technology (HIT) systems appeals to solutions such as Blockchain (BC), which offers a decentralized, transparent, and immutable ledger architecture. However, its current adoption remains limited to conceptual or proofs-of-concept (PoCs), often relying on simulated datasets rather than validated real-world data or scenarios, necessitating further research into its pragmatic applications and their benchmarking. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to analyze BC-based healthcare implementations by benchmarking peer-reviewed studies and turning PoCs or production insights into real-world applications and their evaluation metrics. Unlike prior SLRs focusing on proposed or conceptual models, simulations, or limited-scale deployments, this review focuses on validating practical BC real-world applications in healthcare settings beyond conceptual studies and PoCs. Adhering to PRISMA-2020 guidelines, we systematically searched five major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect) for high-precision relevant studies using MeSH terms related to BC in healthcare. The designed review protocol was registered with OSF, ensuring transparency in the review process, including study screening by independent reviewers, eligibility, quality assessment, and data extraction and synthesis. In total, 82 original studies fully met the eligibility criteria and narratively reported BC-based healthcare implementations with validated evaluation outcomes. These studies highlight the current challenges addressed by BC in healthcare settings, providing both qualitative and quantitative data synthesis on its effectiveness. BC-based healthcare implementations show both qualitative and quantitative effectiveness, with advancements in areas such as drug traceability (up to 100%) and fraud prevention (95% reduction). We also discussed the recent challenges of focusing more attention in this area, along with a discussion on the mythological consideration of our own work. Our future research should focus on addressing scalability, privacy-preservation, security, integration, and ethical frameworks for widespread BC adoption for data-driven healthcare.

Co-developing a comprehensive disease policy model with stakeholders: The case of malaria during pregnancy.

Understanding the holistic impact of malaria during pregnancy is essential for improving maternal and child outcomes in malaria endemic settings. To be able to design appropriate research and conduct robust policy analyses, a comprehensive model of the underlying disease, representing the current understanding of mechanisms and consequences, is needed. This study aimed to illustrate a methodology to co-develop a disease policy model with expert stakeholders using malaria during pregnancy as a case study. An initial steering group was convened to develop a first model of malaria during pregnancy and its consequences for mother and child based on their understanding of the literature. Subsequently, this model was refined using a Delphi process to gain consensus amongst twelve experts working in the field of malaria during pregnancy, representing the disciplines of health economics, mathematical modelling, epidemiology and clinical medicine. The experts reviewed drafts of the conceptual model and provided feedback in two rounds of semi-structured questionnaires with the aim of identifying the most important health outcomes and relationships in both mother and child as well as the most relevant stratifiers for the model. Final consensus on any areas of disagreement was reached after two online meetings. The final model is a comprehensive disease policy model of malaria during pregnancy, including ten maternal and ten child health outcomes with four stratifiers. The model developed in this study should be of value to malaria researchers, funders, evaluators and decision makers, though some adaptation will be required for each specific context and purpose. In addition, the methodology and process followed in this study is replicable and can guide researchers aiming to develop a conceptual model for other conditions. The model resulting from this study highlights the complexity required to depict fully the consequences of malaria during pregnancy for both the mother and the child. It also demonstrates how to conduct a rigorous process to develop a disease policy model. In addition, the study has helped to identify a number of areas with scarce data and need for further research.

Urogenital Hiatus Closure: Facts, Fallacies, and Why a Unified Theory of Hiatal Failure is Needed.

An enlarged urogenital hiatus is as important as apical support or fascial attachment failures in the development of prolapse and is strongly related to operative failure, yet we lack a conceptual model for factors responsible for hiatal failure. For a conceptual model to be valid, it cannot be proven false by empirical observation. We present six clinical observations with which future model development must be consistent. (1) Perineal body damage alone does not explain an enlarged urogenital hiatus. Three women have complete 4th degree lacerations but small hiatuses. (2) Levator damage is not a sole causal factor. One woman has bilateral levator avulsion but a normal hiatus, while another has intact muscles and an enlarged hiatus. (3) Hiatal assessment during straining is incomplete. Two women with similar straining urogenital hiatuses of 6-7 cm have respective 1.5 cm and 7 cm resting hiatuses. (4) Urogenital hiatus measurements during straining are confounded by Valsalva effort strength. Urogenital hiatus size increases by 30%, 51%, and 181% in one woman depending on straining strength. (5) Hiatal closure during pelvic muscle contraction differs widely. One woman can close her hiatus from 3.5 cm to 1.5 cm, while another shows no reduction despite evidence of contraction. (6) Prolapse/hiatus interactions occur with advancing age. One woman experiences progressive hiatal enlargement over 31 years. Our clinical observations reveal the complexity of the multiple factors involved in hiatal failure and support the need for a unified disease model consistent with these factors on which to base future research.

Recent Patents on Digital Twin Technology Predict the Life of Machine Tool Components

In recent years, the rapid advancement of digital technology has driven the manufacturing industry towards greater digitalization, networking, and intelligence. Digital twin technology has emerged as a key enabler in the CNC machine tool life prediction field, focusing on establishing accurate life prediction models. By integrating virtual models with comprehensive data, digital twins support fault diagnosis, enhance prediction accuracy, and improve reliability. This paper explores digital twin-driven CNC machine tools, beginning with an introduction to their conceptual framework and modelling methods. It then delves into the specific applications of digital twins across the product lifecycle, highlighting mainstream life prediction methods for core components, particularly cutting tools. Additionally, the paper analyzes workpiece-related factors in thermal error modelling and examines the prospects of digital twins in CNC machine tool life prediction. Future research should prioritize real-time multi-source data integration, adaptive prediction models for varying conditions, and AI-driven optimization to enhance the accuracy and applicability of digital twin technology in manufacturing.

Hierarchical System of Landscape-geographial Spaces and Mechanisms of its Formation

A strategy for quantitative analysis of mono- and polysystemic organization of multi-level geospaces is described, with the construction of a series of empirical models of inter-component and inter-complex connections. The “micro-” and “macrosubstrate” approaches to the structural and functional analysis of the state of the natural environment are combined. As a methodological basis, a provision on the structural levels of natural-territorial organization is proposed, based on the conceptual cybernetic model of the natural complex as a hierarchical control system. A cybernetic model of the natural complex has been created as a hierarchical control system; the model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. Model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. An experiment was performed in order to analysis the state of geographical spaces by three blocks of cybernetic model: landscape frame, processor, and landscape pattern. Based on this model, a system of conjugation of different-level characteristics of natural components with the taxonomic rank of geographic spaces (from the geographical sector and natural zone to landscape facies and biogeocoenosis) was constructed. Using the Volga River basin as an example, a comparative assessment of environmental factors in their landscape-forming influence was carried out.

Nursing Care Organisational Model for Patients With Bladder Diseases: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACTThis review investigates which nursing organisational models are effective in improving quality of life, therapeutic education, and the use of healthcare services (costs and hospital readmissions) in patients with urinary incontinence and bladder outlet disorders. Numerous conceptual models have been developed to understand how the characteristics of an organisational model affect quality of life, therapeutic education, and healthcare service use in patients with bladder disorders. Such models were often developed by other healthcare professionals (e.g., urologists, primary physicians) in hospital and community settings and may not involve nurses. This systematic review was conducted using resources from PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library up until February 2024, following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed. Seven organisational models were identified. Four of these models were specifically conceptualised for the nursing field: the Transitional Care Model, the Continuous Care Model, Nurse‐led Continence Care, and the Self‐Referral Model. The main outcomes associated with the implementation of these models include improvements in bladder management, life‐space mobility, quality of life, and reductions in healthcare costs and hospital readmissions due to complications. This review demonstrates that nursing organisational care models for patients with urinary incontinence and bladder outlet disorders can improve their quality of life, daily activities after hospital discharge, and reduce healthcare costs.

Cleavage Referendums: Ideological Decisions and Transformational Political Change

Referendum use has been increasing around the world. In some cases, referendum devices are incorporated into the institutional architecture of the state while in many others, referendums are used in an, and often consultative manner, to determine positions on contentious and divisive political questions. Many of the divisive referendum questions are what we term “cleavage referendums” in this thematic issue. These referendums ask questions that draw from underlying cleavages or fault lines in politics. Voting in these referendums will often exhibit first‐order effects, as voters make decisions that align with their fundamental values and beliefs. The articles in this issue make three important contributions to enrich existing work on referendums: The first contribution lies in the development of new conceptual models for analysing referendums, such as new forms of classifying cleavage referendums, presenting a predictive model for the outcomes of referendum votes, and documenting and applying methodological approaches and frameworks that can provide the foundations for further future comparative work. The second contribution builds on the burgeoning literature that sits at the intersection of deliberative and direct democracy. In this sense, the articles interrogate examples of deliberative and participatory innovations in combination with referendum votes, while also examining their further potential, especially in one of the most contentious referendum contexts, secession. Finally, the role of cleavage structures in shaping voter decision‐making is explored thoroughly in comparative analyses and single case studies.